wodim(1) | wodim(1) |
NAME¶
wodim - write data to optical disk mediaSYNOPSIS¶
wodim [options] track1...tracknNOTE¶
There may be similarities and differences between this program and other disk recording application(s). See the CREDITS and AUTHORS sections below to learn about the origin of wodim.DESCRIPTION¶
wodim is used to record data or audio Compact Discs on an Orange Book CD-Recorder or to write DVD media on a DVD-Recorder. The device is the device file or label offered by the operating system to access the recorder with SCSI GENERIC (sg) interface. Note that some operating systems may provide separate device nodes for block-oriented and sg access. For example, on older Linux systems, the sg access was available through /dev/sg... files while the block oriented access was done through associated (but not identical) /dev/hd... and /dev/sr... (or /dev/scd... ) files. In any case, the user running wodim needs read and write access to the particular device file on a Linux system. It is recommended to be root or install the application as suid-root, because certain versions of Linux (kernel) limit the set of SCSI commands allowed for non-root users. Even if usage without root identity is possible in many cases, some device drivers still may fail, show unexplainable problems and generally the problems become harder to debug. The risk for buffer-underruns is also increased. See the PROCESS SCHEDULING PRIORITY section below for more details. There is an alternative way of specifying the device, using the traditional SCSI descriptions in form of devicetype:bus/target/lun specification. However, the success of this method is not guaranteed since it requires an adaptation scheme for your architecture, and the numbers may vary depending on the hardware-internal numbering or on the order of hot-plug device detection. If your operating system does not provide a sufficient framework for keeping this numbers persistent, don't rely on them. See -scanbus and --devices options below for details. There are emulated SCSI compatible device systems, using the SCSI protocols transported over various hardware/media types. The most known examples is ATAPI ("IDE burners") or USB storage ("external USB case"). If the pseudo-SCSI b/t/l device address specification is used instead of the native one, you need to prepend the "devicetype:" description to the emulated "bus/target/lun" device address. If a file /etc/wodim.conf exists, the parameter to the dev= option may also be a drive name label in that file (see FILES section). As a special exception, the device specification can be -1 or just omitted, which invokes automatic guessing of an appropriate device for the selected operation. However, this guessing is not available everywhere and is not reliable; it is only available for the user's convenience in simple environments. In Track At Once mode, each track corresponds to a single file that contains the prepared data for that track. If the argument is `-', standard input is used for that track. Only one track may be taken from stdin. In the other write modes, the direct file to track relation may not be implemented. In -clone mode, a single file contains all data for the whole disk. To allow DVD writing on platforms that do not implement large file support, wodim concatenates all file arguments to a single track when writing to DVD media.PROCESS SCHEDULING PRIORITY¶
Wodim tries to get higher process priority using different methods. This is important because the burn process is usually a realtime task, no long delays should occur while transmitting fresh data to the recorder. This is especially important on systems with insufficient RAM where swapping can create delays of many seconds. A possible workaround on underpowered systems is the use of the burnfree or similar feature, allowing the recorder to resume. Root permissions are usually required to get higher process scheduling priority. On SVr4 compliant systems, wodim uses the real time class to get the highest scheduling priority that is possible (higher than all kernel processes). On systems with POSIX real time scheduling wodim uses real time scheduling too, but may not be able to gain a priority that is higher than all kernel processes. In order to be able to use the SCSI transport subsystem of the OS, run at highest priority and lock itself into core wodim either needs to be run as root, needs to be installed suid root or must be called via RBACs pfexec mechanism.GENERAL OPTIONS¶
General options must be before any track file name or track option.- -version
- Print version information and exit.
- -v
- Increment the level of general verbosity by one. This is used e.g. to display the progress of the writing process.
- -V
- Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI command transport by one. This helps to debug problems during the writing process, that occur in the CD/DVD-Recorder. If you get incomprehensible error messages you should use this flag to get more detailed output. -VV will show data buffer content in addition. Using -V or -VV slows down the process and may be the reason for a buffer underrun.
- debug=#, -d
- Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#) or increment the misc debug level by one (with -d). If you specify -dd, this equals to debug=2. This may help to find problems while opening a driver for libusal as well as with sector sizes and sector types. Using -debug slows down the process and may be the reason for a buffer underrun.
- kdebug=#, kd=#
- Tell the usal-driver to modify the kernel debug value while SCSI commands are running.
- -silent, -s
- Do not print out a status report for failed SCSI commands.
- -force
- Force to continue on some errors. Be careful when using
this option. wodim implements several checks that prevent you from
doing unwanted things like damaging CD-RW media by improper drives. Many
of the sanity checks are disabled when the -force option is used.
- -immed
- Tell wodim to set the SCSI IMMED flag in certain
commands (load/eject/blank/close_track/close_session). This can be useful
on broken systems with ATAPI harddisk and CD/DVD writer on the same bus or
with SCSI systems that don't use disconnect/reconnect. These systems will
freeze while blanking or fixating a CD/DVD or while a DVD writer is
filling up a session to the minimum amount (approx. 800 MB). Setting the
-immed flag will request the command to return immediately while
the operation proceeds in background, making the bus usable for the other
devices and avoiding the system freeze. This is an experimental feature
which may work or not, depending on the model of the CD/DVD writer. A
correct solution would be to set up a correct cabling but there seem to be
notebooks around that have been set up the wrong way by the manufacturer.
As it is impossible to fix this problem in notebooks, the -immed
option has been added.
- minbuf=value
- The # minbuf= option allows to define the minimum drive buffer fill ratio for the experimental ATAPI wait mode that is intended to free the IDE bus to allow hard disk and CD/DVD writer to be on the same IDE cable. As the wait mode currently only works when the verbose option -v has been specified, wodim implies the verbose option in case the -immed or minbuf= option have been specified. Valid values for minbuf= are between 25 and 95 for 25%...95% minimum drive buffer fill ratio.
- -dummy
- The CD/DVD-Recorder will go through all steps of the recording process, but the laser is turned off during this procedure. It is recommended to run several tests before actually writing to a Compact Disk or Digital Versatile Disk, if the timing and load response of the system is not known.
- -clone
- Tells wodim to handle images created by readom -clone. The -clone may only be used in conjunction with with the -raw96r or with the -raw16 option. Using -clone together with -raw96r is preferred as it allows to write all subchannel data. The option -raw16 should only be used with drives that do not support to write in -raw96r mode.
- -dao
- -sao
- Set SAO (Session At Once) mode which is usually called Disk At Once mode. This currently only works with MMC drives that support Session At Once mode. Note that wodim needs to know the size of each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-size option and the EXAMPLES section for more information).
- -tao
- Set TAO (Track At Once) writing mode. This is the default write mode in previous wodim versions. With most drives, this write mode is required for multi session recording.
- -raw
- Set RAW writing mode. Using this option defaults to -raw96r. Note that wodim needs to know the size of each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-size option and the EXAMPLES section for more information).
- -raw96r
- Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes of raw P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448 bytes. This is the preferred raw writing mode as it gives best control over the CD writing process. If you find any problems with the layout of a disk or with sub channel content (e.g. wrong times on the display when playing the CD) and your drive supports to write in -raw96r or -raw16 mode, you should give it a try. There are several CD writers with bad firmware that result in broken disks when writing in TAO or SAO mode. Writing data disks in raw mode needs significantly more CPU time than other write modes. If your CPU is too slow, this may result in buffer underruns. Note that wodim needs to know the size of each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-size option and the EXAMPLES section for more information).
- -raw96p
- Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes of packed P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448 bytes. This is the less preferred raw writing mode as only a few recorders support it and some of these recorders have bugs in the firmware implementation. Don't use this mode if your recorder supports -raw96r or -raw16. Writing data disks in raw mode needs significantly more CPU time than other write modes. If your CPU is too slow, this may result in buffer underruns. Note that wodim needs to know the size of each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-size option and the EXAMPLES section for more information).
- -raw16
- Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 16 bytes of P-Q subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2368 bytes. If a recorder does not support -raw96r, this is the preferred raw writing mode. It does not allow to write CD-Text or CD+Graphics but it is the only raw writing mode in cheap CD writers. As these cheap writers in most cases do not support -dao mode. Don't use this mode if your recorder supports -raw96r. Writing data disks in raw mode needs significantly more CPU time than other write modes. If your CPU is too slow, this may result in buffer underruns. Note that wodim needs to know the size of each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-size option and the EXAMPLES section for more information).
- -multi
- Allow multi session CDs to be made. This flag needs to be present on all sessions of a multi session disk, except you want to create a session that will be the last session on the media. The fixation will be done in a way that allows the CD/DVD-Recorder to append additional sessions later. This is done by generation a TOC with a link to the next program area. The so generated media is not 100% compatible to manufactured CDs (except for CDplus). Use only for recording of multi session CDs. If this option is present, the default track type is CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1 and the sector size is 2048 bytes. The XA sector subheaders will be created by the drive. The Sony drives have no hardware support for CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1. You have to specify the -data option in order to create multi session disks on these drives. As long as wodim does not have a coder for converting data sectors to audio sectors, you need to force CD-ROM sectors by including the -data option if you like to record a multisession disk in SAO mode. Not all drives allow multisession CDs in SAO mode.
- -msinfo
- Retrieve multi session info in a form suitable for
genisoimage and print it to standard output. See msifile=
option for another version.
- msifile=filename
- Like -msinfo option but also stores the multi session info in a file.
- -toc
- Retrieve and print out the table of content or PMA of a CD. With this option, wodim will work with CD-R drives and with CD-ROM drives.
- -atip
- Retrieve and print out the ATIP (absolute Time in
Pre-groove) info of a CD/DVD recordable or CD/DVD re-writable media. With
this option, wodim will try to retrieve the ATIP info. If the
actual drive does not support to read the ATIP info, it may be that only a
reduced set of information records or even nothing is displayed. Only a
limited number of MMC compliant drives support to read the ATIP info.
- -fix
- The disk will only be fixated (i.e. a TOC for a CD-Reader will be written). This may be used, if for some reason the disk has been written but not fixated. This option currently does not work with old TEAC drives (CD-R50S and CD-R55S).
- -nofix
- Do not fixate the disk after writing the tracks. This may be used to create an audio disk in steps. An un-fixated disk can usually not be used on a non CD-writer type drive but there are audio CD players that will be able to play such a disk.
- -waiti
- Wait for input to become available on standard input before trying to open the SCSI driver. This allows wodim to read its input from a pipe even when writing additional sessions to a multi session disk. When writing another session to a multi session disk, genisoimage needs to read the old session from the device before writing output. This cannot be done if wodim opens the SCSI driver at the same time.
- -load
- Load the media and exit. This only works with a tray loading mechanism but seems to be useful when using the Kodak disk transporter.
- -lock
- Load the media, lock the door and exit. This only works with a tray loading mechanism but seems to be useful when using the Kodak disk transporter.
- -eject
- Eject disk after doing the work. Some devices (e.g. Philips) need to eject the medium before creating a new disk. Doing a -dummy test and immediately creating a real disk would not work on these devices.
- speed=#
- Set the speed factor of the writing process to #. # is an integer, representing a multiple of the audio speed. This is about 150 KB/s for CD-ROM, about 172 KB/s for CD-Audio and about 1385 kB/s for DVD media. If no speed option is present, wodim will try to get a drive specific speed value from the file /etc/wodim.conf and if it cannot find one, it will try to get the speed value from the CDR_SPEED environment and later from the CDR_SPEED= entry in /etc/wodim.conf. If no speed value could be found, wodim uses a drive specific default speed. The default for all new (MMC compliant) drives is to use the maximum supported by the drive. If you use speed=0 with a MMC compliant drive, wodim will switch to the lowest possible speed for drive and medium. If you are using an old (non MMC) drive that has problems with speed=2 or speed=4, you should try speed=0.
- blank=type
- Blank a CD-RW and exit or blank a CD-RW before writing. The blanking type may be one of:
- help
- Display a list of possible blanking types.
- all
- Blank the entire disk. This may take a long time.
- fast
- Minimally blank the disk. This results in erasing the PMA, the TOC and the pregap.
- track
- Blank a track.
- unreserve
- Unreserve a reserved track.
- trtail
- Blank the tail of a track.
- unclose
- Unclose last session.
- session
- Blank the last session.
- -format
- Format a CD-RW/DVD-RW/DVD+RW disc. Formatting is currently only implemented for DVD+RW media. A 'maiden' DVD+RW media needs to be formatted before you may write to it. However, as wodim autodetects the need for formatting in this case and auto formats the medium before it starts writing, the -format option is only needed if you like to forcibly reformat a DVD+RW medium.
- fs=#
- Set the FIFO (ring buffer) size to #. You may use the same
syntax as in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1). The number
representing the size is taken in bytes unless otherwise specified. If a
number is followed directly by the letter `b', `k', `m', `s' or `f', the
size is multiplied by 512, 1024, 1024*1024, 2048 or 2352. If the size
consists of numbers separated by `x' or `*', multiplication of the two
numbers is performed. Thus fs=10x63k will specify a FIFO size of
630 kBytes.
- ts=#
- Set the maximum transfer size for a single SCSI command to
#. The syntax for the ts= option is the same as for wodim fs=# or
sdd bs=#.
- dev=target
- Sets the SCSI target for the CD/DVD-Recorder, see notes
above. A typical device specification is dev=6,0 . A
filename or virtual device name can be passed instead of the symbolic SCSI
numbers. The correct device/filename in this case can be found in the
system specific manuals of the target operating system. On a
FreeBSD system without CAM support, you need to use the
control device (e.g. /dev/rcd0.ctl). A correct device specification
in this case may be dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .
- gracetime=#
- Set the grace time before starting to write to # seconds. Values below 2 seconds are not recommended to give the kernel or volume management a chance to learn the new state.
- timeout=#
- Set the default SCSI command timeout value to # seconds. The default SCSI command timeout is the minimum timeout used for sending SCSI commands. If a SCSI command fails due to a timeout, you may try to raise the default SCSI command timeout above the timeout value of the failed command. If the command runs correctly with a raised command timeout, please report the better timeout value and the corresponding command to the author of the program. If no timeout option is present, a default timeout of 40 seconds is used.
- driver=name
- Allows the user to manually select a driver for the device.
The reason for the existence of the driver=name option is to
allow users to use wodim with drives that are similar to supported
drives but not known directly by wodim. All drives made after 1997
should be MMC standard compliant and thus supported by one of the MMC
drivers. It is most unlikely that wodim is unable to find the right
driver automatically. Use this option with extreme care. If a wrong driver
is used for a device, the possibility of creating corrupted disks is high.
The minimum problem related to a wrong driver is that the speed= or
-dummy will not work.
The following driver names are supported:
There are two special driver entries in the list: cdr_simul and
dvd_simul. These driver entries are designed to make timing tests at
any speed or timing tests for drives that do not support the -dummy
option. The simulation drivers implement a drive with a buffer size of
1 MB that can be changed via the CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE environment
variable. The simulation driver correctly simulates even a buffer underrun
condition. If the -dummy option is present, the simulation is not
aborted in case of a buffer underrun.
- help
- To get a list of possible drivers together with a short description.
- mmc_cd
- The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-ROM driver is auto-selected whenever wodim finds a MMC compliant drive that does not identify itself to support writing at all, or that only identifies to support media or write modes not implemented in wodim.
- mmc_cd_dvd
- The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD/DVD driver is auto-selected whenever wodim finds a MMC-2 or MMC-3 compliant drive that seems to support more than one medium type and the tray is open or no medium could be found to select the right driver. This driver tries to close the tray, checks the medium found in the tray and then branches to the driver that matches the current medium.
- mmc_cdr
- The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver is auto-selected whenever wodim find a MMC compliant drive that only supports to write CDs or a multi system drive that contains a CD as the current medium.
- mmc_cdr_sony
- The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver is auto-selected whenever wodim would otherwise select the mmc_cdr driver but the device seems to be made by Sony. The mmc_cdr_sony is definitely needed for the Sony CDU 928 as this drive does not completely implement the MMC standard and some of the MMC SCSI commands have to be replaced by Sony proprietary commands. It seems that all Sony drives (even newer ones) still implement the Sony proprietary SCSI commands so it has not yet become a problem to use this driver for all Sony drives. If you find a newer Sony drive that does not work with this driver, please report.
- mmc_dvd
- The generic SCSI-3/mmc-2 DVD-R/DVD-RW driver is auto-selected whenever wodim finds a MMC-2 or MMC-3 compliant drive that supports to write DVDs and an appropriate medium is loaded. There is no Track At Once mode for DVD writers.
- mmc_dvdplus
- The generic SCSI-3/mmc-3 DVD+R/DVD+RW driver is auto-selected whenever one of the DVD+ media types that are incompatible to each other is found. It checks media and then branches to the driver that matches the current medium.
- mmc_dvdplusr
- The generic SCSI-3/mmc-3 DVD+R driver is auto-selected whenever a DVD+R medium is found in an appropriate writer. Note that for unknown reason, the DVD-Plus alliance does not like that there is a simulation mode for DVD+R media. The author of wodim tries to convince manufacturers to implement a simulation mode for DVD+R and implement support. DVD+R only supports one write mode that is somewhere between Track At Once and Packet writing; this mode is selected in wodim via a the -dao/-sao option.
- mmc_dvdplusrw
- The generic SCSI-3/mmc-3 DVD+RW driver is auto-selected whenever a DVD+RW medium is found in an appropriate writer. As DVD+RW media needs to be formatted before its first use, wodim auto-detects this media state and performs a format before it starts to write. Note that for unknown reason, the DVD-Plus alliance does not like that there is a simulation mode nor a way to erase DVD+RW media. DVD+RW only supports one write mode that is close to Packet writing; this mode is selected in wodim via a the -dao/-sao option.
- cw_7501
- The driver for Matsushita/Panasonic CW-7501 is auto-selected when wodim finds this old pre MMC drive. wodim supports all write modes for this drive type.
- kodak_pcd_600
- The driver for Kodak PCD-600 is auto-selected when wodim finds this old pre MMC drive which has been the first high speed (6x) CD writer for a long time. This drive behaves similar to the Philips CDD-521 drive.
- philips_cdd521
- The driver for Philips CDD-521 is auto-selected when wodim finds a Philips CDD-521 drive (which is the first CD writer ever made) or one of the other drives that are known to behave similar to this drive. All Philips CDD-521 or similar drives (see other drivers in this list) do not support Session At Once recording.
- philips_cdd521_old
- The driver for Philips old CDD-521 is auto-selected when wodim finds a Philips CDD-521 with very old firmware which has some known limitations.
- philips_cdd522
- The driver for Philips CDD-522 is auto-selected when wodim finds a Philips CDD-522 which is the successor of the 521 or one of its variants with Kodak label. wodim does not support Session At Once recording with these drives.
- philips_dumb
- The driver for Philips CDD-521 with pessimistic assumptions is never auto-selected. It may be used by hand with drives that behave similar to the Philips CDD-521.
- pioneer_dws114x
- The driver for Pioneer DW-S114X is auto-selected when wodim finds one of the old non MMC CD writers from Pioneer.
- plasmon_rf4100
- The driver for Plasmon RF 4100 is auto-selected when wodim finds this specific variant of the Philips CDD-521.
- ricoh_ro1060c
- The driver for Ricoh RO-1060C is auto-selected when wodim finds this drive. There is no real support for this drive yet.
- ricoh_ro1420c
- The driver for Ricoh RO-1420C is auto-selected when wodim finds a drive with this specific variant of the Philips CDD-521 command set.
- scsi2_cd
- The generic SCSI-2 CD-ROM driver is auto-selected whenever wodim finds a pre MMC drive that does not support writing or a pre MMC writer that is not supported by wodim.
- sony_cdu924
- The driver for Sony CDU-924 / CDU-948 is auto-selected whenever wodim finds one of the old pre MMC CD writers from Sony.
- teac_cdr50
- The driver for Teac CD-R50S, Teac CD-R55S, JVC XR-W2010, Pinnacle RCD-5020 is auto-selected whenever one of the drives is found that is known to the non MMC command set used by TEAC and JVC. Note that many drives from JVC will not work because they do not correctly implement the documented command set and JVC has been unwilling to fix or document the bugs. There is no support for the Session At Once write mode yet.
- tyuden_ew50
- The driver for Taiyo Yuden EW-50 is auto-selected when wodim finds a drive with this specific variant of the Philips CDD-521 command set.
- yamaha_cdr100
- The driver for Yamaha CDR-100 / CDR-102 is auto-selected when wodim finds one of the old pre MMC CD writers from Yamaha. There is no support for the Session At Once write mode yet.
- cdr_simul
- The simulation CD-R driver allows to run timing and speed tests with parameters that match the behavior of CD writers.
- dvd_simul
- The simulation DVD-R driver allows to run timing and speed tests with parameters that match the behavior of DVD writers.
- driveropts=option list
- Set driver specific options. The options are specified a comma separated list. To get a list of valid options use driveropts=help together with the -checkdrive option. If you like to set driver options without running a typical wodim task, you need to use the -setdropts option in addition, otherwise the command line parser in wodim will complain. Currently implemented driver options are:
- burnfree
- Turn the support for Buffer Underrun Free writing on. This
only works for drives that support Buffer Underrun Free technology, which
is available on most drives manufactured in this millennium. This may be
called: Sanyo BURN-Proof, Ricoh Just-Link, Yamaha
Lossless-Link or similar.
- noburnfree
- Turn the support for Buffer Underrun Free writing off.
- varirec=value
- Turn on the Plextor VariRec writing mode. The mandatory parameter value is the laser power offset and currently may be selected from -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. In addition, you need to set the write speed to 4 in order to allow VariRec to work.
- gigarec=value
- Manage the Plextor GigaRec writing mode. The
mandatory parameter value is the disk capacity ratio compared to
normal recording and currently may be selected from 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0,
1.2, 1.3, 1.4. If values < 1.0 are used, then the effect is similar to
the Yamaha Audio Master Q. R. feature. If values > 1.0 are used,
then the disk capacity is increased.
- audiomaster
- Turn on the Yamaha Audio Master Q. R. feature which usually should result in high quality CDs that have less reading problems in Hi-Fi players. As this is implemented as a variant of the Session at Once write mode, it will only work if you select SAO write mode and there is no need to turn it off. The Audio Master mode will work with a limited speed but may also be used with data CDs. In Audio Master mode, the pits on the CD will be written larger then usual so the capacity of the medium is reduced when turning this feature on. A 74 minute CD will only have a capacity of 63 minutes if Audio Master is active and the capacity of a 80 minute CD will be reduced to 68 minutes.
- forcespeed
- Normally, modern drives know the highest possible speed for
different media and may reduce the speed in order to grant best write
quality. This technology may be called: Plextor PowerRec, Ricoh
Just-Speed, Yamaha Optimum Write Speed Control or similar. Some
drives (e.g. Plextor, Ricoh and Yamaha) allow to force the drive to use
the selected speed even if the medium is so bad that the write quality
would be poor. This option tells such a drive to force to use the selected
speed regardless of the medium quality.
- noforcespeed
- Turn off the force speed feature.
- speedread
- Some ultra high speed drives such as 48x and faster drives from Plextor limit the read speed for unknown media to e.g. 40x in order to avoid damaged disks and drives. Using this option tells the drive to read any media as fast as possible. Be very careful as this may cause the media to break in the drive while reading, resulting in a damaged media and drive!
- nospeedread
- Turn off unlimited read speed.
- singlesession
- Turn the drive into a single session only drive. This allows to read defective or non-compliant (illegal) media with extremely non-standard additional (broken/illegal) TOC entries in the TOC from the second or higher session. Some of these disks become usable if only the information from the first session is used. You need to enable Single Session mode before you insert the defective disk!
- nosinglesession
- Turn off single session mode. The drive will again behave as usual.
- hidecdr
- Hide the fact that a medium might be a recordable medium. This allows to make CD-Rs look like CD-ROMs and applications believe that the media in the drive is not a CD-R.
- nohidecdr
- Turn off hiding CD-R media.
- tattooinfo
- Use this option together with -checkdrive to retrieve the image size information for the Yamaha DiskT@2 feature. The images always have a line length of 3744 pixel. Line number 0 (radius 0) is mapped to the center of the disk. If you know the inner and outer radius you will be able to create a pre distorted image that later may appear undistorted on the disk.
- tattoofile=name
- Use this option together with -checkdrive to write
an image prepared for the Yamaha DiskT@2 feature to the medium. The
file must be a file with raw image B&W data (one byte per pixel) in a
size as retrieved by a previous call to tattoofile=name . If
the size of the image equals the maximum possible size (3744 x 320 pixel),
wodim will use the first part of the file. This first part then
will be written to the leftover space on the CD.
- -setdropts
- Set the driveropts specified by driveropts=option list, the speed of the drive and the dummy flag and exit. This allows wodim to set drive specific parameters that are not directly used by wodim like e.g. single session mode, hide cdr and similar. It is needed in case that driveropts=option list should be called without planning to run a typical wodim task.
- -checkdrive
- Checks if a driver for the current drive is present and exit. If the drive is a known drive, wodim uses exit code 0.
- -prcap
- Print the drive capabilities for SCSI-3/mmc compliant drives as obtained from mode page 0x2A. Values marked with kB use 1000 bytes as kilo-byte, values marked with KB use 1024 bytes as Kilo-byte.
- -inq
- Do an inquiry for the drive, print the inquiry info and exit.
- -scanbus
- Scan all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print the inquiry strings. This option may be used to find SCSI address of the CD/DVD-Recorder on a system. If some device types are invisible, try using dev=ATA: or similar option to give a hint about the device type you are looking for. The numbers printed out as labels are computed by: bus * 100 + target. On platforms and device systems without persistent SCSI number management the results are not reliable. Use the .B --devices option instead.
- --devices
- Look for useable devices using the system specific functions, eg. probing with usual device nodes in /dev/*, and display the detections using symbolic device names in OS specific syntax.
- -reset
- Try to reset the SCSI bus where the CD recorder is located. This works not on all operating systems.
- -abort
- Try to send an abort sequence to the drive. If you use wodim only, this should never be needed; but other software may leave a drive in an unusable condition. Calling wodim -reset may be needed if a previous write has been interrupted and the software did not tell the drive that it will not continue to write.
- -overburn
- Allow wodim to write more than the official size of a medium. This feature is usually called overburning and depends on the fact that most blank media may hold more space than the official size. As the official size of the lead-out area on the disk is 90 seconds (6750 sectors) and a disk usually works if there are at least 150 sectors of lead out, all media may be overburned by at least 88 seconds (6600 sectors). Most CD recorders only do overburning in SAO or RAW mode. Known exceptions are TEAC CD-R50S, TEAC CD-R55S and the Panasonic CW-7502. Some drives do not allow to overburn as much as you might like and limit the size of a CD to e.g. 76 minutes. This problem may be circumvented by writing the CD in RAW mode because this way the drive has no chance to find the size before starting to burn. There is no guarantee that your drive supports overburning at all. Make a test to check if your drive implements the feature.
- -ignsize
- Ignore the known size of the medium. This option should be used with extreme care, it exists only for debugging purposes don't use it for other reasons. It is not needed to write disks with more than the nominal capacity. This option implies -overburn.
- -useinfo
- Use *.inf files to overwrite audio options. If this
option is used, the pregap size information is read from the *.inf
file that is associated with the file that contains the audio data for a
track.
- defpregap=#
- Set the default pre-gap size for all tracks except track
number 1. This option currently only makes sense with the TEAC drive when
creating track-at-once disks without the 2 second silence before each
track.
- -packet
- Set Packet writing mode. This is an experimental interface.
- pktsize=#
- Set the packet size to #, forces fixed packet mode. This is an experimental interface.
- -noclose
- Do not close the current track, useful only when in packet writing mode. This is an experimental interface.
- mcn=med_cat_nr
- Set the Media Catalog Number of the CD to med_cat_nr.
- -text
- Write CD-Text information based on information taken from a
file that contains ascii information for the text strings. wodim
supports CD-Text information based on the content of the *.inf
files created by icedax and CD-Text information based on the
content from a CUE sheet file. If a CUE sheet file contains
both (binary CDTEXTFILE and text based SONGWRITER) entries, then the
information based on the CDTEXTFILE entry will win.
- textfile=filename
- Write CD-Text based on information found in the binary file filename. This file must contain information in a data format defined in the SCSI-3 MMC-2 standard and in the Red Book. The four byte size header that is defined in the SCSI standard is optional and allows to make the recognition of correct data less ambiguous. This is the best option to be used to copy CD-Text data from existing CDs that already carry CD-Text information. To get data in a format suitable for this option use wodim -vv -toc to extract the information from disk. If both, textfile=filename and CD-Text information from *.inf or *.cue files are present, textfile=filename will overwrite the other information.
- cuefile=filename
- Take all recording related information from a CDRWIN
compliant CUE sheet file. No track files are allowed when this
option is present and the option -dao is currently needed in
addition.
TRACK OPTIONS¶
Track options may be mixed with track file names.- isrc=ISRC_number
- Set the International Standard Recording Number for the next track to ISRC_number.
- index=list
- Sets an index list for the next track. In index list is a comma separated list of numbers that are counting from index 1. The first entry in this list must contain a 0, the following numbers must be an ascending list of numbers (counting in 1/75 seconds) that represent the start of the indices. An index list in the form: 0,7500,15000 sets index 1 to the start of the track, index 2 100 seconds from the start of the track and index 3 200 seconds from the start of the track.
- -audio
- If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written
in CD-DA (similar to Red Book) audio format. The file with data
for this tracks should contain stereo, 16-bit digital audio with 44100
samples/s. The byte order should be the following: MSB left, LSB left, MSB
right, LSB right, MSB left and so on. The track should be a multiple of
2352 bytes. It is not possible to put the master image of an audio track
on a raw disk because data will be read in multiple of 2352 bytes during
the recording process.
- If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, wodim defaults to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and to -data for all other files.
- -swab
- If this flag is present, audio data is assumed to be in
byte-swapped (little-endian) order. Some types of CD-Writers e.g. Yamaha,
Sony and the new SCSI-3/mmc drives require audio data to be presented in
little-endian order, while other writers require audio data to be
presented in the big-endian (network) byte order normally used by the SCSI
protocol. wodim knows if a CD-Recorder needs audio data in big- or
little-endian order, and corrects the byte order of the data stream to
match the needs of the recorder. You only need the -swab flag if
your data stream is in Intel (little-endian) byte order.
- -data
- If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in CD-ROM mode 1 (Yellow Book) format. The data size is a multiple of 2048 bytes. The file with track data should contain an ISO-9660 or Rock Ridge filesystem image (see genisoimage for more details). If the track data is an ufs filesystem image, fragment size should be set to 2 KB or more to allow CD-drives with 2 KB sector size to be used for reading.
- -data is the default, if no other flag is present and the file does not appear to be of one of the well known audio file types.
- If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, wodim defaults to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and to -data for all other files.
- -mode2
- If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in CD-ROM mode 2 format. The data size is a multiple of 2336 bytes.
- -xa
- If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1 format. The data size is a multiple of 2048 bytes. The XA sector sub headers will be created by the drive. With this option, the write mode is the same as with the -multi option.
- -xa1
- If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1 format. The data size is a multiple of 2056 bytes. The XA sector sub headers are part of the user data and have to be supplied by the application that prepares the data to be written.
- -xa2
- If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 2 format. The data is a multiple of 2324 bytes. The XA sector sub headers will be created by the drive.
- -xamix
- If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in a way that allows a mix of CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1/2 format. The data size is a multiple of 2332 bytes. The XA sector sub headers are part of the user data and have to be supplied by the application that prepares the data to be written. The CRC and the P/Q parity ECC/EDC information (depending on the sector type) have to be supplied by the application that prepares the data to be written.
- -cdi
- If this flag is present, the TOC type for the disk is set to CDI. This only makes sense with XA disks.
- -isosize
- Use the ISO-9660 file system size as the size of the
next track. This option is needed if you want wodim to directly
read the image of a track from a raw disk partition or from a TAO
master CD. In the first case the option -isosize is needed to limit
the size of the CD to the size of the ISO filesystem. In the second case
the option -isosize is needed to prevent wodim from reading
the two run out blocks that are appended by each CD-recorder in track at
once mode. These two run out blocks cannot be read and would cause a
buffer underrun that would cause a defective copy. Do not use this option
on files created by genisoimage and in case wodim reads the
track data from stdin. In the first case, you would prevent
wodim from writing the amount of padding that has been appended by
genisoimage and in the latter case, it will not work because
stdin is not seekable.
- -pad
- If the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed data
will be added to the end of this and each subsequent data track. In this
case, the -pad option is superseded by the padsize= option.
It will remain however as a shorthand for padsize=15s. If
the -pad option refers to an audio track, wodim will pad the
audio data to be a multiple of 2352 bytes. The audio data padding is done
with binary zeroes which is equal to absolute silence.
- padsize=#
- Set the amount of data to be appended as padding to the next track to #. Opposed to the behavior of the -pad option, the value for padsize= is reset to zero for each new track. wodim assumes a sector size of 2048 bytes for the padsize= option, independent from the real sector size and independent from the write mode. The megabytes mentioned in the verbose mode output however are counting the output sector size which is e.g. 2448 bytes when writing in RAW/RAW96 mode. See fs= option for possible arguments. To pad the equivalent of 20 minutes on a CD, you may write padsize=20x60x75s. Use this option if your CD-drive is not able to read the last sectors of a track or if you want to be able to read the CD on a Linux system with the ISO-9660 filesystem read ahead bug. If an empty file is used for track data, this option may be used to create a disk that is entirely made of padding. This may e.g. be used to find out how much overburning is possible with a specific media.
- -nopad
- Do not pad the following tracks - the default.
- -shorttrack
- Allow all subsequent tracks to violate the Red Book track length standard which requires a minimum track length of 4 seconds. This option is only useful when used in SAO or RAW mode. Not all drives support this feature. The drive must accept the resulting CUE sheet or support RAW writing.
- -noshorttrack
- Re-enforce the Red Book track length standard. Tracks must be at least 4 seconds.
- pregap=#
- Set the pre-gap size for the next track. This option
currently only makes sense with the TEAC drive when creating track-at-once
disks without the 2 second silence before each track.
- -preemp
- If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio tracks will indicate that the audio data has been sampled with 50/15 microsec pre-emphasis. The data, however is not modified during the process of transferring from file to disk. This option has no effect on data tracks.
- -nopreemp
- If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio tracks will indicate that the audio data has been mastered with linear data - this is the default.
- -copy
- If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has permission to be copied without limit. This option has no effect on data tracks.
- -nocopy
- If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has permission to be copied only once for personal use - this is the default.
- -scms
- If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has no permission to be copied anymore.
- tsize=#
- If the master image for the next track has been stored on a
raw disk, use this option to specify the valid amount of data on this
disk. If the image of the next track is stored in a regular file, the size
of that file is taken to determine the length of this track. If the track
contains an ISO 9660 filesystem image use the -isosize option to
determine the length of that filesystem image.
EXAMPLES¶
For all examples below, it will be assumed that the CD/DVD-Recorder is connected to the primary SCSI bus of the machine. The SCSI target id is set to 2. To record a pure CD-ROM at double speed, using data from the file cdimage.raw:wodim -v speed=2 dev=2,0 cdimage.raw To create an image for a ISO 9660 filesystem with Rock Ridge extensions:
genisoimage -R -o cdimage.raw /home/joerg/master/tree To check the resulting file before writing to CD on Solaris:
mount -r -F fbk -o type=hsfs /dev/fbk0:cdimage.raw /mnt On Linux:
mount cdimage.raw -r -t iso9660 -o loop /mnt Go on with:
ls -lR /mnt
umount /mnt If the overall speed of the system is sufficient and the structure of the filesystem is not too complex, wodim will run without creating an image of the ISO 9660 filesystem. Simply run the pipeline:
genisoimage -R /master/tree | wodim -v fs=6m speed=2 dev=2,0 - The recommended minimum FIFO size for running this pipeline is 4 MBytes. As the default FIFO size is 4 MB, the fs= option needs only be present if you want to use a different FIFO size. If your system is loaded, you should run genisoimage in the real time class too. To raise the priority of genisoimage replace the command
genisoimage -R /master/tree
priocntl -e -c RT -p 59 genisoimage -R /master/tree
nice --18 genisoimage -R /master/tree
wodim -v speed=1 dev=/dev/cdrw -audio track*.cdaudio To check if it will be ok to use double speed for the example above. Use the dummy write option:
wodim -v -dummy speed=2 dev=/dev/cdrw -audio track*.cdaudio To record a mixed-mode CD with an ISO 9660 filesystem from cdimage.raw on the first track, the other tracks being audio tracks from the files track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc:
wodim -v dev=2,0 cdimage.raw -audio track*.cdaudio To handle drives that need to know the size of a track before starting to write, first run
genisoimage -R -q -print-size /master/tree and then run
genisoimage -R /master/tree | wodim speed=2 dev=2,0 tsize=XXXs - where XXX is replaced by the output of the previous run of genisoimage. To copy an audio CD in the most accurate way, first run
icedax dev=/dev/cdrom -vall cddb=0 -B -Owav and then run
wodim dev=/dev/cdrw -v -dao -useinfo -text *.wav This will try to copy track indices and to read CD-Text information from disk. If there is no CD-Text information, icedax will try to get the information from freedb.org instead. To copy an audio CD from a pipe (without intermediate files), first run
icedax dev=1,0 -vall cddb=0 -info-only and then run
icedax dev=1,0 -no-infofile -B -Oraw - | \
wodim dev=2,0 -v -dao -audio -useinfo -text *.inf This will get all information (including track size info) from the *.inf files and then read the audio data from stdin.
wodim dev=1,0 -setdropts driveropts=singlesession If you like to do this when no CD is in the drive, call
wodim dev=1,0 -force -setdropts driveropts=singlesession To copy a CD in clone mode, first read the master CD using:
readom dev=b,t,l -clone f=somefile or (in case the CD contains many sectors that are unreadable by intention) by calling:
readom dev=1,0 -clone -nocorr f=somefile will create the files somefile and somefile.toc. Then write the CD using:
wodim dev=1,0 -raw96r -clone -v somefile
ENVIRONMENT¶
- CDR_DEVICE
- This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable to the open call of the SCSI transport library or a label in the file /etc/wodim.conf.
- CDR_SPEED
- Sets the default speed value for writing (see also speed= option).
- CDR_FIFOSIZE
- Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).
- CDR_FORCERAWSPEED
- If this environment variable is set, wodim will allow you to write at the full RAW encoding speed a single CPU supports. This will create high potential of buffer underruns. Use with care.
- CDR_FORCESPEED
- If this environment variable is set, wodim will allow you to write at the full DMA speed the system supports. There is no DMA reserve for reading the data that is to be written from disk. This will create high potential of buffer underruns. Use with care.
- RSH
- If the RSH environment is present, the remote
connection will not be created via rcmd(3) but by calling the
program pointed to by RSH. Use e.g. RSH=/usr/bin/ssh to
create a secure shell connection.
- RSCSI
- If the RSCSI environment is present, the remote SCSI
server will not be the program /opt/schily/sbin/rscsi but the
program pointed to by RSCSI. Note that the remote SCSI server
program name will be ignored if you log in using an account that has been
created with a remote SCSI server program as login shell.
FILES¶
- /etc/wodim.conf
- Default values can be set for the following options in /etc/wodim.conf. For example: CDR_FIFOSIZE=8m or CDR_SPEED=2
- CDR_DEVICE
- This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable to the open call of the SCSI transport library or a label in the file /etc/wodim.conf that allows to identify a specific drive on the system.
- CDR_SPEED
- Sets the default speed value for writing (see also speed= option).
- CDR_FIFOSIZE
- Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).
- CDR_MAXFIFOSIZE
- Sets the maximum size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).
- Any other keyword (label) is an identifier (symbolic name) for a specific drive
- on the system. Such an identifier may not contain the
characters ',', '/', '@' or ':'.
SEE ALSO¶
icedax(1), readom(1), genisoimage(1), ssh(1).NOTES¶
On Solaris you need to stop the volume management if you like to use the USCSI fallback SCSI transport code. Even things like wodim -scanbus will not work if the volume management is running. Disks made in Track At Once mode are not suitable as a master for direct mass production by CD manufacturers. You will need the disk at once option to record such disks. Nevertheless the disks made in Track At Once will normally be read in all CD players. Some old audio CD players however may produce a two second click between two audio tracks. The minimal size of a track is 4 seconds or 300 sectors. If you write smaller tracks, the CD-Recorder will add dummy blocks. This is not an error, even though the SCSI-error message looks this way. The Yamaha CDR-400 and all new SCSI-3/mmc conforming drives are supported in single and multi-session. You should run several tests in all supported speeds of your drive with the -dummy option turned on if you are using wodim on an unknown system. Writing a CD is a real-time process. NFS, CIFS and other network file systems won't always deliver constantly the needed data rates. If you want to use wodim with CD-images that are located on a NFS mounted filesystem, be sure that the FIFO size is big enough. If you want to make sure that buffer underruns are not caused by your source disk, you may use the command wodim -dummy dev=2,0 padsize=600m /dev/null to create a disk that is entirely made of dummy data. There are also cases where you either need to be root or install wodim executable with suid-root permissions. First, if you are using a device manufactured before 1999 which requires a non-MMC driver, you should run wodim in dummy mode before writing data. If you find a problem doing this, please report it to the cdrkit maintainers (see below). Second, certain functionality may be unusable because of Linux's SCSI command filtering. When using wodim for anything except of pure data writing, you should also test the process in dummy mode and report trouble to the contact address below. If you still want to run wodim with root permissions, you can set the permissions of the executable to suid-root. See the additional notes of your system/program distribution or README.suidroot which is part of the cdrkit source. You should not connect old drives that do not support disconnect/reconnect to either the SCSI bus that is connected to the CD-Recorder or the source disk. A Compact Disc can have no more than 99 tracks. When creating a disc with both audio and data tracks, the data should be on track 1 otherwise you should create a CDplus disk which is a multi session disk with the first session containing the audio tracks and the following session containing the data track. Many operating systems are not able to read more than a single data track, or need special software to do so. If you have more information or SCSI command manuals for currently unsupported CD/DVD/BR/HD-DVD-Recorders, please contact the cdrkit maintainers (see below). Many CD recorders have bugs and often require a firmware update to work correctly. If you experience problems which cannot be solved or explained by the notes above, please look for instructions on the homepage of the particular manufacturer. Some bugs will force you to power cycle the device or to reboot the machine. The FIFO percent output is computed just after a block of data has been written to the CD/DVD-Recorder. For this reason, there will never be 100% FIFO fill ratio while the FIFO is in streaming mode.DIAGNOSTICS¶
You have 4 seconds to abort wodim start after you see the message: Starting to write CD at speed %d in %s mode for %s session. In most shells you can do that by pressing Ctrl-C. A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like:wodim: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error CDB: 00 20 00 00 00 00 status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION) Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00 Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0 Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0 Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid) cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s
Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 2048/2048 (1 sectors). wodim: I/O error. flush cache: scsi sendcmd: no error CDB: 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION) Sense Bytes: F0 00 05 80 00 00 27 0A 00 00 00 00 B5 00 00 00 00 00 Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0 Sense Code: 0xB5 Qual 0x00 (dummy data blocks added) Fru 0x0 Sense flags: Blk -2147483609 (valid) cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s
BUGS¶
netscsid does not work properly and is generally unmaintained. It is probably not compatible with rscsi from cdrtools either. Good bugfixes are welcome, talk to Cdrkit maintainers. cuefile support is very limited, only one file is allowed. For volunteers, see TODO file in the source. Specifying an audio file multiple times causes corruption of the second track (effectively no data plus minimum padding). Some of the bugs may be fixed in Joerg Schilling's cdrtools. See there for details, URL attached below.CREDITS¶
- Joerg Schilling (schilling@fokus.fhg.de)
-
- Bill Swartz (Bill_Swartz@twolf.com)
-
- Aaron Newsome (aaron.d.newsome@wdc.com)
-
- Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.jic.com)
-
- Gadi Oxman (gadio@netvision.net.il)
-
- Finn Arne Gangstad (finnag@guardian.no)
-
- Dave Platt (dplatt@feghoot.ml.org)
-
- Chris P. Ross (cross@eng.us.uu.net)
-
- Grant R. Guenther (grant@torque.net)
-
- Kenneth D. Merry (ken@kdm.org)
-
- Heiko Eiszfeldt (heiko@hexco.de)
- for making libedc_ecc available (needed to write RAW data
sectors).
MAILING LISTS¶
If you want to actively take part on the development of wodim, you may join the developer mailing list via this URL:AUTHORS¶
wodim is currently maintained as part of the cdrkit project by its developers. Most of the code and this manual page was originally written by:Joerg Schilling Seestr. 110 D-13353 Berlin GermanyThis application is derived from "cdrecord" as included in the cdrtools package [1] created by Joerg Schilling, who deserves most of the credit for its success. However, he is not involved into the development of this spinoff and therefore he shall not be held responsible for any problems caused by it. Do not refer to this application as "cdrecord", do not try to get support for wodim by contacting the original authors. Additional information can be found on:
SOURCES¶
Version 2.0 |