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GIT-REV-LIST(1) | Git Manual | GIT-REV-LIST(1) |
NAME¶
git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological orderSYNOPSIS¶
git rev-list [ --max-count=<number> ] [ --skip=<number> ] [ --max-age=<timestamp> ] [ --min-age=<timestamp> ] [ --sparse ] [ --merges ] [ --no-merges ] [ --min-parents=<number> ] [ --no-min-parents ] [ --max-parents=<number> ] [ --no-max-parents ] [ --first-parent ] [ --remove-empty ] [ --full-history ] [ --not ] [ --all ] [ --branches[=<pattern>] ] [ --tags[=<pattern>] ] [ --remotes[=<pattern>] ] [ --glob=<glob-pattern> ] [ --ignore-missing ] [ --stdin ] [ --quiet ] [ --topo-order ] [ --parents ] [ --timestamp ] [ --left-right ] [ --left-only ] [ --right-only ] [ --cherry-mark ] [ --cherry-pick ] [ --encoding[=<encoding>] ] [ --(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ] [ --regexp-ignore-case | -i ] [ --extended-regexp | -E ] [ --fixed-strings | -F ] [ --date=(local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short) ] [ [--objects | --objects-edge] [ --unpacked ] ] [ --pretty | --header ] [ --bisect ] [ --bisect-vars ] [ --bisect-all ] [ --merge ] [ --reverse ] [ --walk-reflogs ] [ --no-walk ] [ --do-walk ] <commit>... [ -- <paths>... ]
DESCRIPTION¶
List commits that are reachable by following the parent links from the given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s) given with a ^ in front of them. The output is given in reverse chronological order by default.$ git rev-list foo bar ^baz
$ git rev-list origin..HEAD $ git rev-list HEAD ^origin
$ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B) $ git rev-list A...B
OPTIONS¶
Commit Limiting¶
Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the special notations explained in the description, additional commit limiting may be applied. Note that they are applied before commit ordering and formatting options, such as --reverse. -n number, --max-count=<number>Limit the number of commits to output.
--skip=<number>
Skip number commits before starting to
show the commit output.
--since=<date>, --after=<date>
Show commits more recent than a specific
date.
--until=<date>, --before=<date>
Show commits older than a specific date.
--max-age=<timestamp>, --min-age=<timestamp>
Limit the commits output to specified time
range.
--author=<pattern>, --committer=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with
author/committer header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
expression).
--grep=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with log
message that matches the specified pattern (regular expression).
--all-match
Limit the commits output to ones that match
all given --grep, --author and --committer instead of ones that match at least
one.
-i, --regexp-ignore-case
Match the regexp limiting patterns without
regard to letters case.
-E, --extended-regexp
Consider the limiting patterns to be extended
regular expressions instead of the default basic regular expressions.
-F, --fixed-strings
Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed
strings (don’t interpret pattern as a regular expression).
--remove-empty
Stop when a given path disappears from the
tree.
--merges
Print only merge commits. This is exactly the
same as --min-parents=2.
--no-merges
Do not print commits with more than one
parent. This is exactly the same as --max-parents=1.
--min-parents=<number>, --max-parents=<number>, --no-min-parents,
--no-max-parents
Show only commits which have at least (or at
most) that many commits. In particular, --max-parents=1 is the same as
--no-merges, --min-parents=2 is the same as --merges. --max-parents=0 gives
all root commits and --min-parents=3 all octopus merges.
--no-min-parents and --no-max-parents reset these limits (to no limit) again.
Equivalent forms are --min-parents=0 (any commit has 0 or more parents) and
--max-parents=-1 (negative numbers denote no upper limit).
--first-parent
Follow only the first parent commit upon
seeing a merge commit. This option can give a better overview when viewing the
evolution of a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic branch
tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and
this option allows you to ignore the individual commits brought in to your
history by such a merge.
--not
Reverses the meaning of the ^ prefix
(or lack thereof) for all following revision specifiers, up to the next
--not.
--all
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/ are listed
on the command line as <commit>.
--branches[=<pattern>]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/heads are
listed on the command line as <commit>. If <pattern>
is given, limit branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks
?, *, or [, /* at the end is implied.
--tags[=<pattern>]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/tags are
listed on the command line as <commit>. If <pattern>
is given, limit tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks
?, *, or [, /* at the end is implied.
--remotes[=<pattern>]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/remotes are
listed on the command line as <commit>. If <pattern>
is given, limit remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. If
pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the end is
implied.
--glob=<glob-pattern>
Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob
<glob-pattern> are listed on the command line as
<commit>. Leading refs/, is automatically prepended if
missing. If pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the
end is implied.
--ignore-missing
Upon seeing an invalid object name in the
input, pretend as if the bad input was not given.
--stdin
In addition to the <commit>
listed on the command line, read them from the standard input. If a --
separator is seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the
result.
--quiet
Don’t print anything to standard output.
This form is primarily meant to allow the caller to test the exit status to
see if a range of objects is fully connected (or not). It is faster than
redirecting stdout to /dev/null as the output does not have to be
formatted.
--cherry-mark
Like --cherry-pick (see below) but mark
equivalent commits with = rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones
with +.
--cherry-pick
Omit any commit that introduces the same
change as another commit on the "other side" when the set of commits
are limited with symmetric difference.
For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way to list all commits
on only one side of them is with --left-right (see the example below in the
description of the --left-right option). It however shows the commits that
were cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b"
may be cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits
are excluded from the output.
--left-only, --right-only
List only commits on the respective side of a
symmetric range, i.e. only those which would be marked < resp. > by
--left-right.
For example, --cherry-pick --right-only A...B omits those commits from B which
are in A or are patch-equivalent to a commit in A. In other words, this lists
the + commits from git cherry A B. More precisely, --cherry-pick --right-only
--no-merges gives the exact list.
--cherry
A synonym for --right-only --cherry-mark
--no-merges; useful to limit the output to the commits on our side and mark
those that have been applied to the other side of a forked history with git
log --cherry upstream...mybranch, similar to git cherry upstream
mybranch.
-g, --walk-reflogs
Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain,
walk reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones. When this option
is used you cannot specify commits to exclude (that is, ^commit,
commit1..commit2, nor commit1...commit2 notations cannot be
used).
With --pretty format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), this
causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from the
reflog. By default, commit@{Nth} notation is used in the output. When
the starting commit is specified as commit@{now}, output also uses
commit@{timestamp} notation instead. Under --pretty=oneline, the
commit message is prefixed with this information on the same line. This option
cannot be combined with --reverse. See also git-reflog(1).
--merge
After a failed merge, show refs that touch
files having a conflict and don’t exist on all heads to merge.
--boundary
Output uninteresting commits at the boundary,
which are usually not shown.
History Simplification¶
Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of History Simplification, one part is selecting the commits and the other is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.Commits modifying the given <paths> are
selected.
--simplify-by-decoration
Commits that are referred by some branch or
tag are selected.
Simplifies the history to the simplest history
explaining the final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same
content)
--full-history
Same as the default mode, but does not prune
some history.
--dense
Only the selected commits are shown, plus some
to have a meaningful history.
--sparse
All commits in the simplified history are
shown.
--simplify-merges
Additional option to --full-history to
remove some needless merges from the resulting history, as there are no
selected commits contributing to this merge.
--ancestry-path
When given a range of commits to display (e.g.
commit1..commit2 or commit2 ^commit1), only display commits that
exist directly on the ancestry chain between the commit1 and
commit2, i.e. commits that are both descendants of commit1, and
ancestors of commit2.
.-A---M---N---O---P / / / / / I B C D E \ / / / / `-------------'
•
I is the initial commit, in which foo exists with contents "asdf", and
a file quux exists with contents "quux". Initial commits are
compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.
•In A, foo contains just
"foo".
•
B contains the same change as A. Its merge M is trivial and hence TREESAME to
all parents.
•
C does not change foo, but its merge N changes it to "foobar", so it
is not TREESAME to any parent.
•
D sets foo to "baz". Its merge O combines the strings from N and D to
"foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
•
E changes quux to "xyzzy", and its merge P combines the strings to
"quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, P is TREESAME to all
parents.
Commits are included if they are not TREESAME
to any parent (though this can be changed, see --sparse below). If the
commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that
parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of them.)
Otherwise, follow all parents.
This results in:
Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is available,
removed B from consideration entirely. C was considered via N, but is
TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.
Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does not affect
the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the parent lines.
--full-history without parent rewriting
.-A---N---O / / / I---------D
This mode differs from the default in one
point: always follow all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of
them. Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are included,
this does not imply that the merge itself is! In the example, we get
P and M were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent. E, C and B were all
walked, but only B was !TREESAME, so the others do not appear.
Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk about the
parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show them
disconnected.
--full-history with parent rewriting
I A B N D O
Ordinary commits are only included if they are
!TREESAME (though this can be changed, see --sparse below).
Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: Along each
parent, prune away commits that are not included themselves. This results in
Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that E was pruned
away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was rewritten to contain
E's parent I. The same happened for C and N. Note also that P was included
despite being TREESAME.
.-A---M---N---O---P / / / / / I B / D / \ / / / / `-------------'
Commits that are walked are included if they
are not TREESAME to any parent.
--sparse
All commits that are walked are included.
Note that without --full-history, this still simplifies merges: if one of
the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other sides of the
merge are never walked.
--simplify-merges
First, build a history graph in the same way
that --full-history with parent rewriting does (see above).
Then simplify each commit C to its replacement C' in the final history according
to the following rules:
The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to --full-history
with parent rewriting. The example turns into:
Note the major differences in N and P over --full-history:
•Set C' to C.
•Replace each parent P of C' with its
simplification P'. In the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other
parents, and remove duplicates.
•If after this parent rewriting, C' is a
root or merge commit (has zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or
!TREESAME, it remains. Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.
.-A---M---N---O / / / I B D \ / / `---------'
•
N's parent list had I removed, because it is an ancestor of the other parent M.
Still, N remained because it is !TREESAME.
•
P's parent list similarly had I removed. P was then removed completely, because
it had one parent and is TREESAME.
Limit the displayed commits to those directly
on the ancestry chain between the "from" and "to" commits
in the given commit range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the
"to" commit, and descendants of the "from" commit.
As an example use case, consider the following commit history:
A regular D..M computes the set of commits that are ancestors of M, but
excludes the ones that are ancestors of D. This is useful to see what happened
to the history leading to M since D, in the sense that "what does M have
that did not exist in D". The result in this example would be all the
commits, except A and B (and D itself, of course).
When we want to find out what commits in M are contaminated with the bug
introduced by D and need fixing, however, we might want to view only the
subset of D..M that are actually descendants of D, i.e. excluding C and
K. This is exactly what the --ancestry-path option does. Applied to the
D..M range, it results in:
D---E-------F / \ \ B---C---G---H---I---J / \ A-------K---------------L--M
E-------F \ \ G---H---I---J \ L--M
Bisection Helpers¶
--bisectLimit output to the one commit object which is
roughly halfway between included and excluded commits. Note that the bad
bisection ref refs/bisect/bad is added to the included commits (if it exists)
and the good bisection refs refs/bisect/good-* are added to the excluded
commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there are no refs in refs/bisect/,
if
$ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz
$ git rev-list foo ^midpoint $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz
This calculates the same as --bisect, except
that refs in refs/bisect/ are not used, and except that this outputs text
ready to be eval’ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of
the midpoint revision to the variable bisect_rev, and the expected number of
commits to be tested after bisect_rev is tested to bisect_nr, the expected
number of commits to be tested if bisect_rev turns out to be good to
bisect_good, the expected number of commits to be tested if bisect_rev turns
out to be bad to bisect_bad, and the number of commits we are bisecting right
now to bisect_all.
--bisect-all
This outputs all the commit objects between
the included and excluded commits, ordered by their distance to the included
and excluded commits. Refs in refs/bisect/ are not used. The farthest from
them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by --bisect.)
This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to test when you
want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they may not compile for
example).
This option can be used along with --bisect-vars, in this case, after all the
sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if --bisect-vars had
been used alone.
Commit Ordering¶
By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order. --topo-orderThis option makes them appear in topological
order (i.e. descendant commits are shown before their parents).
--date-order
This option is similar to --topo-order
in the sense that no parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise
things are still ordered in the commit timestamp order.
--reverse
Output the commits in reverse order. Cannot be
combined with --walk-reflogs.
Object Traversal¶
These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories. --objectsPrint the object IDs of any object referenced
by the listed commits. --objects foo ^bar thus means "send me all
object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit object bar,
but not foo".
--objects-edge
Similar to --objects, but also print
the IDs of excluded commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is
used by git-pack-objects(1) to build "thin" pack, which
records objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these excluded
commits to reduce network traffic.
--unpacked
Only useful with --objects; print the
object IDs that are not in packs.
--no-walk
Only show the given revs, but do not traverse
their ancestors.
--do-walk
Overrides a previous --no-walk.
Commit Formatting¶
Using these options, git-rev-list(1) will act similar to the more specialized family of commit log tools: git-log(1), git-show(1), and git-whatchanged(1) --pretty[=<format>], --format=<format>Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs
in a given format, where <format> can be one of oneline,
short, medium, full, fuller, email,
raw and format:<string>. See the "PRETTY
FORMATS" section for some additional details for each format. When
omitted, the format defaults to medium.
Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository configuration
(see git-config(1)).
--abbrev-commit
Instead of showing the full 40-byte
hexadecimal commit object name, show only a partial prefix. Non default number
of digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also
modifies diff output, if it is displayed).
This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
people using 80-column terminals.
--no-abbrev-commit
Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit
object name. This negates --abbrev-commit and those options which imply it
such as "--oneline". It also overrides the log.abbrevCommit
variable.
--oneline
This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline
--abbrev-commit" used together.
--encoding[=<encoding>]
The commit objects record the encoding used
for the log message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell
the command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the
user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8.
--notes[=<ref>]
Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that
annotate the commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default
for git log, git show and git whatchanged commands when there is no --pretty,
--format nor --oneline option given on the command line.
By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
core.notesRef and notes.displayRef variables (or corresponding
environment overrides). See git-config(1) for more details.
With an optional <ref> argument, show this notes ref instead of the
default notes ref(s). The ref is taken to be in refs/notes/ if it is not
qualified.
Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are being
displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
"refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both
notes from "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).
--no-notes
Do not show notes. This negates the above
--notes option, by resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are
shown. Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
"--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
from "refs/notes/bar".
--show-notes[=<ref>], --[no-]standard-notes
These options are deprecated. Use the above
--notes/--no-notes options instead.
--relative-date
Synonym for --date=relative.
--date=(relative|local|default|iso|rfc|short|raw)
Only takes effect for dates shown in
human-readable format, such as when using "--pretty". log.date
config variable sets a default value for log command’s --date option.
--date=relative shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. "2 hours
ago".
--date=local shows timestamps in user’s local timezone.
--date=iso (or --date=iso8601) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.
--date=rfc (or --date=rfc2822) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 format, often found
in E-mail messages.
--date=short shows only date but not time, in YYYY-MM-DD format.
--date=raw shows the date in the internal raw git format %s %z format.
--date=default shows timestamps in the original timezone (either
committer’s or author’s).
--header
Print the contents of the commit in
raw-format; each record is separated with a NUL character.
--parents
Print also the parents of the commit (in the
form "commit parent..."). Also enables parent rewriting, see
History Simplification below.
--children
Print also the children of the commit (in the
form "commit child..."). Also enables parent rewriting, see
History Simplification below.
--timestamp
Print the raw commit timestamp.
--left-right
Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit
is reachable from. Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those
from the right with >. If combined with --boundary, those commits are
prefixed with -.
For example, if you have this topology:
you would get an output like this:
--graph
y---b---b branch B / \ / / . / / \ o---x---a---a branch A
$ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a -yyyyyyy... 1st on b -xxxxxxx... 1st on a
Draw a text-based graphical representation of
the commit history on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra
lines to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history to be
drawn properly.
This enables parent rewriting, see History Simplification below.
This implies the --topo-order option by default, but the
--date-order option may also be specified.
--count
Print a number stating how many commits would
have been listed, and suppress all other output. When used together with
--left-right, instead print the counts for left and right commits,
separated by a tab. When used together with --cherry-mark, omit patch
equivalent commits from these counts and print the count for equivalent
commits separated by a tab.
PRETTY FORMATS¶
If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline, email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line. This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested in changes related to a certain directory or file.•
oneline
This is designed to be as compact as possible.
<sha1> <title line>
•
short
commit <sha1> Author: <author>
<title line>
•
medium
commit <sha1> Author: <author> Date: <author date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
•
full
commit <sha1> Author: <author> Commit: <committer>
<title line>
<full commit message>
•
fuller
commit <sha1> Author: <author> AuthorDate: <author date> Commit: <committer> CommitDate: <committer date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
•
email
From <sha1> <date> From: <author> Date: <author date> Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
<full commit message>
•
raw
The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the commit
object. Notably, the SHA1s are displayed in full, regardless of whether
--abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents information show the true
parent commits, without taking grafts nor history simplification into
account.
•
format:<string>
The format:<string> format allows you to specify which information
you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable
exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.
E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was
>>%s<<%n" would show something like this:
The placeholders are:
The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
•
%H: commit hash
•
%h: abbreviated commit hash
•
%T: tree hash
•
%t: abbreviated tree hash
•
%P: parent hashes
•
%p: abbreviated parent hashes
•
%an: author name
•
%ae: author email
•
%ad: author date (format respects --date= option)
•
%aD: author date, RFC2822 style
•
%ar: author date, relative
•
%at: author date, UNIX timestamp
•
%ai: author date, ISO 8601 format
•
%cn: committer name
•
%ce: committer email
•
%cd: committer date
•
%cD: committer date, RFC2822 style
•
%cr: committer date, relative
•
%ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp
•
%ci: committer date, ISO 8601 format
•
%d: ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)
•
%e: encoding
•
%s: subject
•
%f: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
•
%b: body
•
%B: raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
•
%N: commit notes
•
%gD: reflog selector, e.g., refs/stash@{1}
•
%gd: shortened reflog selector, e.g., stash@{1}
•
%gn: reflog identity name
•
%ge: reflog identity email
•
%gs: reflog subject
•
%Cred: switch color to red
•
%Cgreen: switch color to green
•
%Cblue: switch color to blue
•
%Creset: reset color
•
%C(...): color specification, as described in color.branch.* config
option
•
%m: left, right or boundary mark
•
%n: newline
•
%%: a raw %
•
%x00: print a byte from a hex code
•
%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]): switch line wrapping, like the
-w option of git-shortlog(1).
•
tformat:
The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it
provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator"
semantics. In other words, each commit has the message terminator character
(usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does. For
example:
In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is interpreted as if it
has tformat: in front of it. For example, these two are equivalent:
$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \ | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/' 4da45be 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \ | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/' 4da45be 7134973
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef
GIT¶
Part of the git(1) suite03/19/2016 | Git 1.7.10.4 |