NAME¶
IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
SYNOPSIS¶
use IO::Handle;
$io = IO::Handle->new();
if ($io->fdopen(fileno(STDIN),"r")) {
print $io->getline;
$io->close;
}
$io = IO::Handle->new();
if ($io->fdopen(fileno(STDOUT),"w")) {
$io->print("Some text\n");
}
# setvbuf is not available by default on Perls 5.8.0 and later.
use IO::Handle '_IOLBF';
$io->setvbuf($buffer_var, _IOLBF, 1024);
undef $io; # automatically closes the file if it's open
autoflush STDOUT 1;
DESCRIPTION¶
"IO::Handle" is the base class for all other IO handle classes. It is
not intended that objects of "IO::Handle" would be created directly,
but instead "IO::Handle" is inherited from by several other classes
in the IO hierarchy.
If you are reading this documentation, looking for a replacement for the
"FileHandle" package, then I suggest you read the documentation for
"IO::File" too.
CONSTRUCTOR¶
- new ()
- Creates a new "IO::Handle" object.
- new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
- Creates an "IO::Handle" like "new"
does. It requires two parameters, which are passed to the method
"fdopen"; if the fdopen fails, the object is destroyed.
Otherwise, it is returned to the caller.
METHODS¶
See perlfunc for complete descriptions of each of the following supported
"IO::Handle" methods, which are just front ends for the
corresponding built-in functions:
$io->close
$io->eof
$io->fcntl( FUNCTION, SCALAR )
$io->fileno
$io->format_write( [FORMAT_NAME] )
$io->getc
$io->ioctl( FUNCTION, SCALAR )
$io->read ( BUF, LEN, [OFFSET] )
$io->print ( ARGS )
$io->printf ( FMT, [ARGS] )
$io->say ( ARGS )
$io->stat
$io->sysread ( BUF, LEN, [OFFSET] )
$io->syswrite ( BUF, [LEN, [OFFSET]] )
$io->truncate ( LEN )
See perlvar for complete descriptions of each of the following supported
"IO::Handle" methods. All of them return the previous value of the
attribute and takes an optional single argument that when given will set the
value. If no argument is given the previous value is unchanged (except for
$io->autoflush will actually turn ON autoflush by default).
$io->autoflush ( [BOOL] ) $|
$io->format_page_number( [NUM] ) $%
$io->format_lines_per_page( [NUM] ) $=
$io->format_lines_left( [NUM] ) $-
$io->format_name( [STR] ) $~
$io->format_top_name( [STR] ) $^
$io->input_line_number( [NUM]) $.
The following methods are not supported on a per-filehandle basis.
IO::Handle->format_line_break_characters( [STR] ) $:
IO::Handle->format_formfeed( [STR]) $^L
IO::Handle->output_field_separator( [STR] ) $,
IO::Handle->output_record_separator( [STR] ) $\
IO::Handle->input_record_separator( [STR] ) $/
Furthermore, for doing normal I/O you might need these:
- $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE )
- "fdopen" is like an ordinary "open"
except that its first parameter is not a filename but rather a file handle
name, an IO::Handle object, or a file descriptor number. (For the
documentation of the "open" method, see IO::File.)
- $io->opened
- Returns true if the object is currently a valid file
descriptor, false otherwise.
- $io->getline
- This works like <$io> described in "I/O
Operators" in perlop except that it's more readable and can be safely
called in a list context but still returns just one line. If used as the
conditional +within a "while" or C-style "for" loop,
however, you will need to +emulate the functionality of <$io> with
"defined($_ = $io->getline)".
- $io->getlines
- This works like <$io> when called in a list context
to read all the remaining lines in a file, except that it's more readable.
It will also croak() if accidentally called in a scalar
context.
- $io->ungetc ( ORD )
- Pushes a character with the given ordinal value back onto
the given handle's input stream. Only one character of pushback per handle
is guaranteed.
- $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] )
- This "write" is like "write" found in
C, that is it is the opposite of read. The wrapper for the perl
"write" function is called "format_write".
- $io->error
- Returns a true value if the given handle has experienced
any errors since it was opened or since the last call to
"clearerr", or if the handle is invalid. It only returns false
for a valid handle with no outstanding errors.
- $io->clearerr
- Clear the given handle's error indicator. Returns -1 if the
handle is invalid, 0 otherwise.
- $io->sync
- "sync" synchronizes a file's in-memory state with
that on the physical medium. "sync" does not operate at the
perlio api level, but operates on the file descriptor (similar to sysread,
sysseek and systell). This means that any data held at the perlio api
level will not be synchronized. To synchronize data that is buffered at
the perlio api level you must use the flush method. "sync" is
not implemented on all platforms. Returns "0 but true" on
success, "undef" on error, "undef" for an invalid
handle. See fsync(3c).
- $io->flush
- "flush" causes perl to flush any buffered data at
the perlio api level. Any unread data in the buffer will be discarded, and
any unwritten data will be written to the underlying file descriptor.
Returns "0 but true" on success, "undef" on
error.
- $io->printflush ( ARGS )
- Turns on autoflush, print ARGS and then restores the
autoflush status of the "IO::Handle" object. Returns the return
value from print.
- $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] )
- If called with an argument "blocking" will turn
on non-blocking IO if "BOOL" is false, and turn it off if
"BOOL" is true.
"blocking" will return the value of the previous setting, or the
current setting if "BOOL" is not given.
If an error occurs "blocking" will return undef and $! will be
set.
If the C functions
setbuf() and/or
setvbuf() are available, then
"IO::Handle::setbuf" and "IO::Handle::setvbuf" set the
buffering policy for an IO::Handle. The calling sequences for the Perl
functions are the same as their C counterparts--including the constants
"_IOFBF", "_IOLBF", and "_IONBF" for
setvbuf()--except that the buffer parameter specifies a scalar variable
to use as a buffer. You should only change the buffer before any I/O, or
immediately after calling flush.
WARNING: The
IO::Handle::setvbuf() is not available by default on Perls
5.8.0 and later because
setvbuf() is rather specific to using the stdio
library, while Perl prefers the new perlio subsystem instead.
WARNING: A variable used as a buffer by "setbuf" or
"setvbuf"
must not be modified in any way until the
IO::Handle is closed or "setbuf" or "setvbuf" is called
again, or memory corruption may result! Remember that the order of global
destruction is undefined, so even if your buffer variable remains in scope
until program termination, it may be undefined before the file IO::Handle is
closed. Note that you need to import the constants "_IOFBF",
"_IOLBF", and "_IONBF" explicitly. Like C, setbuf returns
nothing. setvbuf returns "0 but true", on success, "undef"
on failure.
Lastly, there is a special method for working under
-T and setuid/gid
scripts:
- $io->untaint
- Marks the object as taint-clean, and as such data read from
it will also be considered taint-clean. Note that this is a very trusting
action to take, and appropriate consideration for the data source and
potential vulnerability should be kept in mind. Returns 0 on success, -1
if setting the taint-clean flag failed. (eg invalid handle)
NOTE¶
An "IO::Handle" object is a reference to a symbol/GLOB reference (see
the "Symbol" package). Some modules that inherit from
"IO::Handle" may want to keep object related variables in the hash
table part of the GLOB. In an attempt to prevent modules trampling on each
other I propose the that any such module should prefix its variables with its
own name separated by _'s. For example the IO::Socket module keeps a
"timeout" variable in 'io_socket_timeout'.
SEE ALSO¶
perlfunc, "I/O Operators" in perlop, IO::File
BUGS¶
Due to backwards compatibility, all filehandles resemble objects of class
"IO::Handle", or actually classes derived from that class. They
actually aren't. Which means you can't derive your own class from
"IO::Handle" and inherit those methods.
HISTORY¶
Derived from FileHandle.pm by Graham Barr <
gbarr@pobox.com>