NAME¶
samtools - Utilities for the Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM) format
bcftools - Utilities for the Binary Call Format (BCF) and VCF
SYNOPSIS¶
samtools view -bt ref_list.txt -o aln.bam aln.sam.gz
samtools sort aln.bam aln.sorted
samtools index aln.sorted.bam
samtools idxstats aln.sorted.bam
samtools view aln.sorted.bam chr2:20,100,000-20,200,000
samtools merge out.bam in1.bam in2.bam in3.bam
samtools faidx ref.fasta
samtools pileup -vcf ref.fasta aln.sorted.bam
samtools mpileup -C50 -gf ref.fasta -r chr3:1,000-2,000 in1.bam in2.bam
samtools tview aln.sorted.bam ref.fasta
bcftools index in.bcf
bcftools view in.bcf chr2:100-200 > out.vcf
bcftools view -vc in.bcf > out.vcf 2> out.afs
DESCRIPTION¶
Samtools is a set of utilities that manipulate alignments in the BAM format. It
imports from and exports to the SAM (Sequence Alignment/Map) format, does
sorting, merging and indexing, and allows to retrieve reads in any regions
swiftly.
Samtools is designed to work on a stream. It regards an input file `-' as the
standard input (stdin) and an output file `-' as the standard output (stdout).
Several commands can thus be combined with Unix pipes. Samtools always output
warning and error messages to the standard error output (stderr).
Samtools is also able to open a BAM (not SAM) file on a remote FTP or HTTP
server if the BAM file name starts with `
ftp://' or `
http://'. Samtools checks
the current working directory for the index file and will download the index
upon absence. Samtools does not retrieve the entire alignment file unless it
is asked to do so.
- view
- samtools view [-bchuHS] [-t in.refList] [-o output] [-f
reqFlag] [-F skipFlag] [-q minMapQ] [-l library] [-r readGroup] [-R
rgFile] <in.bam>|<in.sam> [region1 [...]]
Extract/print all or sub alignments in SAM or BAM format. If no region is
specified, all the alignments will be printed; otherwise only alignments
overlapping the specified regions will be output. An alignment may be
given multiple times if it is overlapping several regions. A region can be
presented, for example, in the following format: `chr2' (the whole chr2),
`chr2:1000000' (region starting from 1,000,000bp) or
`chr2:1,000,000-2,000,000' (region between 1,000,000 and 2,000,000bp
including the end points). The coordinate is 1-based.
OPTIONS:
- -b
- Output in the BAM format.
- -f INT
- Only output alignments with all bits in INT present in the
FLAG field. INT can be in hex in the format of /^0x[0-9A-F]+/ [0]
- -F INT
- Skip alignments with bits present in INT [0]
- -h
- Include the header in the output.
- -H
- Output the header only.
- -l STR
- Only output reads in library STR [null]
- -o FILE
- Output file [stdout]
- -q INT
- Skip alignments with MAPQ smaller than INT [0]
- -r STR
- Only output reads in read group STR [null]
- -R FILE
- Output reads in read groups listed in FILE
[null]
- -S
- Input is in SAM. If @SQ header lines are absent, the
`-t' option is required.
- -c
- Instead of printing the alignments, only count them and
print the total number. All filter options, such as `-f',
`-F' and `-q' , are taken into account.
- -t FILE
- This file is TAB-delimited. Each line must contain the
reference name and the length of the reference, one line for each distinct
reference; additional fields are ignored. This file also defines the order
of the reference sequences in sorting. If you run `samtools faidx
<ref.fa>', the resultant index file <ref.fa>.fai can be
used as this <in.ref_list> file.
- -u
- Output uncompressed BAM. This option saves time spent on
compression/decomprssion and is thus preferred when the output is piped to
another samtools command.
- tview
- samtools tview <in.sorted.bam> [ref.fasta]
Text alignment viewer (based on the ncurses library). In the viewer, press
`?' for help and press `g' to check the alignment start from a region in
the format like `chr10:10,000,000' or `=10,000,000' when viewing the same
reference sequence.
- mpileup
- samtools mpileup [-EBug] [-C
capQcoef] [-r reg] [-f in.fa]
[-l list] [-M capMapQ] [-Q
minBaseQ] [-q minMapQ] in.bam [in2.bam
[...]]
Generate BCF or pileup for one or multiple BAM files. Alignment records are
grouped by sample identifiers in @RG header lines. If sample identifiers
are absent, each input file is regarded as one sample.
In the pileup format (without -uor-g), each line represents a
genomic position, consisting of chromosome name, coordinate, reference
base, read bases, read qualities and alignment mapping qualities.
Information on match, mismatch, indel, strand, mapping quality and start
and end of a read are all encoded at the read base column. At this column,
a dot stands for a match to the reference base on the forward strand, a
comma for a match on the reverse strand, a '>' or '<' for a
reference skip, `ACGTN' for a mismatch on the forward strand and `acgtn'
for a mismatch on the reverse strand. A pattern `\+[0-9]+[ACGTNacgtn]+'
indicates there is an insertion between this reference position and the
next reference position. The length of the insertion is given by the
integer in the pattern, followed by the inserted sequence. Similarly, a
pattern `-[0-9]+[ACGTNacgtn]+' represents a deletion from the reference.
The deleted bases will be presented as `*' in the following lines. Also at
the read base column, a symbol `^' marks the start of a read. The ASCII of
the character following `^' minus 33 gives the mapping quality. A symbol
`$' marks the end of a read segment.
Input Options:
- -6
- Assume the quality is in the Illumina 1.3+ encoding.
-A Do not skip anomalous read pairs in variant calling.
- -B
- Disable probabilistic realignment for the computation of
base alignment quality (BAQ). BAQ is the Phred-scaled probability of a
read base being misaligned. Applying this option greatly helps to reduce
false SNPs caused by misalignments.
- -b FILE
- List of input BAM files, one file per line [null]
- -C INT
- Coefficient for downgrading mapping quality for reads
containing excessive mismatches. Given a read with a phred-scaled
probability q of being generated from the mapped position, the new mapping
quality is about sqrt((INT-q)/INT)*INT. A zero value disables this
functionality; if enabled, the recommended value for BWA is 50. [0]
- -d INT
- At a position, read maximally INT reads per input
BAM. [250]
- -E
- Extended BAQ computation. This option helps sensitivity
especially for MNPs, but may hurt specificity a little bit.
- -f FILE
- The faidx-indexed reference file in the FASTA
format. The file can be optionally compressed by razip. [null]
- -l FILE
- BED or position list file containing a list of regions or
sites where pileup or BCF should be generated [null]
- -q INT
- Minimum mapping quality for an alignment to be used
[0]
- -Q INT
- Minimum base quality for a base to be considered [13]
- -r STR
- Only generate pileup in region STR [all sites]
- Output Options:
-
- -D
- Output per-sample read depth
- -g
- Compute genotype likelihoods and output them in the binary
call format (BCF).
- -S
- Output per-sample Phred-scaled strand bias P-value
- -u
- Similar to -g except that the output is uncompressed
BCF, which is preferred for piping.
- Options for Genotype Likelihood Computation (for -g or
-u):
-
- -e INT
- Phred-scaled gap extension sequencing error probability.
Reducing INT leads to longer indels. [20]
- -h INT
- Coefficient for modeling homopolymer errors. Given an
l-long homopolymer run, the sequencing error of an indel of size
s is modeled as INT*s/l. [100]
- -I
- Do not perform INDEL calling
- -L INT
- Skip INDEL calling if the average per-sample depth is above
INT. [250]
- -o INT
- Phred-scaled gap open sequencing error probability.
Reducing INT leads to more indel calls. [40]
- -P STR
- Comma dilimited list of platforms (determined by
@RG-PL) from which indel candidates are obtained. It is recommended
to collect indel candidates from sequencing technologies that have low
indel error rate such as ILLUMINA. [all]
- reheader
- samtools reheader <in.header.sam> <in.bam>
Replace the header in in.bam with the header in in.header.sam.
This command is much faster than replacing the header with a
BAM->SAM->BAM conversion.
- cat
- samtools cat [-h header.sam] [-o out.bam] <in1.bam>
<in2.bam> [ ... ]
Concatenate BAMs. The sequence dictionary of each input BAM must be
identical, although this command does not check this. This command uses a
similar trick to reheader which enables fast BAM concatenation.
- sort
- samtools sort [-no] [-m maxMem] <in.bam>
<out.prefix>
Sort alignments by leftmost coordinates. File <out.prefix>.bam
will be created. This command may also create temporary files
<out.prefix>.%d.bam when the whole alignment cannot be fitted
into memory (controlled by option -m).
OPTIONS:
- -o
- Output the final alignment to the standard output.
- -n
- Sort by read names rather than by chromosomal
coordinates
- -m INT
- Approximately the maximum required memory. [500000000]
- merge
- samtools merge [-nur1f] [-h inh.sam] [-R reg]
<out.bam> <in1.bam> <in2.bam> [...]
Merge multiple sorted alignments. The header reference lists of all the
input BAM files, and the @SQ headers of inh.sam, if any, must all
refer to the same set of reference sequences. The header reference list
and (unless overridden by -h) `@' headers of in1.bam will be
copied to out.bam, and the headers of other files will be ignored.
OPTIONS:
- -1
- Use zlib compression level 1 to comrpess the output
- -f
- Force to overwrite the output file if present.
- -h FILE
- Use the lines of FILE as `@' headers to be copied to
out.bam, replacing any header lines that would otherwise be copied
from in1.bam. (FILE is actually in SAM format, though any
alignment records it may contain are ignored.)
- -n
- The input alignments are sorted by read names rather than
by chromosomal coordinates
- -R STR
- Merge files in the specified region indicated by STR
[null]
- -r
- Attach an RG tag to each alignment. The tag value is
inferred from file names.
- -u
- Uncompressed BAM output
- index
- samtools index <aln.bam>
Index sorted alignment for fast random access. Index file
<aln.bam>.bai will be created.
- idxstats
- samtools idxstats <aln.bam>
Retrieve and print stats in the index file. The output is TAB delimited with
each line consisting of reference sequence name, sequence length, # mapped
reads and # unmapped reads.
- faidx
- samtools faidx <ref.fasta> [region1 [...]]
Index reference sequence in the FASTA format or extract subsequence from
indexed reference sequence. If no region is specified, faidx will
index the file and create <ref.fasta>.fai on the disk. If
regions are speficified, the subsequences will be retrieved and printed to
stdout in the FASTA format. The input file can be compressed in the
RAZF format.
- fixmate
- samtools fixmate <in.nameSrt.bam> <out.bam>
Fill in mate coordinates, ISIZE and mate related flags from a name-sorted
alignment.
- rmdup
- samtools rmdup [-sS] <input.srt.bam> <out.bam>
Remove potential PCR duplicates: if multiple read pairs have identical
external coordinates, only retain the pair with highest mapping quality.
In the paired-end mode, this command ONLY works with FR orientation
and requires ISIZE is correctly set. It does not work for unpaired reads
(e.g. two ends mapped to different chromosomes or orphan reads).
OPTIONS:
- -s
- Remove duplicate for single-end reads. By default, the
command works for paired-end reads only.
- -S
- Treat paired-end reads and single-end reads.
- calmd
- samtools calmd [-EeubSr] [-C capQcoef] <aln.bam>
<ref.fasta>
Generate the MD tag. If the MD tag is already present, this command will
give a warning if the MD tag generated is different from the existing tag.
Output SAM by default.
OPTIONS:
- -A
- When used jointly with -r this option overwrites the
original base quality.
- -e
- Convert a the read base to = if it is identical to the
aligned reference base. Indel caller does not support the = bases at the
moment.
- -u
- Output uncompressed BAM
- -b
- Output compressed BAM
- -S
- The input is SAM with header lines
- -C INT
- Coefficient to cap mapping quality of poorly mapped reads.
See the pileup command for details. [0]
- -r
- Compute the BQ tag (without -A) or cap base quality by BAQ
(with -A).
- -E
- Extended BAQ calculation. This option trades specificity
for sensitivity, though the effect is minor.
- targetcut
- samtools targetcut [-Q minBaseQ] [-i inPenalty] [-0 em0]
[-1 em1] [-2 em2] [-f ref] <in.bam>
This command identifies target regions by examining the continuity of read
depth, computes haploid consensus sequences of targets and outputs a SAM
with each sequence corresponding to a target. When option -f is in
use, BAQ will be applied. This command is only designed for cutting
fosmid clones from fosmid pool sequencing [Ref. Kitzman et al.
(2010)].
- phase
- samtools phase [-AF] [-k len] [-b prefix] [-q minLOD] [-Q
minBaseQ] <in.bam>
Call and phase heterozygous SNPs. OPTIONS:
- -A
- Drop reads with ambiguous phase.
- -b STR
- Prefix of BAM output. When this option is in use, phase-0
reads will be saved in file STR.0.bam and phase-1 reads in
STR.1.bam. Phase unknown reads will be randomly allocated to one of
the two files. Chimeric reads with switch errors will be saved in
STR.chimeric.bam. [null]
- -F
- Do not attempt to fix chimeric reads.
- -k INT
- Maximum length for local phasing. [13]
- -q INT
- Minimum Phred-scaled LOD to call a heterozygote. [40]
- -Q INT
- Minimum base quality to be used in het calling. [13]
- view
- bcftools view [-AbFGNQSucgv] [-D
seqDict] [-l listLoci] [-s listSample]
[-i gapSNPratio] [-t mutRate] [-p
varThres] [-P prior] [-1 nGroup1]
[-d minFrac] [-U nPerm] [-X
permThres] [-T trioType] in.bcf
[region]
Convert between BCF and VCF, call variant candidates and estimate allele
frequencies.
- Input/Output Options:
- -A
- Retain all possible alternate alleles at variant sites. By
default, the view command discards unlikely alleles.
- -b
- Output in the BCF format. The default is VCF.
- -D FILE
- Sequence dictionary (list of chromosome names) for
VCF->BCF conversion [null]
- -F
- Indicate PL is generated by r921 or before (ordering is
different).
- -G
- Suppress all individual genotype information.
- -l FILE
- List of sites at which information are outputted [all
sites]
- -N
- Skip sites where the REF field is not A/C/G/T
- -Q
- Output the QCALL likelihood format
- -s FILE
- List of samples to use. The first column in the input gives
the sample names and the second gives the ploidy, which can only be 1 or
2. When the 2nd column is absent, the sample ploidy is assumed to be 2. In
the output, the ordering of samples will be identical to the one in
FILE. [null]
- -S
- The input is VCF instead of BCF.
- -u
- Uncompressed BCF output (force -b).
- Consensus/Variant Calling Options:
- -c
- Call variants using Bayesian inference. This option
automatically invokes option -e.
- -d FLOAT
- When -v is in use, skip loci where the fraction of
samples covered by reads is below FLOAT. [0]
- -e
- Perform max-likelihood inference only, including estimating
the site allele frequency, testing Hardy-Weinberg equlibrium and testing
associations with LRT.
- -g
- Call per-sample genotypes at variant sites (force -c)
- -i FLOAT
- Ratio of INDEL-to-SNP mutation rate [0.15]
- -p FLOAT
- A site is considered to be a variant if P(ref|D)<FLOAT
[0.5]
- -P STR
- Prior or initial allele frequency spectrum. If STR can be
full, cond2, flat or the file consisting of error
output from a previous variant calling run.
- -t FLOAT
- Scaled muttion rate for variant calling [0.001]
- -T STR
- Enable pair/trio calling. For trio calling, option
-s is usually needed to be applied to configure the trio members
and their ordering. In the file supplied to the option -s, the
first sample must be the child, the second the father and the third the
mother. The valid values of STR are `pair', `trioauto', `trioxd'
and `trioxs', where `pair' calls differences between two input samples,
and `trioxd' (`trioxs') specifies that the input is from the X chromosome
non-PAR regions and the child is a female (male). [null]
- -v
- Output variant sites only (force -c)
- Contrast Calling and Association Test Options:
- -1 INT
- Number of group-1 samples. This option is used for dividing
the samples into two groups for contrast SNP calling or association test.
When this option is in use, the following VCF INFO will be outputted: PC2,
PCHI2 and QCHI2. [0]
- -U INT
- Number of permutations for association test (effective only
with -1) [0]
- -X FLOAT
- Only perform permutations for P(chi^2)<FLOAT (effective
only with -U) [0.01]
- index
- bcftools index in.bcf
Index sorted BCF for random access.
- cat
- bcftools cat in1.bcf [in2.bcf
[...]]]
Concatenate BCF files. The input files are required to be sorted and have
identical samples appearing in the same order.
Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM) format is TAB-delimited. Apart from the header
lines, which are started with the `@' symbol, each alignment line consists of:
Col |
Field |
Description |
|
1 |
QNAME |
Query template/pair NAME |
2 |
FLAG |
bitwise FLAG |
3 |
RNAME |
Reference sequence NAME |
4 |
POS |
1-based leftmost POSition/coordinate of clipped sequence |
5 |
MAPQ |
MAPping Quality (Phred-scaled) |
6 |
CIAGR |
extended CIGAR string |
7 |
MRNM |
Mate Reference sequence NaMe (`=' if same as RNAME) |
8 |
MPOS |
1-based Mate POSistion |
9 |
TLEN |
inferred Template LENgth (insert size) |
10 |
SEQ |
query SEQuence on the same strand as the reference |
11 |
QUAL |
query QUALity (ASCII-33 gives the Phred base quality) |
12+ |
OPT |
variable OPTional fields in the format TAG:VTYPE:VALUE |
Each bit in the FLAG field is defined as:
Flag |
Chr |
Description |
|
0x0001 |
p |
the read is paired in sequencing |
0x0002 |
P |
the read is mapped in a proper pair |
0x0004 |
u |
the query sequence itself is unmapped |
0x0008 |
U |
the mate is unmapped |
0x0010 |
r |
strand of the query (1 for reverse) |
0x0020 |
R |
strand of the mate |
0x0040 |
1 |
the read is the first read in a pair |
0x0080 |
2 |
the read is the second read in a pair |
0x0100 |
s |
the alignment is not primary |
0x0200 |
f |
the read fails platform/vendor quality checks |
0x0400 |
d |
the read is either a PCR or an optical duplicate |
where the second column gives the string representation of the FLAG field.
The Variant Call Format (VCF) is a TAB-delimited format with each data line
consists of the following fields:
Col |
Field |
Description |
|
1 |
CHROM |
CHROMosome name |
2 |
POS |
the left-most POSition of the variant |
3 |
ID |
unique variant IDentifier |
4 |
REF |
the REFerence allele |
5 |
ALT |
the ALTernate allele(s), separated by comma |
6 |
QUAL |
variant/reference QUALity |
7 |
FILTER |
FILTers applied |
8 |
INFO |
INFOrmation related to the variant, separated by semi-colon |
9 |
FORMAT |
FORMAT of the genotype fields, separated by colon (optional) |
10+ |
SAMPLE |
SAMPLE genotypes and per-sample information (optional) |
The following table gives the
INFO tags used by samtools and bcftools.
Tag |
Format |
Description |
|
AF1 |
double |
Max-likelihood estimate of the site allele frequency (AF) of the first
ALT allele |
DP |
int |
Raw read depth (without quality filtering) |
DP4 |
int[4] |
# high-quality reference forward bases, ref reverse, alternate for and
alt rev bases |
FQ |
int |
Consensus quality. Positive: sample genotypes different; negative:
otherwise |
MQ |
int |
Root-Mean-Square mapping quality of covering reads |
PC2 |
int[2] |
Phred probability of AF in group1 samples being larger (,smaller) than
in group2 |
PCHI2 |
double |
Posterior weighted chi^2 P-value between group1 and group2 samples |
PV4 |
double[4] |
P-value for strand bias, baseQ bias, mapQ bias and tail distance
bias |
QCHI2 |
int |
Phred-scaled PCHI2 |
RP |
int |
# permutations yielding a smaller PCHI2 |
CLR |
int |
Phred log ratio of genotype likelihoods with and without the trio/pair
constraint |
UGT |
string |
Most probable genotype configuration without the trio constraint |
CGT |
string |
Most probable configuration with the trio constraint |
EXAMPLES¶
- o
- Import SAM to BAM when @SQ lines are present in the
header:
samtools view -bS aln.sam > aln.bam
If @SQ lines are absent:
samtools faidx ref.fa
samtools view -bt ref.fa.fai aln.sam > aln.bam
where ref.fa.fai is generated automatically by the faidx
command.
- o
- Attach the RG tag while merging sorted alignments:
perl -e 'print
"@RG\tID:ga\tSM:hs\tLB:ga\tPL:Illumina\n@RG\tID:454\tSM:hs\tLB:454\tPL:454\n"'
> rg.txt
samtools merge -rh rg.txt merged.bam ga.bam 454.bam
The value in a RG tag is determined by the file name the read is
coming from. In this example, in the merged.bam, reads from
ga.bam will be attached RG:Z:ga, while reads from
454.bam will be attached RG:Z:454.
- o
- Call SNPs and short INDELs for one diploid individual:
samtools mpileup -ugf ref.fa aln.bam | bcftools view -bvcg - >
var.raw.bcf
bcftools view var.raw.bcf | vcfutils.pl varFilter -D 100 > var.flt.vcf
The -D option of varFilter controls the maximum read depth, which
should be adjusted to about twice the average read depth. One may consider
to add -C50 to mpileup if mapping quality is overestimated
for reads containing excessive mismatches. Applying this option usually
helps BWA-short but may not other mappers.
- o
- Generate the consensus sequence for one diploid individual:
samtools mpileup -uf ref.fa aln.bam | bcftools view -cg - | vcfutils.pl
vcf2fq > cns.fq
- o
- Call somatic mutations from a pair of samples:
samtools mpileup -DSuf ref.fa aln.bam | bcftools view -bvcgT pair - >
var.bcf
In the output INFO field, CLR gives the Phred-log ratio between the
likelihood by treating the two samples independently, and the likelihood
by requiring the genotype to be identical. This CLR is effectively
a score measuring the confidence of somatic calls. The higher the better.
- o
- Call de novo and somatic mutations from a family trio:
samtools mpileup -DSuf ref.fa aln.bam | bcftools view -bvcgT pair -s
samples.txt - > var.bcf
File samples.txt should consist of three lines specifying the member
and order of samples (in the order of child-father-mother). Similarly,
CLR gives the Phred-log likelihood ratio with and without the trio
constraint. UGT shows the most likely genotype configuration
without the trio constraint, and CGT gives the most likely genotype
configuration satisfying the trio constraint.
- o
- Phase one individual:
samtools calmd -AEur aln.bam ref.fa | samtools phase -b prefix - >
phase.out
The calmd command is used to reduce false heterozygotes around
INDELs.
- o
- Call SNPs and short indels for multiple diploid
individuals:
samtools mpileup -P ILLUMINA -ugf ref.fa *.bam | bcftools view -bcvg - >
var.raw.bcf
bcftools view var.raw.bcf | vcfutils.pl varFilter -D 2000 > var.flt.vcf
Individuals are identified from the SM tags in the @RG header
lines. Individuals can be pooled in one alignment file; one individual can
also be separated into multiple files. The -P option specifies that
indel candidates should be collected only from read groups with the
@RG-PL tag set to ILLUMINA. Collecting indel candidates from
reads sequenced by an indel-prone technology may affect the performance of
indel calling.
- o
- Derive the allele frequency spectrum (AFS) on a list of
sites from multiple individuals:
samtools mpileup -Igf ref.fa *.bam > all.bcf
bcftools view -bl sites.list all.bcf > sites.bcf
bcftools view -cGP cond2 sites.bcf > /dev/null 2> sites.1.afs
bcftools view -cGP sites.1.afs sites.bcf > /dev/null 2> sites.2.afs
bcftools view -cGP sites.2.afs sites.bcf > /dev/null 2> sites.3.afs
......
where sites.list contains the list of sites with each line consisting
of the reference sequence name and position. The following bcftools
commands estimate AFS by EM.
- o
- Dump BAQ applied alignment for other SNP callers:
samtools calmd -bAr aln.bam > aln.baq.bam
It adds and corrects the NM and MD tags at the same time. The
calmd command also comes with the -C option, the same as the
one in pileup and mpileup. Apply if it helps.
LIMITATIONS¶
- o
- Unaligned words used in bam_import.c, bam_endian.h, bam.c
and bam_aux.c.
- o
- Samtools paired-end rmdup does not work for unpaired reads
(e.g. orphan reads or ends mapped to different chromosomes). If this is a
concern, please use Picard's MarkDuplicate which correctly handles these
cases, although a little slower.
AUTHOR¶
Heng Li from the Sanger Institute wrote the C version of samtools. Bob Handsaker
from the Broad Institute implemented the BGZF library and Jue Ruan from
Beijing Genomics Institute wrote the RAZF library. John Marshall and Petr
Danecek contribute to the source code and various people from the 1000 Genomes
Project have contributed to the SAM format specification.
SEE ALSO¶
Samtools website: <
http://samtools.sourceforge.net>