NAMN¶
fakeroot - utför ett kommando i en miljö som fejkar root-privilegier
för filmanipulation
SYNOPSIS¶
fakeroot [-l|--lib library] [--faked
faked-binary ] [-i load-file] [-s
save-file] [-u|--unknown-is-real ] [-b|--fd-base ]
[-h|--help ] [-v|--version ] [--] [command]
BESKRIVNING¶
fakeroot runs a command in an environment wherein it appears to have root
privileges for file manipulation. This is useful for allowing users to create
archives (tar, ar, .deb etc.) with files in them with root
permissions/ownership. Without
fakeroot one would need to have root
privileges to create the constituent files of the archives with the correct
permissions and ownership, and then pack them up, or one would have to
construct the archives directly, without using the archiver.
fakeroot arbetar genom att ersätta biblioteksfunktionerna för
filrättighetsmodifiering (chmod(2),
stat(2), osv) med sådana som
simulerar effekten som de riktiga biblioteksfunktionerna skulle ha haft om
användaren verkligen varit root. Dessa funktioner finns samlade i
biblioteket
/usr/lib/libfakeroot.so* som laddas genom
LD_PRELOAD-mekanismen hos den dynamiska länkaren (se
ld.so(8))
Om du planerar att bygga paket med hjälp av
fakeroot,
försök först att bygga fakeroot-paketet: "debian/rules
build"-stadiet har ett par tester (som mestadels testar efter buggar i
gamla versioner av fakeroot). Om dessa tester misslyckas (till exempel på
grund av att du har vissa libc5-program på ditt system) så är
det troligt att du också kommer att misslyckas bygga andra paket, och det
är möjligt att dessa fel blir betydligt svårare att hitta.
Also, note that it's best not to do the building of the binaries themselves
under fakeroot. Especially configure and friends don't like it when the system
suddenly behaves differently from what they expect. (or, they randomly unset
some environment variables, some of which fakeroot needs).
FLAGGOR¶
- -l library, --lib library
- Ange ett alternativt bibliotek med
ersättningsfunktioner.
- --faked binär
- Ange en alternativ binär att använda
istället för faked(1).
- [--] kommando
- Any command you want to be ran as fakeroot. Use
‘--’ if in the command you have other options that may confuse
fakeroot's option parsing.
- -s save-file
- Save the fakeroot environment to save-file on exit. This
file can be used to restore the environment later using -i. However, this
file will leak and fakeroot will behave in odd ways unless you leave the
files touched inside the fakeroot alone when outside the environment.
Still, this can be useful. For example, it can be used with rsync(1) to
back up and restore whole directory trees complete with user, group and
device information without needing to be root. See
/usr/share/doc/fakeroot/README.saving for more details.
- -i load-file
- Load a fakeroot environment previously saved using -s from
load-file. Note that this does not implicitly save the file, use -s as
well for that behaviour. Using the same file for both -i and -s in a
single fakeroot invocation is safe.
- -u, --unknown-is-real
- Use the real ownership of files previously unknown to
fakeroot instead of pretending they are owned by root:root.
- -b fd
- Specify fd base (TCP mode only). fd is the minimum file
descriptor number to use for TCP connections; this may be important to
avoid conflicts with the file descriptors used by the programs being run
under fakeroot.
- -h
- Display help.
- -v
- Display version.
EXEMPEL¶
Här är ett exempel på hur
fakeroot kan användas.
Notera att i den fejkade root-miljön så lyckas filmanipulering som
kräver root-privilegier, trots att den egentligen inte utförs.
$ whoami
joost
$ fakeroot /bin/bash
# whoami
root
# mknod hda3 b 3 1
# ls -ld hda3
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 3, 1 Jul 2 22:58 hda3
# chown joost:root hda3
# ls -ld hda3
brw-r--r-- 1 joost root 3, 1 Jul 2 22:58 hda3
# ls -ld /
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 1024 Jun 17 21:50 /
# chown joost:users /
# chmod a+w /
# ls -ld /
drwxrwxrwx 20 joost users 1024 Jun 17 21:50 /
# exit
$ ls -ld /
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 1024 Jun 17 21:50 //
$ ls -ld hda3
-rw-r--r-- 1 joost users 0 Jul 2 22:58 hda3
Enbart de operationer som användaren
joost skulle kunna ha
genomfört som sig själv utförs på riktigt.
fakeroot skrevs speciellt i syfte att ge användare möjlighet
att skapa Debian GNU/Linux-paket (i
deb(5) format) utan att behöva
root-privilegier. Detta kan utföras genom kommandon såsom
dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot eller
debuild -rfakeroot
(-rfakeroot är numera standard i debuild, så du behöver inte
ens använda den parametern).
SÄKERHETSASPEKTER¶
fakeroot är ett vanligt program utan setuid. Det ger inte
användaren några extra privilegier, och minskar inte systemets
säkerhet.
FILER¶
/usr/lib/libfakeroot/libfakeroot.so* Det delade bibliotek som
innehåller ersättningsfunktionerna.
MILJÖ¶
- FAKEROOTKEY
- The key used to communicate with the fakeroot daemon. Any
program started with the right LD_PRELOAD and a FAKEROOTKEY
of a running daemon will automatically connect to that daemon, and have
the same "fake" view of the file system's
permissions/ownerships. (assuming the daemon and connecting program were
started by the same user).
- LD_LIBRARY_PATH
- LD_PRELOAD
- Fakeroot is implemented by wrapping system calls. This is
accomplished by setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/fakeroot and
LD_PRELOAD=libfakeroot.so.0. That library is loaded before the system's C
library, and so most of the library functions are intercepted by it. If
you need to set either LD_LIBRARY_PATH or LD_PRELOAD from
within a fakeroot environment, it should be set relative to the given
paths, as in LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/foo/bar/
BEGRÄNSNINGAR¶
- Biblioteksversioner
- Every command executed within fakeroot needs to be
linked to the same version of the C library as fakeroot
itself.
- open()/create()
- fakeroot doesn't wrap open(), create(), etc. So, if user
joost does either
touch foo
fakeroot
ls -al foo
eller omvänt,
fakeroot
touch foo
ls -al foo
fakeroot has no way of knowing that in the first case, the owner of foo
really should be joost while the second case it should have been
root. For the Debian packaging, defaulting to giving all
"unknown" files uid=gid=0, is always OK. The real way around
this is to wrap open() and create(), but that creates other
problems, as demonstrated by the libtricks package. This package wrapped
many more functions, and tried to do a lot more than fakeroot . It
turned out that a minor upgrade of libc (from one where the stat()
function didn't use open() to one with a stat() function
that did (in some cases) use open()), would cause unexplainable
segfaults (that is, the libc6 stat() called the wrapped
open(), which would then call the libc6 stat(), etc). Fixing
them wasn't all that easy, but once fixed, it was just a matter of time
before another function started to use open(), never mind trying to port
it to a different operating system. Thus I decided to keep the number of
functions wrapped by fakeroot as small as possible, to limit the
likelihood of ‘collisions’.
- GNU configure (och liknande program)
- fakeroot, in effect, is changing the way the system
behaves. Programs that probe the system like GNU configure may get
confused by this (or if they don't, they may stress fakeroot so much that
fakeroot itself becomes confused). So, it's advisable not to run
"configure" from within fakeroot. As configure should be called
in the "debian/rules build" target, running
"dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot" correctly takes care of
this.
BUGGAR¶
It doesn't wrap open(). This isn't bad by itself, but if a program does
open("file", O_WRONLY, 000), writes to file "file", closes
it, and then again tries to open to read the file, then that open fails, as
the mode of the file will be 000. The bug is that if root does the same,
open() will succeed, as the file permissions aren't checked at all for root. I
choose not to wrap open(), as open() is used by many other functions in libc
(also those that are already wrapped), thus creating loops (or possible future
loops, when the implementation of various libc functions slightly change).
LICENS¶
fakeroot distribueras under GNU General Public License. (GPL 2.0 eller
senare).
FÖRFATTARE¶
- joost witteveen
- <joostje@debian.org>
- Clint Adams
- <clint@debian.org>
- Timo Savola
ÖVERSÄTTNING¶
David Weinehall <
tao@kernel.org>
MANUALSIDA¶
mostly by J.H.M. Dassen <jdassen@debian.org> Rather a lot mods/additions
by joost and Clint.
SE ÄVEN¶
faked(1)
dpkg-buildpackage(1),
debuild(1)
/usr/share/doc/fakeroot/DEBUG