NAME¶
Template::Manual::Views - Template Toolkit views (experimental)
Overview¶
A view is effectively a collection of templates and/or variable definitions
which can be passed around as a self-contained unit. This then represents a
particular interface or presentation style for other objects or items of data.
You can use views to implement custom "skins" for an application or
content set. You can use them to help simplify the presentation of common
objects or data types. You can even use then to automate the presentation of
complex data structures such as that generated in an "XML::DOM" tree
or similar. You let an iterator do the walking, and the view does the talking
(or in this case, the presenting). Voila - you have view independant,
structure shy traversal using templates.
In general, views can be used in a number of different ways to achieve several
different things. They elegantly solve some problems which were otherwise
difficult or complicated, and make easy some things that were previously hard.
At the moment, they're still very experimental. The directive syntax and
underlying API are likely to change quite considerably over the next version
or two. Please be very wary about building your multi-million dollar
e-commerce solutions based around this feature.
Views as Template Collectors/Providers¶
The "VIEW" directive starts a view definition and includes a name by
which the view can be referenced. The view definition continues up to the
matching "END" directive.
[% VIEW myview %]
...
[% END %]
The first role of a view is to act as a collector and provider of templates. The
"include()" method can be called on a view to effectively do the
same thing as the "INCLUDE" directive. The template name is passed
as the first argument, followed by any local variable definitions for the
template.
[% myview.include('header', title='The Title') %]
# equivalent to
[% INCLUDE header title='The Title' %]
Views accept a number of configuration options which can be used to control
different aspects of their behaviour. The '"prefix"' and
'"suffix"' options can be specified to add a fixed prefix and/or
suffix to the name of each template.
[% VIEW myview
prefix = 'my/'
suffix = '.tt2' ;
END
%]
Now the call
[% myview.include('header', title='The Title') %]
is equivalent to
[% INCLUDE my/header.tt2 title='The Title' %]
Views provide an "AUTOLOAD" method which maps method names to the
"include()" method. Thus, the following are all equivalent:
[% myview.include('header', title='Hello World') %]
[% myview.include_header(title='Hello World') %]
[% myview.header(title='Hello World') %]
Local BLOCK Definitions¶
A "VIEW" definition can include "BLOCK" definitions which
remain local to the view. A request for a particular template will return a
"BLOCK", if defined, in preference to any other template of the same
name.
[% BLOCK foo %]
public foo block
[% END %]
[% VIEW plain %]
[% BLOCK foo %]
plain foo block
[% END %]
[% END %]
[% VIEW fancy %]
[% BLOCK foo %]
fancy foo block
[% END %]
[% END %]
[% INCLUDE foo %] # public foo block
[% plain.foo %] # plain foo block
[% fancy.foo %] # fancy foo block
In addition to "BLOCK" definitions, a "VIEW" can contain any
other template directives. The entire "VIEW" definition block is
processed to initialise the view but no output is generated (this may change
RSN - and get stored as '"output"' item, subsequently accessible as
"[% view.output %]"). However, directives that have side-effects,
such as those that update a variable, will have noticable consequences.
Preserving Variable State within Views¶
Views can also be used to save the values of any existing variables, or to
create new ones at the point at which the view is defined. Unlike simple
template metadata ("META") which can only contain static string
values, the view initialisation block can contain any template directives and
generate any kind of dynamic output and/or data items.
[% VIEW my_web_site %]
[% view.title = title or 'My Cool Web Site' %]
[% view.author = "$abw.name, $abw.email" %]
[% view.sidebar = INCLUDE my/sidebar.tt2 %]
[% END %]
Note that additional data items can be specified as arguments to the
"VIEW" directive. Anything that doesn't look like a configuration
parameter is assumed to be a data item. This can be a little hazardous, of
course, because you never know when a new configuration item might get added
which interferes with your data.
[% VIEW my_web_site
# config options
prefix = 'my/'
# misc data
title = title or 'My Cool Web Site'
author = "$abw.name, $abw.email"
sidebar = INCLUDE my/sidebar.tt2
%]
...
[% END %]
Outside of the view definition you can access the view variables as, for
example:
[% my_web_site.title %]
One important feature is the equivalence of simple variables and templates. You
can implement the view item '"title"' as a simple variable, a
template defined in an external file, possibly with a prefix/suffix
automatically appended, or as a local "BLOCK" definition within the
"[% VIEW %] ... [% END %]" definition. If you use the syntax above
then the view will Do The Right Thing to return the appropriate output.
At the "END" of the "VIEW" definition the view is
"sealed" to prevent you from accidentally updating any variable
values. If you attempt to change the value of a variable after the
"END" of the "VIEW" definition block then a
"view" error will be thrown.
[% TRY;
my_web_site.title = 'New Title';
CATCH;
error;
END
%]
The error above will be reported as:
view error - cannot update item in sealed view: title
The same is true if you pass a parameter to a view variable. This is interpreted
as an attempt to update the variable and will raise the same warning.
[% my_web_site.title('New Title') %] # view error!
You can set the "silent" parameter to have the view ignore these
parameters and simply return the variable value.
[% VIEW my_web_site
silent = 1
title = title or 'My Cool Web Site'
# ... ;
END
%]
[% my_web_site.title('Blah Blah') %] # My Cool Web Site
Alternately, you can specify that a view is unsealed allowing existing variables
to be updated and new variables defined.
[% VIEW my_web_site
sealed = 0
title = title or 'My Cool Web Site'
# ... ;
END
%]
[% my_web_site.title('Blah Blah') %] # Blah Blah
[% my_web_site.title %] # Blah Blah
Inheritance, Delegation and Reuse¶
Views can be inherited from previously defined views by use of the
"base" parameter. This example shows how a base class view is
defined which applies a "view/default/" prefix to all template
names.
[% VIEW my.view.default
prefix = 'view/default/';
END
%]
Thus the directive:
[% my.view.default.header(title='Hello World') %]
is now equivalent to:
[% INCLUDE view/default/header title='Hello World' %]
A second view can be defined which specifies the default view as a base.
[% VIEW my.view.fancy
base = my.view.default
prefix = 'view/fancy/';
END
%]
Now the directive:
[% my.view.fancy.header(title='Hello World') %]
will resolve to:
[% INCLUDE view/fancy/header title='Hello World' %]
or if that doesn't exist, it will be handled by the base view as:
[% INCLUDE view/default/header title='Hello World' %]
When a parent view is specified via the "base" parameter, the
delegation of a view to its parent for fetching templates and accessing user
defined variables is automatic. You can also implement your own inheritance,
delegation or other reuse patterns by explicitly delegating to other views.
[% BLOCK foo %]
public foo block
[% END %]
[% VIEW plain %]
[% BLOCK foo %]
<plain>[% PROCESS foo %]</plain>
[% END %]
[% END %]
[% VIEW fancy %]
[% BLOCK foo %]
[% plain.foo | replace('plain', 'fancy') %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
[% plain.foo %] # <plain>public foo block</plain>
[% fancy.foo %] # <fancy>public foo block</fancy>
Note that the regular "INCLUDE/PROCESS/WRAPPER" directives work
entirely independantly of views and will always get the original, unaltered
template name rather than any local per-view definition.
Self-Reference¶
A reference to the view object under definition is available with the "VIEW
... END" block by its specified name and also by the special name
'"view"' (similar to the "my $self = shift;" in a Perl
method or the '"this"' pointer in C++, etc). The view is initially
unsealed allowing any data items to be defined and updated within the
"VIEW ... END" block. The view is automatically sealed at the end of
the definition block, preventing any view data from being subsequently
changed.
(NOTE: sealing should be optional. As well as sealing a view to prevent updates
("SEALED"), it should be possible to set an option in the view to
allow external contexts to update existing variables ("UPDATE") or
even create totally new view variables ("CREATE")).
[% VIEW fancy %]
[% fancy.title = 'My Fancy Title' %]
[% fancy.author = 'Frank Open' %]
[% fancy.col = { bg => '#ffffff', bar => '#a0a0ff' } %]
[% END %]
or
[% VIEW fancy %]
[% view.title = 'My Fancy Title' %]
[% view.author = 'Frank Open' %]
[% view.col = { bg => '#ffffff', bar => '#a0a0ff' } %]
[% END %]
It makes no real difference in this case if you refer to the view by its name,
'"fancy"', or by the general name, '"view"'. Outside of
the view block, however, you should always use the given name,
'"fancy"':
[% fancy.title %]
[% fancy.author %]
[% fancy.col.bg %]
The choice of given name or '"view"' is much more important when it
comes to "BLOCK" definitions within a "VIEW". It is
generally recommended that you use '"view"' inside a
"VIEW" definition because this is guaranteed to be correctly defined
at any point in the future when the block gets called. The original name of
the view might have long since been changed or reused but the self-reference
via '"view"' should always be intact and valid.
Take the following VIEW as an example:
[% VIEW foo %]
[% view.title = 'Hello World' %]
[% BLOCK header %]
Title: [% view.title %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
Even if we rename the view, or create a new "foo" variable, the header
block still correctly accesses the "title" attribute of the view to
which it belongs. Whenever a view "BLOCK" is processed, the
"view" variable is always updated to contain the correct reference
to the view object to which it belongs.
[% bar = foo %]
[% foo = { title => "New Foo" } %] # no problem
[% bar.header %] # => Title: Hello World
Saving References to External Views¶
When it comes to view inheritance, it's always a good idea to take a local copy
of a parent or delegate view and store it as an attribute within the view for
later use. This ensures that the correct view reference is always available,
even if the external name of a view has been changed.
[% VIEW plain %]
...
[% END %]
[% VIEW fancy %]
[% view.plain = plain %]
[% BLOCK foo %]
[% view.plain.foo | replace('plain', 'fancy') %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
[% plain.foo %] # => <plain>public foo block</plain>
[% plain = 'blah' %] # no problem
[% fancy.foo %] # => <fancy>public foo block</fancy>
Views as Data Presenters¶
Another key role of a view is to act as a dispatcher to automatically apply the
correct template to present a particular object or data item. This is handled
via the "print()" method.
Here's an example:
[% VIEW foo %]
[% BLOCK text %]
Some text: [% item %]
[% END %]
[% BLOCK hash %]
a hash:
[% FOREACH key = item.keys.sort -%]
[% key %] => [% item.$key %]
[% END -%]
[% END %]
[% BLOCK list %]
a list: [% item.sort.join(', ') %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
We can now use the view to print text, hashes or lists. The "print()"
method includes the right template depending on the typing of the argument (or
arguments) passed.
[% some_text = 'I read the news today, oh boy.' %]
[% a_hash = { house => 'Lords', hall => 'Albert' } %]
[% a_list = [ 'sure', 'Nobody', 'really' ] %]
[% view.print(some_text) %]
# Some text: I read the news today, oh boy.
[% view.print(a_hash) %]
# a hash:
hall => Albert
house => Lords
[% view.print(a_list) %]
# a list: Nobody, really, sure
You can also provide templates to print objects of any other class. The class
name is mapped to a template name with all non-word character sequences such
as '"::"' converted to a single '"_"'.
[% VIEW foo %]
[% BLOCK Foo_Bar %]
a Foo::Bar object:
thingies: [% view.print(item.thingies) %]
doodahs: [% view.print(item.doodahs) %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
[% USE fubar = Foo::Bar(...) %]
[% foo.print(fubar) %]
Note how we use the view object to display various items within the objects
('"thingies"' and '"doodahs"'). We don't need to worry
what kind of data these represent (text, list, hash, etc) because we can let
the view worry about it, automatically mapping the data type to the correct
template.
Views may define their own type => template map.
[% VIEW foo
map = { TEXT => 'plain_text',
ARRAY => 'show_list',
HASH => 'show_hash',
My::Module => 'template_name'
default => 'any_old_data'
}
%]
[% BLOCK plain_text %]
...
[% END %]
...
[% END %]
They can also provide a "default" map entry, specified as part of the
"map" hash or as a parameter by itself.
[% VIEW foo
map = { ... },
default = 'whatever'
%]
...
[% END %]
or
[% VIEW foo %]
[% view.map = { ... }
view.default = 'whatever'
%]
...
[% END %]
The "print()" method provides one more piece of magic. If you pass it
a reference to an object which provides a "present()" method, then
the method will be called passing the view as an argument. This then gives any
object a chance to determine how it should be presented via the view.
package Foo::Bar;
...
sub present {
my ($self, $view) = @_;
return "a Foo::Bar object:\n"
. "thingies: " . $view->print($self->{ _THINGIES }) . "\n"
. "doodahs: " . $view->print($self->{ _DOODAHS }) . "\n";
}
The object is free to delve deeply into its innards and mess around with its own
private data, before presenting the relevant data via the view. In a more
complex example, a "present()" method might walk part of a tree
making calls back against the view to present different nodes within the tree.
We may not want to expose the internal structure of the tree (because that
would break encapsulation and make our presentation code dependant on it) but
we want to have some way of walking the tree and presenting items found in a
particular manner.
This is known as
Structure Shy Traversal. Our view object doesn't require
prior knowledge about the internal structure of any data set to be able to
traverse it and present the data contained therein. The data items themselves,
via the "present()" method, can implement the internal iterators to
guide the view along the right path to presentation happiness.
The upshot is that you can use views to greatly simplify the display of data
structures like "XML::DOM" trees. The documentation for the
"Template::Plugin::XML::DOM" module contains an example of this. In
essence, it looks something like this:
XML source:
<user name="Andy Wardley">
<project id="iCan" title="iCan, but theyCan't"/>
<project id="p45" title="iDid, but theyDidn't"/>
</user>
TT View:
[% VIEW fancy %]
[% BLOCK user %]
User: [% item.name %]
[% item.content(myview) %]
[% END %]
[% BLOCK project %]
Project: [% project.id %] - [% project.name %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
Generate view:
[% USE dom = XML.DOM %]
[% fancy.print(dom.parse(xml_source)) %]
Output:
User: Andy Wardley
Project: iCan - iCan, but theyCan't
Project: p45 - iDid, but theyDidn't
The same approach can be applied to many other areas. Here's an example from the
"File"/"Directory" plugins.
[% VIEW myview %]
[% BLOCK file %]
- [% item.name %]
[% END %]
[% BLOCK directory %]
* [% item.name %]
[% item.content(myview) FILTER indent %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
[% USE dir = Directory(dirpath) %]
[% myview.print(dir) %]
And here's the same approach use to convert POD documentation to any other
format via template.
[% # load Pod plugin and parse source file into Pod Object Model
USE Pod;
pom = Pod.parse_file(my_pod_file);
# define view to map all Pod elements to "pod/html/xxx" templates
VIEW pod2html
prefix='pod/html';
END;
# now print document via view (i.e. as HTML)
pod2html.print(pom)
%]
Here we simply define a template prefix for the view which causes the view to
look for "pod/html/head1", "pod/html/head2",
"pod/html/over" as templates to present the different sections of
the parsed Pod document.
There are some examples in the Template Toolkit test suite:
t/pod.t and
t/view.t which may shed some more light on this. See the distribution
sub-directory
examples/pod/html for examples of Pod -> HTML
templates.