NAME¶
Template::Manual::Directives - Template directives
Accessing and Updating Template Variables¶
GET¶
The "GET" directive retrieves and outputs the value of the named
variable.
[% GET foo %]
The "GET" keyword is optional. A variable can be specified in a
directive tag by itself.
[% foo %]
The variable can have an unlimited number of elements, each separated by a dot.
Each element can have arguments specified within parentheses.
[% foo %]
[% bar.baz %]
[% biz.baz(10) %]
...etc...
See Template::Manual::Variables for a full discussion on template variables.
You can also specify expressions using the logical ("and",
"or", "not", "?", ":") and mathematic
operators ("+", "-", "*", "/",
"%", "mod", "div").
[% template.title or default.title %]
[% score * 100 %]
[% order.nitems ? checkout(order.total) : 'no items' %]
The "div" operator returns the integer result of division. Both
"%" and "mod" return the modulus (i.e. remainder) of
division.
[% 15 / 6 %] # 2.5
[% 15 div 6 %] # 2
[% 15 mod 6 %] # 3
CALL¶
The "CALL" directive is similar to "GET" in evaluating the
variable named, but doesn't print the result returned. This can be useful when
a variable is bound to a sub-routine or object method which you want to call
but aren't interested in the value returned.
[% CALL dbi.disconnect %]
[% CALL inc_page_counter(page_count) %]
SET¶
The "SET" directive allows you to assign new values to existing
variables or create new temporary variables.
[% SET title = 'Hello World' %]
The "SET" keyword is also optional.
[% title = 'Hello World' %]
Variables may be assigned the values of other variables, unquoted numbers
(2.718), literal text ('single quotes') or quoted text ("double
quotes"). In the latter case, any variable references within the text
will be interpolated when the string is evaluated. Variables should be
prefixed by "$", using curly braces to explicitly scope the variable
name where necessary.
[% foo = 'Foo' %] # literal value 'Foo'
[% bar = foo %] # value of variable 'foo'
[% cost = '$100' %] # literal value '$100'
[% item = "$bar: ${cost}.00" %] # value "Foo: $100.00"
Multiple variables may be assigned in the same directive and are evaluated in
the order specified. Thus, the above could have been written:
[% foo = 'Foo'
bar = foo
cost = '$100'
item = "$bar: ${cost}.00"
%]
Simple expressions can also be used, as per "GET".
[% ten = 10
twenty = 20
thirty = twenty + ten
forty = 2 * twenty
fifty = 100 div 2
six = twenty mod 7
%]
You can concatenate strings together using the ' _ ' operator. In Perl 5, the
"." is used for string concatenation, but in Perl 6, as in the
Template Toolkit, the "." will be used as the method calling
operator and ' _ ' will be used for string concatenation. Note that the
operator must be specified with surrounding whitespace which, as Larry says,
is construed as a feature:
[% copyright = '(C) Copyright' _ year _ ' ' _ author %]
You can, of course, achieve a similar effect with double quoted string
interpolation.
[% copyright = "(C) Copyright $year $author" %]
DEFAULT¶
The "DEFAULT" directive is similar to "SET" but only updates
variables that are currently undefined or have no "true" value (in
the Perl sense).
[% DEFAULT
name = 'John Doe'
id = 'jdoe'
%]
This can be particularly useful in common template components to ensure that
some sensible default are provided for otherwise undefined variables.
[% DEFAULT
title = 'Hello World'
bgcol = '#ffffff'
%]
<html>
<head>
<title>[% title %]</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="[% bgcol %]">
...etc...
Processing Template Files and Blocks¶
INSERT¶
The "INSERT" directive is used to insert the contents of an external
file at the current position.
[% INSERT myfile %]
No attempt to parse or process the file is made. The contents, possibly
including any embedded template directives, are inserted intact.
The filename specified should be relative to one of the "INCLUDE_PATH"
directories. Absolute (i.e. starting with "/") and relative (i.e.
starting with ".") filenames may be used if the "ABSOLUTE"
and "RELATIVE" options are set, respectively. Both these options are
disabled by default.
my $template = Template->new({
INCLUDE_PATH => '/here:/there',
});
$template->process('myfile');
myfile:
[% INSERT foo %] # looks for /here/foo then /there/foo
[% INSERT /etc/passwd %] # file error: ABSOLUTE not set
[% INSERT ../secret %] # file error: RELATIVE not set
For convenience, the filename does not need to be quoted as long as it contains
only alphanumeric characters, underscores, dots or forward slashes. Names
containing any other characters should be quoted.
[% INSERT misc/legalese.txt %]
[% INSERT 'dos98/Program Files/stupid' %]
To evaluate a variable to specify a filename, you should explicitly prefix it
with a "$" or use double-quoted string interpolation.
[% language = 'en'
legalese = 'misc/legalese.txt'
%]
[% INSERT $legalese %] # misc/legalese.txt
[% INSERT "$language/$legalese" %] # en/misc/legalese.txt
Multiple files can be specified using "+" as a delimiter. All files
should be unquoted names or quoted strings. Any variables should be
interpolated into double-quoted strings.
[% INSERT legalese.txt + warning.txt %]
[% INSERT "$legalese" + warning.txt %] # requires quoting
INCLUDE¶
The "INCLUDE" directive is used to process and include the output of
another template file or block.
[% INCLUDE header %]
If a "BLOCK" of the specified name is defined in the same file, or in
a file from which the current template has been called (i.e. a parent
template) then it will be used in preference to any file of the same name.
[% INCLUDE table %] # uses BLOCK defined below
[% BLOCK table %]
<table>
...
</table>
[% END %]
If a "BLOCK" definition is not currently visible then the template
name should be a file relative to one of the "INCLUDE_PATH"
directories, or an absolute or relative file name if the
"ABSOLUTE"/"RELATIVE" options are appropriately enabled.
The "INCLUDE" directive automatically quotes the filename specified,
as per "INSERT" described above. When a variable contains the name
of the template for the "INCLUDE" directive, it should be explicitly
prefixed by "$" or double-quoted
[% myheader = 'my/misc/header' %]
[% INCLUDE myheader %] # 'myheader'
[% INCLUDE $myheader %] # 'my/misc/header'
[% INCLUDE "$myheader" %] # 'my/misc/header'
Any template directives embedded within the file will be processed accordingly.
All variables currently defined will be visible and accessible from within the
included template.
[% title = 'Hello World' %]
[% INCLUDE header %]
<body>
...
header:
<html>
<title>[% title %]</title>
output:
<html>
<title>Hello World</title>
<body>
...
Local variable definitions may be specified after the template name, temporarily
masking any existing variables. Insignificant whitespace is ignored within
directives so you can add variable definitions on the same line, the next line
or split across several line with comments interspersed, if you prefer.
[% INCLUDE table %]
[% INCLUDE table title="Active Projects" %]
[% INCLUDE table
title = "Active Projects"
bgcolor = "#80ff00" # chartreuse
border = 2
%]
The "INCLUDE" directive localises (i.e. copies) all variables before
processing the template. Any changes made within the included template will
not affect variables in the including template.
[% foo = 10 %]
foo is originally [% foo %]
[% INCLUDE bar %]
foo is still [% foo %]
[% BLOCK bar %]
foo was [% foo %]
[% foo = 20 %]
foo is now [% foo %]
[% END %]
output:
foo is originally 10
foo was 10
foo is now 20
foo is still 10
Technical Note: the localisation of the stash (that is, the process by which
variables are copied before an "INCLUDE" to prevent being
overwritten) is only skin deep. The top-level variable namespace (hash) is
copied, but no attempt is made to perform a deep-copy of other structures
(hashes, arrays, objects, etc.) Therefore, a "foo" variable
referencing a hash will be copied to create a new "foo" variable but
which points to the same hash array. Thus, if you update compound variables
(e.g. "foo.bar") then you will change the original copy, regardless
of any stash localisation. If you're not worried about preserving variable
values, or you trust the templates you're including then you might prefer to
use the "PROCESS" directive which is faster by virtue of not
performing any localisation.
You can specify dotted variables as "local" variables to an
"INCLUDE" directive. However, be aware that because of the
localisation issues explained above (if you skipped the previous Technical
Note above then you might want to go back and read it or skip this section
too), the variables might not actualy be "local". If the first
element of the variable name already references a hash array then the variable
update will affect the original variable.
[% foo = {
bar = 'Baz'
}
%]
[% INCLUDE somefile foo.bar='Boz' %]
[% foo.bar %] # Boz
This behaviour can be a little unpredictable (and may well be improved upon in a
future version). If you know what you're doing with it and you're sure that
the variables in question are defined (nor not) as you expect them to be, then
you can rely on this feature to implement some powerful "global"
data sharing techniques. Otherwise, you might prefer to steer well clear and
always pass simple (undotted) variables as parameters to "INCLUDE"
and other similar directives.
If you want to process several templates in one go then you can specify each of
their names (quoted or unquoted names only, no unquoted $variables) joined
together by "+". The "INCLUDE" directive will then process
them in order.
[% INCLUDE html/header + "site/$header" + site/menu
title = "My Groovy Web Site"
%]
The variable stash is localised once and then the templates specified are
processed in order, all within that same variable context. This makes it
slightly faster than specifying several separate "INCLUDE"
directives (because you only clone the variable stash once instead of n
times), but not quite as "safe" because any variable changes in the
first file will be visible in the second, third and so on. This might be what
you want, of course, but then again, it might not.
PROCESS¶
The PROCESS directive is similar to "INCLUDE" but does not perform any
localisation of variables before processing the template. Any changes made to
variables within the included template will be visible in the including
template.
[% foo = 10 %]
foo is [% foo %]
[% PROCESS bar %]
foo is [% foo %]
[% BLOCK bar %]
[% foo = 20 %]
changed foo to [% foo %]
[% END %]
output:
foo is 10
changed foo to 20
foo is 20
Parameters may be specified in the "PROCESS" directive, but these too
will become visible changes to current variable values.
[% foo = 10 %]
foo is [% foo %]
[% PROCESS bar
foo = 20
%]
foo is [% foo %]
[% BLOCK bar %]
this is bar, foo is [% foo %]
[% END %]
output:
foo is 10
this is bar, foo is 20
foo is 20
The "PROCESS" directive is slightly faster than "INCLUDE"
because it avoids the need to localise (i.e. copy) the variable stash before
processing the template. As with "INSERT" and "INCLUDE",
the first parameter does not need to be quoted as long as it contains only
alphanumeric characters, underscores, periods or forward slashes. A
"$" prefix can be used to explicitly indicate a variable which
should be interpolated to provide the template name:
[% myheader = 'my/misc/header' %]
[% PROCESS myheader %] # 'myheader'
[% PROCESS $myheader %] # 'my/misc/header'
As with "INCLUDE", multiple templates can be specified, delimited by
"+", and are processed in order.
[% PROCESS html/header + my/header %]
WRAPPER¶
It's not unusual to find yourself adding common headers and footers to pages or
sub-sections within a page. Something like this:
[% INCLUDE section/header
title = 'Quantum Mechanics'
%]
Quantum mechanics is a very interesting subject wish
should prove easy for the layman to fully comprehend.
[% INCLUDE section/footer %]
[% INCLUDE section/header
title = 'Desktop Nuclear Fusion for under $50'
%]
This describes a simple device which generates significant
sustainable electrical power from common tap water by process
of nuclear fusion.
[% INCLUDE section/footer %]
The individual template components being included might look like these:
section/header:
<p>
<h2>[% title %]</h2>
section/footer:
</p>
The "WRAPPER" directive provides a way of simplifying this a little.
It encloses a block up to a matching "END" directive, which is first
processed to generate some output. This is then passed to the named template
file or "BLOCK" as the "content" variable.
[% WRAPPER section
title = 'Quantum Mechanics'
%]
Quantum mechanics is a very interesting subject wish
should prove easy for the layman to fully comprehend.
[% END %]
[% WRAPPER section
title = 'Desktop Nuclear Fusion for under $50'
%]
This describes a simple device which generates significant
sustainable electrical power from common tap water by process
of nuclear fusion.
[% END %]
The single 'section' template can then be defined as:
<h2>[% title %]</h2>
<p>
[% content %]
</p>
Like other block directives, it can be used in side-effect notation:
[% INSERT legalese.txt WRAPPER big_bold_table %]
It's also possible to specify multiple templates to a "WRAPPER"
directive. The specification order indicates outermost to innermost wrapper
templates. For example, given the following template block definitions:
[% BLOCK bold %]<b>[% content %]</b>[% END %]
[% BLOCK italic %]<i>[% content %]</i>[% END %]
the directive
[% WRAPPER bold+italic %]Hello World[% END %]
would generate the following output:
<b><i>Hello World</i></b>
BLOCK¶
The "BLOCK"..."END" construct can be used to define template
component blocks which can be processed with the "INCLUDE",
"PROCESS" and "WRAPPER" directives.
[% BLOCK tabrow %]
<tr>
<td>[% name %]<td>
<td>[% email %]</td>
</tr>
[% END %]
<table>
[% PROCESS tabrow name='Fred' email='fred@nowhere.com' %]
[% PROCESS tabrow name='Alan' email='alan@nowhere.com' %]
</table>
A "BLOCK" definition can be used before it is defined, as long as the
definition resides in the same file. The block definition itself does not
generate any output.
[% PROCESS tmpblk %]
[% BLOCK tmpblk %] This is OK [% END %]
You can use an anonymous "BLOCK" to capture the output of a template
fragment.
[% julius = BLOCK %]
And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge,
With Ate by his side come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice
Cry 'Havoc', and let slip the dogs of war;
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men, groaning for burial.
[% END %]
Like a named block, it can contain any other template directives which are
processed when the block is defined. The output generated by the block is then
assigned to the variable "julius".
Anonymous "BLOCK"s can also be used to define block macros. The
enclosing block is processed each time the macro is called.
[% MACRO locate BLOCK %]
The [% animal %] sat on the [% place %].
[% END %]
[% locate(animal='cat', place='mat') %] # The cat sat on the mat
[% locate(animal='dog', place='log') %] # The dog sat on the log
Conditional Processing¶
IF / UNLESS / ELSIF / ELSE¶
The "IF" and "UNLESS" directives can be used to process or
ignore a block based on some run-time condition.
[% IF frames %]
[% INCLUDE frameset %]
[% END %]
[% UNLESS text_mode %]
[% INCLUDE biglogo %]
[% END %]
Multiple conditions may be joined with "ELSIF" and/or "ELSE"
blocks.
[% IF age < 10 %]
Hello [% name %], does your mother know you're
using her AOL account?
[% ELSIF age < 18 %]
Sorry, you're not old enough to enter
(and too dumb to lie about your age)
[% ELSE %]
Welcome [% name %].
[% END %]
The following conditional and boolean operators may be used:
== != < <= > >= && || ! and or not
Conditions may be arbitrarily complex and are evaluated with the same precedence
as in Perl. Parenthesis may be used to explicitly determine evaluation order.
# ridiculously contrived complex example
[% IF (name == 'admin' || uid <= 0) && mode == 'debug' %]
I'm confused.
[% ELSIF more > less %]
That's more or less correct.
[% END %]
The "and", "or" and "not" operator are provided as
aliases for "&&", "||" and "!",
respectively. Unlike Perl, which treats "and", "or" and
"not" as separate, lower-precedence versions of the other operators,
the Template Toolkit performs a straightforward substitution of
"and" for "&&", and so on. That means that
"and", "or" and "not" have the same operator
precedence as "&&", "||" and "!".
SWITCH / CASE¶
The "SWITCH" / "CASE" construct can be used to perform a
multi-way conditional test. The "SWITCH" directive expects an
expression which is first evaluated and then compared against each CASE
statement in turn. Each "CASE" directive should contain a single
value or a list of values which should match. "CASE" may also be
left blank or written as "[% CASE DEFAULT %]" to specify a default
match. Only one "CASE" matches, there is no drop-through between
"CASE" statements.
[% SWITCH myvar %]
[% CASE 'value1' %]
...
[% CASE ['value2', 'value3'] %] # multiple values
...
[% CASE myhash.keys %] # ditto
...
[% CASE %] # default
...
[% END %]
Loop Processing¶
FOREACH¶
The "FOREACH" directive will iterate through the items in a list,
processing the enclosed block for each one.
[% foo = 'Foo'
items = [ 'one', 'two', 'three' ]
%]
Things:
[% FOREACH thing IN [ foo 'Bar' "$foo Baz" ] %]
* [% thing %]
[% END %]
Items:
[% FOREACH i IN items %]
* [% i %]
[% END %]
Stuff:
[% stuff = [ foo "$foo Bar" ] %]
[% FOREACH s IN stuff %]
* [% s %]
[% END %]
output:
Things:
* Foo
* Bar
* Foo Baz
Items:
* one
* two
* three
Stuff:
* Foo
* Foo Bar
You can use also use "=" instead of "IN" if you prefer.
[% FOREACH i = items %]
When the "FOREACH" directive is used without specifying a target
variable, any iterated values which are hash references will be automatically
imported.
[% userlist = [
{ id => 'tom', name => 'Thomas' },
{ id => 'dick', name => 'Richard' },
{ id => 'larry', name => 'Lawrence' },
]
%]
[% FOREACH user IN userlist %]
[% user.id %] [% user.name %]
[% END %]
short form:
[% FOREACH userlist %]
[% id %] [% name %]
[% END %]
Note that this particular usage creates a localised variable context to prevent
the imported hash keys from overwriting any existing variables. The imported
definitions and any other variables defined in such a "FOREACH" loop
will be lost at the end of the loop, when the previous context and variable
values are restored.
However, under normal operation, the loop variable remains in scope after the
"FOREACH" loop has ended (caveat: overwriting any variable
previously in scope). This is useful as the loop variable is secretly an
iterator object (see below) and can be used to analyse the last entry
processed by the loop.
The "FOREACH" directive can also be used to iterate through the
entries in a hash array. Each entry in the hash is returned in sorted order
(based on the key) as a hash array containing 'key' and 'value' items.
[% users = {
tom => 'Thomas',
dick => 'Richard',
larry => 'Lawrence',
}
%]
[% FOREACH u IN users %]
* [% u.key %] : [% u.value %]
[% END %]
Output:
* dick : Richard
* larry : Lawrence
* tom : Thomas
The "NEXT" directive starts the next iteration in the
"FOREACH" loop.
[% FOREACH user IN userlist %]
[% NEXT IF user.isguest %]
Name: [% user.name %] Email: [% user.email %]
[% END %]
The "LAST" directive can be used to prematurely exit the loop.
"BREAK" is also provided as an alias for "LAST".
[% FOREACH match IN results.nsort('score').reverse %]
[% LAST IF match.score < 50 %]
[% match.score %] : [% match.url %]
[% END %]
The "FOREACH" directive is implemented using the Template::Iterator
module. A reference to the iterator object for a "FOREACH" directive
is implicitly available in the "loop" variable. The following
methods can be called on the "loop" iterator.
size() number of elements in the list
max() index number of last element (size - 1)
index() index of current iteration from 0 to max()
count() iteration counter from 1 to size() (i.e. index() + 1)
first() true if the current iteration is the first
last() true if the current iteration is the last
prev() return the previous item in the list
next() return the next item in the list
See Template::Iterator for further details.
Example:
[% FOREACH item IN [ 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' ] -%]
[%- "<ul>\n" IF loop.first %]
<li>[% loop.count %]/[% loop.size %]: [% item %]
[%- "</ul>\n" IF loop.last %]
[% END %]
Output:
<ul>
<li>1/3: foo
<li>2/3: bar
<li>3/3: baz
</ul>
Nested loops will work as expected, with the "loop" variable correctly
referencing the innermost loop and being restored to any previous value (i.e.
an outer loop) at the end of the loop.
[% FOREACH group IN grouplist;
# loop => group iterator
"Groups:\n" IF loop.first;
FOREACH user IN group.userlist;
# loop => user iterator
"$loop.count: $user.name\n";
END;
# loop => group iterator
"End of Groups\n" IF loop.last;
END
%]
The "iterator" plugin can also be used to explicitly create an
iterator object. This can be useful within nested loops where you need to keep
a reference to the outer iterator within the inner loop. The iterator plugin
effectively allows you to create an iterator by a name other than
"loop". See Template::Plugin::Iterator for further details.
[% USE giter = iterator(grouplist) %]
[% FOREACH group IN giter %]
[% FOREACH user IN group.userlist %]
user #[% loop.count %] in
group [% giter.count %] is
named [% user.name %]
[% END %]
[% END %]
WHILE¶
The "WHILE" directive can be used to repeatedly process a template
block while a conditional expression evaluates true. The expression may be
arbitrarily complex as per "IF" / "UNLESS".
[% WHILE total < 100 %]
...
[% total = calculate_new_total %]
[% END %]
An assignment can be enclosed in parenthesis to evaluate the assigned value.
[% WHILE (user = get_next_user_record) %]
[% user.name %]
[% END %]
The "NEXT" directive can be used to start the next iteration of a
"WHILE" loop and "BREAK" can be used to exit the loop,
both as per "FOREACH".
The Template Toolkit uses a failsafe counter to prevent runaway
"WHILE" loops which would otherwise never terminate. If the loop
exceeds 1000 iterations then an "undef" exception will be thrown,
reporting the error:
WHILE loop terminated (> 1000 iterations)
The $Template::Directive::WHILE_MAX variable controls this behaviour and can be
set to a higher value if necessary.
Filters, Plugins, Macros and Perl¶
FILTER¶
The "FILTER" directive can be used to post-process the output of a
block. A number of standard filters are provided with the Template Toolkit.
The "html" filter, for example, escapes the '<', '>' and
'&' characters to prevent them from being interpreted as HTML tags or
entity reference markers.
[% FILTER html %]
HTML text may have < and > characters embedded
which you want converted to the correct HTML entities.
[% END %]
output:
HTML text may have < and > characters embedded
which you want converted to the correct HTML entities.
The "FILTER" directive can also follow various other non-block
directives. For example:
[% INCLUDE mytext FILTER html %]
The "|" character can also be used as an alias for "FILTER".
[% INCLUDE mytext | html %]
Multiple filters can be chained together and will be called in sequence.
[% INCLUDE mytext FILTER html FILTER html_para %]
or
[% INCLUDE mytext | html | html_para %]
Filters come in two flavours, known as 'static' or 'dynamic'. A static filter is
a simple subroutine which accepts a text string as the only argument and
returns the modified text. The "html" filter is an example of a
static filter, implemented as:
sub html_filter {
my $text = shift;
for ($text) {
s/&/&/g;
s/</</g;
s/>/>/g;
}
return $text;
}
Dynamic filters can accept arguments which are specified when the filter is
called from a template. The "repeat" filter is such an example,
accepting a numerical argument which specifies the number of times that the
input text should be repeated.
[% FILTER repeat(3) %]blah [% END %]
output:
blah blah blah
These are implemented as filter 'factories'. The factory subroutine is passed a
reference to the current Template::Context object along with any additional
arguments specified. It should then return a subroutine reference (e.g. a
closure) which implements the filter. The "repeat" filter factory is
implemented like this:
sub repeat_filter_factory {
my ($context, $iter) = @_;
$iter = 1 unless defined $iter;
return sub {
my $text = shift;
$text = '' unless defined $text;
return join('\n', $text) x $iter;
}
}
The "FILTERS" option, described in Template::Manual::Config, allows
custom filters to be defined when a Template object is instantiated. The
define_filter() method allows further filters to be defined at any
time.
When using a filter, it is possible to assign an alias to it for further use.
This is most useful for dynamic filters that you want to re-use with the same
configuration.
[% FILTER echo = repeat(2) %]
Is there anybody out there?
[% END %]
[% FILTER echo %]
Mother, should I build a wall?
[% END %]
Output:
Is there anybody out there?
Is there anybody out there?
Mother, should I build a wall?
Mother, should I build a wall?
The "FILTER" directive automatically quotes the name of the filter. As
with "INCLUDE" et al, you can use a variable to provide the name of
the filter, prefixed by "$".
[% myfilter = 'html' %]
[% FILTER $myfilter %] # same as [% FILTER html %]
...
[% END %]
A template variable can also be used to define a static filter subroutine.
However, the Template Toolkit will automatically call any subroutine bound to
a variable and use the value returned. Thus, the above example could be
implemented as:
my $vars = {
myfilter => sub { return 'html' },
};
template:
[% FILTER $myfilter %] # same as [% FILTER html %]
...
[% END %]
To define a template variable that evaluates to a subroutine reference that can
be used by the "FILTER" directive, you should create a subroutine
that, when called automatically by the Template Toolkit, returns another
subroutine reference which can then be used to perform the filter operation.
Note that only static filters can be implemented in this way.
my $vars = {
myfilter => sub { \&my_filter_sub },
};
sub my_filter_sub {
my $text = shift;
# do something
return $text;
}
template:
[% FILTER $myfilter %]
...
[% END %]
Alternately, you can bless a subroutine reference into a class (any class will
do) to fool the Template Toolkit into thinking it's an object rather than a
subroutine. This will then bypass the automatic
"call-a-subroutine-to-return-a-value" magic.
my $vars = {
myfilter => bless(\&my_filter_sub, 'anything_you_like'),
};
template:
[% FILTER $myfilter %]
...
[% END %]
Filters bound to template variables remain local to the variable context in
which they are defined. That is, if you define a filter in a "PERL"
block within a template that is loaded via "INCLUDE", then the
filter definition will only exist until the end of that template when the
stash is delocalised, restoring the previous variable state. If you want to
define a filter which persists for the lifetime of the processor, or define
additional dynamic filter factories, then you can call the
define_filter() method on the current Template::Context object.
See Template::Manual::Filters for a complete list of available filters, their
descriptions and examples of use.
USE¶
The "USE" directive can be used to load and initialise
"plugin" extension modules.
[% USE myplugin %]
A plugin is a regular Perl module that conforms to a particular object-oriented
interface, allowing it to be loaded into and used automatically by the
Template Toolkit. For details of this interface and information on writing
plugins, consult Template::Plugin.
A number of standard plugins are included with the Template Toolkit (see below
and Template::Manual::Plugins). The names of these standard plugins are case
insensitive.
[% USE CGI %] # => Template::Plugin::CGI
[% USE Cgi %] # => Template::Plugin::CGI
[% USE cgi %] # => Template::Plugin::CGI
You can also define further plugins using the "PLUGINS" option.
my $tt = Template->new({
PLUGINS => {
foo => 'My::Plugin::Foo',
bar => 'My::Plugin::Bar',
},
});
The recommended convention is to specify these plugin names in lower case. The
Template Toolkit first looks for an exact case-sensitive match and then tries
the lower case conversion of the name specified.
[% USE Foo %] # look for 'Foo' then 'foo'
If you define all your "PLUGINS" with lower case names then they will
be located regardless of how the user specifies the name in the
"USE" directive. If, on the other hand, you define your
"PLUGINS" with upper or mixed case names then the name specified in
the "USE" directive must match the case exactly.
If the plugin isn't defined in either the standard plugins
($Template::Plugins::STD_PLUGINS) or via the "PLUGINS" option, then
the "PLUGIN_BASE" is searched.
In this case the plugin name
is case-sensitive. It is appended to each of
the "PLUGIN_BASE" module namespaces in turn (default:
"Template::Plugin") to construct a full module name which it
attempts to locate and load. Any periods, '"."', in the name will be
converted to '"::"'.
[% USE MyPlugin %] # => Template::Plugin::MyPlugin
[% USE Foo.Bar %] # => Template::Plugin::Foo::Bar
The "LOAD_PERL" option (disabled by default) provides a further way by
which external Perl modules may be loaded. If a regular Perl module (i.e. not
a "Template::Plugin::*" or other module relative to some
"PLUGIN_BASE") supports an object-oriented interface and a
"new()" constructor then it can be loaded and instantiated
automatically. The following trivial example shows how the IO::File module
might be used.
[% USE file = IO.File('/tmp/mydata') %]
[% WHILE (line = file.getline) %]
<!-- [% line %] -->
[% END %]
Any additional parameters supplied in parenthesis after the plugin name will be
also be passed to the "new()" constructor. A reference to the
current Template::Context object is passed as the first parameter.
[% USE MyPlugin('foo', 123) %]
equivalent to:
Template::Plugin::MyPlugin->new($context, 'foo', 123);
The only exception to this is when a module is loaded via the
"LOAD_PERL" option. In this case the $context reference is
not passed to the "new()" constructor. This is based on the
assumption that the module is a regular Perl module rather than a Template
Toolkit plugin so isn't expecting a context reference and wouldn't know what
to do with it anyway.
Named parameters may also be specified. These are collated into a hash which is
passed by reference as the last parameter to the constructor, as per the
general code calling interface.
[% USE url('/cgi-bin/foo', mode='submit', debug=1) %]
equivalent to:
Template::Plugin::URL->new(
$context,
'/cgi-bin/foo'
{ mode => 'submit', debug => 1 }
);
The plugin may represent any data type; a simple variable, hash, list or code
reference, but in the general case it will be an object reference. Methods can
be called on the object (or the relevant members of the specific data type) in
the usual way:
[% USE table(mydata, rows=3) %]
[% FOREACH row IN table.rows %]
<tr>
[% FOREACH item IN row %]
<td>[% item %]</td>
[% END %]
</tr>
[% END %]
An alternative name may be provided for the plugin by which it can be
referenced:
[% USE scores = table(myscores, cols=5) %]
[% FOREACH row IN scores.rows %]
...
[% END %]
You can use this approach to create multiple plugin objects with different
configurations. This example shows how the format plugin is used to create
sub-routines bound to variables for formatting text as per
"printf()".
[% USE bold = format('<b>%s</b>') %]
[% USE ital = format('<i>%s</i>') %]
[% bold('This is bold') %]
[% ital('This is italic') %]
Output:
<b>This is bold</b>
<i>This is italic</i>
This next example shows how the URL plugin can be used to build dynamic URLs
from a base part and optional query parameters.
[% USE mycgi = URL('/cgi-bin/foo.pl', debug=1) %]
<a href="[% mycgi %]">...
<a href="[% mycgi(mode='submit') %]"...
Output:
<a href="/cgi-bin/foo.pl?debug=1">...
<a href="/cgi-bin/foo.pl?mode=submit&debug=1">...
The CGI plugin is an example of one which delegates to another Perl module. In
this this case, to Lincoln Stein's "CGI" module. All of the methods
provided by the "CGI" module are available via the plugin.
[% USE CGI;
CGI.start_form;
CGI.checkbox_group( name = 'colours',
values = [ 'red' 'green' 'blue' ] );
CGI.popup_menu( name = 'items',
values = [ 'foo' 'bar' 'baz' ] );
CGI.end_form
%]
See Template::Manual::Plugins for more information on the plugins distributed
with the toolkit or available from CPAN.
MACRO¶
The "MACRO" directive allows you to define a directive or directive
block which is then evaluated each time the macro is called.
[% MACRO header INCLUDE header %]
Calling the macro as:
[% header %]
is then equivalent to:
[% INCLUDE header %]
Macros can be passed named parameters when called. These values remain local to
the macro.
[% header(title='Hello World') %]
equivalent to:
[% INCLUDE header title='Hello World' %]
A "MACRO" definition may include parameter names. Values passed to the
macros are then mapped to these local variables. Other named parameters may
follow these.
[% MACRO header(title) INCLUDE header %]
[% header('Hello World') %]
[% header('Hello World', bgcol='#123456') %]
equivalent to:
[% INCLUDE header title='Hello World' %]
[% INCLUDE header title='Hello World' bgcol='#123456' %]
Here's another example, defining a macro for display numbers in comma-delimited
groups of 3, using the chunk and join virtual method.
[% MACRO number(n) GET n.chunk(-3).join(',') %]
[% number(1234567) %] # 1,234,567
A "MACRO" may precede any directive and must conform to the structure
of the directive.
[% MACRO header IF frames %]
[% INCLUDE frames/header %]
[% ELSE %]
[% INCLUDE header %]
[% END %]
[% header %]
A "MACRO" may also be defined as an anonymous "BLOCK". The
block will be evaluated each time the macro is called.
[% MACRO header BLOCK %]
...content...
[% END %]
[% header %]
If you've got the "EVAL_PERL" option set, then you can even define a
"MACRO" as a "PERL" block (see below):
[% MACRO triple(n) PERL %]
my $n = $stash->get('n');
print $n * 3;
[% END -%]
PERL¶
(for the advanced reader)
The "PERL" directive is used to mark the start of a block which
contains Perl code for evaluation. The "EVAL_PERL" option must be
enabled for Perl code to be evaluated or a "perl" exception will be
thrown with the message '"EVAL_PERL not set"'.
Perl code is evaluated in the "Template::Perl" package. The $context
package variable contains a reference to the current Template::Context object.
This can be used to access the functionality of the Template Toolkit to
process other templates, load plugins, filters, etc. See Template::Context for
further details.
[% PERL %]
print $context->include('myfile');
[% END %]
The $stash variable contains a reference to the top-level stash object which
manages template variables. Through this, variable values can be retrieved and
updated. See Template::Stash for further details.
[% PERL %]
$stash->set(foo => 'bar');
print "foo value: ", $stash->get('foo');
[% END %]
Output:
foo value: bar
Output is generated from the "PERL" block by calling
"print()". Note that the "Template::Perl::PERLOUT" handle
is selected (tied to an output buffer) instead of "STDOUT".
[% PERL %]
print "foo\n"; # OK
print PERLOUT "bar\n"; # OK, same as above
print Template::Perl::PERLOUT "baz\n"; # OK, same as above
print STDOUT "qux\n"; # WRONG!
[% END %]
The "PERL" block may contain other template directives. These are
processed before the Perl code is evaluated.
[% name = 'Fred Smith' %]
[% PERL %]
print "[% name %]\n";
[% END %]
Thus, the Perl code in the above example is evaluated as:
print "Fred Smith\n";
Exceptions may be thrown from within "PERL" blocks using
"die()". They will be correctly caught by enclosing "TRY"
blocks.
[% TRY %]
[% PERL %]
die "nothing to live for\n";
[% END %]
[% CATCH %]
error: [% error.info %]
[% END %]
output:
error: nothing to live for
RAWPERL¶
(for the very advanced reader)
The Template Toolkit parser reads a source template and generates the text of a
Perl subroutine as output. It then uses "eval()" to evaluate it into
a subroutine reference. This subroutine is then called to process the
template, passing a reference to the current Template::Context object through
which the functionality of the Template Toolkit can be accessed. The
subroutine reference can be cached, allowing the template to be processed
repeatedly without requiring any further parsing.
For example, a template such as:
[% PROCESS header %]
The [% animal %] sat on the [% location %]
[% PROCESS footer %]
is converted into the following Perl subroutine definition:
sub {
my $context = shift;
my $stash = $context->stash;
my $output = '';
my $error;
eval { BLOCK: {
$output .= $context->process('header');
$output .= "The ";
$output .= $stash->get('animal');
$output .= " sat on the ";
$output .= $stash->get('location');
$output .= $context->process('footer');
$output .= "\n";
} };
if ($@) {
$error = $context->catch($@, \$output);
die $error unless $error->type eq 'return';
}
return $output;
}
To examine the Perl code generated, such as in the above example, set the
$Template::Parser::DEBUG package variable to any true value. You can also set
the $Template::Directive::PRETTY variable true to have the code formatted in a
readable manner for human consumption. The source code for each generated
template subroutine will be printed to "STDERR" on compilation (i.e.
the first time a template is used).
$Template::Parser::DEBUG = 1;
$Template::Directive::PRETTY = 1;
$template->process($file, $vars)
|| die $template->error(), "\n";
The "PERL" ... "END" construct allows Perl code to be
embedded into a template when the "EVAL_PERL" option is set. It is
evaluated at "runtime" using "eval()" each time the
template subroutine is called. This is inherently flexible, but not as
efficient as it could be, especially in a persistent server environment where
a template may be processed many times.
The "RAWPERL" directive allows you to write Perl code that is
integrated directly into the generated Perl subroutine text. It is evaluated
once at compile time and is stored in cached form as part of the compiled
template subroutine. This makes "RAWPERL" blocks more efficient than
"PERL" blocks.
The downside is that you must code much closer to the metal. For example, in a
"PERL" block you can call
print() to generate some output.
"RAWPERL" blocks don't afford such luxury. The code is inserted
directly into the generated subroutine text and should conform to the
convention of appending to the $output variable.
[% PROCESS header %]
[% RAWPERL %]
$output .= "Some output\n";
...
$output .= "Some more output\n";
[% END %]
The critical section of the generated subroutine for this example would then
look something like:
...
eval { BLOCK: {
$output .= $context->process('header');
$output .= "\n";
$output .= "Some output\n";
...
$output .= "Some more output\n";
$output .= "\n";
} };
...
As with "PERL" blocks, the $context and $stash references are
pre-defined and available for use within "RAWPERL" code.
Exception Handling and Flow Control¶
TRY / THROW / CATCH / FINAL¶
(more advanced material)
The Template Toolkit supports fully functional, nested exception handling. The
"TRY" directive introduces an exception handling scope which
continues until the matching "END" directive. Any errors that occur
within that block will be caught and can be handled by one of the
"CATCH" blocks defined.
[% TRY %]
...blah...blah...
[% CALL somecode %]
...etc...
[% INCLUDE someblock %]
...and so on...
[% CATCH %]
An error occurred!
[% END %]
Errors are raised as exceptions (objects of the Template::Exception class) which
contain two fields: "type" and "info". The exception
"type" is used to indicate the kind of error that occurred. It is a
simple text string which can contain letters, numbers, '"_"' or
'"."'. The "info" field contains an error message
indicating what actually went wrong. Within a catch block, the exception
object is aliased to the "error" variable. You can access the
"type" and "info" fields directly.
[% mydsn = 'dbi:MySQL:foobar' %]
...
[% TRY %]
[% USE DBI(mydsn) %]
[% CATCH %]
ERROR! Type: [% error.type %]
Info: [% error.info %]
[% END %]
output (assuming a non-existant database called '"foobar"'):
ERROR! Type: DBI
Info: Unknown database "foobar"
The "error" variable can also be specified by itself and will return a
string of the form ""$type error - $info"".
...
[% CATCH %]
ERROR: [% error %]
[% END %]
Output:
ERROR: DBI error - Unknown database "foobar"
Each "CATCH" block may be specified with a particular exception type
denoting the kind of error that it should catch. Multiple "CATCH"
blocks can be provided to handle different types of exception that may be
thrown in the "TRY" block. A "CATCH" block specified
without any type, as in the previous example, is a default handler which will
catch any otherwise uncaught exceptions. This can also be specified as
"[% CATCH DEFAULT %]".
[% TRY %]
[% INCLUDE myfile %]
[% USE DBI(mydsn) %]
[% CALL somecode %]
[% CATCH file %]
File Error! [% error.info %]
[% CATCH DBI %]
[% INCLUDE database/error.html %]
[% CATCH %]
[% error %]
[% END %]
Remember that you can specify multiple directives within a single tag, each
delimited by '";"'. So the above example can be written more
concisely as:
[% TRY;
INCLUDE myfile;
USE DBI(mydsn);
CALL somecode;
CATCH file;
"File Error! $error.info";
CATCH DBI;
INCLUDE database/error.html;
CATCH;
error;
END
%]
The "DBI" plugin throws exceptions of the "DBI" type (in
case that wasn't already obvious). The other specific exception caught here is
of the "file" type.
A "file" exception is automatically thrown by the Template Toolkit
when it can't find a file, or fails to load, parse or process a file that has
been requested by an "INCLUDE", "PROCESS",
"INSERT" or "WRAPPER" directive. If "myfile"
can't be found in the example above, the "[% INCLUDE myfile %]"
directive will raise a "file" exception which is then caught by the
"[% CATCH file %]" block. The output generated would be:
File Error! myfile: not found
Note that the "DEFAULT" option (disabled by default) allows you to
specify a default file to be used any time a template file can't be found.
This will prevent file exceptions from ever being raised when a non-existant
file is requested (unless, of course, the "DEFAULT" file your
specify doesn't exist). Errors encountered once the file has been found (i.e.
read error, parse error) will be raised as file exceptions as per usual.
Uncaught exceptions (i.e. if the "TRY" block doesn't have a type
specific or default "CATCH" handler) may be caught by enclosing
"TRY" blocks which can be nested indefinitely across multiple
templates. If the error isn't caught at any level then processing will stop
and the Template
process() method will return a false value to the
caller. The relevant Template::Exception object can be retrieved by calling
the
error() method.
[% TRY %]
...
[% TRY %]
[% INCLUDE $user.header %]
[% CATCH file %]
[% INCLUDE header %]
[% END %]
...
[% CATCH DBI %]
[% INCLUDE database/error.html %]
[% END %]
In this example, the inner "TRY" block is used to ensure that the
first "INCLUDE" directive works as expected. We're using a variable
to provide the name of the template we want to include,
"user.header", and it's possible this contains the name of a
non-existant template, or perhaps one containing invalid template directives.
If the "INCLUDE" fails with a "file" error then we
"CATCH" it in the inner block and "INCLUDE" the default
"header" file instead. Any "DBI" errors that occur within
the scope of the outer "TRY" block will be caught in the relevant
"CATCH" block, causing the "database/error.html" template
to be processed. Note that included templates inherit all currently defined
template variable so these error files can quite happily access the
<error> variable to retrieve information about the currently caught
exception. For example, the "database/error.html" template might
look like this:
<h2>Database Error</h2>
A database error has occurred: [% error.info %]
You can also specify a "FINAL" block. This is always processed
regardless of the outcome of the "TRY" and/or "CATCH"
blocks. If an exception is uncaught then the "FINAL" block is
processed before jumping to the enclosing block or returning to the caller.
[% TRY %]
...
[% CATCH this %]
...
[% CATCH that %]
...
[% FINAL %]
All done!
[% END %]
The output from the "TRY" block is left intact up to the point where
an exception occurs. For example, this template:
[% TRY %]
This gets printed
[% THROW food 'carrots' %]
This doesn't
[% CATCH food %]
culinary delights: [% error.info %]
[% END %]
generates the following output:
This gets printed
culinary delights: carrots
The "CLEAR" directive can be used in a "CATCH" or
"FINAL" block to clear any output created in the "TRY"
block.
[% TRY %]
This gets printed
[% THROW food 'carrots' %]
This doesn't
[% CATCH food %]
[% CLEAR %]
culinary delights: [% error.info %]
[% END %]
Output:
culinary delights: carrots
Exception types are hierarchical, with each level being separated by the
familiar dot operator. A "DBI.connect" exception is a more specific
kind of "DBI" error. Similarly, an "example.error.barf" is
a more specific kind of "example.error" type which itself is also a
"example" error.
A "CATCH" handler that specifies a general exception type (such as
"DBI" or "example.error") will also catch more specific
types that have the same prefix as long as a more specific handler isn't
defined. Note that the order in which "CATCH" handlers are defined
is irrelevant; a more specific handler will always catch an exception in
preference to a more generic or default one.
[% TRY %]
...
[% CATCH DBI ;
INCLUDE database/error.html ;
CATCH DBI.connect ;
INCLUDE database/connect.html ;
CATCH ;
INCLUDE error.html ;
END
%]
In this example, a "DBI.connect" error has it's own handler, a more
general "DBI" block is used for all other "DBI" or
"DBI.*" errors and a default handler catches everything else.
Exceptions can be raised in a template using the "THROW" directive.
The first parameter is the exception type which doesn't need to be quoted (but
can be, it's the same as "INCLUDE") followed by the relevant error
message which can be any regular value such as a quoted string, variable, etc.
[% THROW food "Missing ingredients: $recipe.error" %]
[% THROW user.login 'no user id: please login' %]
[% THROW $myerror.type "My Error: $myerror.info" %]
It's also possible to specify additional positional or named parameters to the
"THROW" directive if you want to pass more than just a simple
message back as the error info field.
[% THROW food 'eggs' 'flour' msg='Missing Ingredients' %]
In this case, the error "info" field will be a hash array containing
the named arguments and an "args" item which contains a list of the
positional arguments.
type => 'food',
info => {
msg => 'Missing Ingredients',
args => ['eggs', 'flour'],
}
In addition to specifying individual positional arguments as "[%
error.info.args.n %]", the "info" hash contains keys directly
pointing to the positional arguments, as a convenient shortcut.
[% error.info.0 %] # same as [% error.info.args.0 %]
Exceptions can also be thrown from Perl code which you've bound to template
variables, or defined as a plugin or other extension. To raise an exception,
call "die()" passing a reference to a Template::Exception object as
the argument. This will then be caught by any enclosing "TRY" blocks
from where the code was called.
use Template::Exception;
...
my $vars = {
foo => sub {
# ... do something ...
die Template::Exception->new('myerr.naughty',
'Bad, bad error');
},
};
Template:
[% TRY %]
[% foo %]
[% CATCH myerr ;
"Error: $error" ;
END
%]
Output:
Error: myerr.naughty error - Bad, bad error
The "info" field can also be a reference to another object or data
structure, if required.
die Template::Exception->new('myerror', {
module => 'foo.pl',
errors => [ 'bad permissions', 'naughty boy' ],
});
Later, in a template:
[% TRY %]
...
[% CATCH myerror %]
[% error.info.errors.size or 'no';
error.info.errors.size == 1 ? ' error' : ' errors' %]
in [% error.info.module %]:
[% error.info.errors.join(', ') %].
[% END %]
Generating the output:
2 errors in foo.pl:
bad permissions, naughty boy.
You can also call "die()" with a single string, as is common in much
existing Perl code. This will automatically be converted to an exception of
the '"undef"' type (that's the literal string '"undef"',
not the undefined value). If the string isn't terminated with a newline then
Perl will append the familiar " at $file line $line" message.
sub foo {
# ... do something ...
die "I'm sorry, Dave, I can't do that\n";
}
If you're writing a plugin, or some extension code that has the current
Template::Context in scope (you can safely skip this section if this means
nothing to you) then you can also raise an exception by calling the context
throw() method. You can pass it an Template::Exception object
reference, a pair of "($type, $info)" parameters or just an $info
string to create an exception of '"undef"' type.
$context->throw($e); # exception object
$context->throw('Denied'); # 'undef' type
$context->throw('user.passwd', 'Bad Password');
NEXT¶
The "NEXT" directive can be used to start the next iteration of a
"FOREACH" or "WHILE" loop.
[% FOREACH user IN users %]
[% NEXT IF user.isguest %]
Name: [% user.name %] Email: [% user.email %]
[% END %]
LAST¶
The "LAST" directive can be used to prematurely exit a
"FOREACH" or "WHILE" loop.
[% FOREACH user IN users %]
Name: [% user.name %] Email: [% user.email %]
[% LAST IF some.condition %]
[% END %]
"BREAK" can also be used as an alias for "LAST".
RETURN¶
The "RETURN" directive can be used to stop processing the current
template and return to the template from which it was called, resuming
processing at the point immediately after the "INCLUDE",
"PROCESS" or "WRAPPER" directive. If there is no enclosing
template then the Template
process() method will return to the calling
code with a true value.
Before
[% INCLUDE half_wit %]
After
[% BLOCK half_wit %]
This is just half...
[% RETURN %]
...a complete block
[% END %]
Output:
Before
This is just half...
After
STOP¶
The "STOP" directive can be used to indicate that the processor should
stop gracefully without processing any more of the template document. This is
a planned stop and the Template
process() method will return a
true value to the caller. This indicates that the template was
processed successfully according to the directives within it.
[% IF something.terrible.happened %]
[% INCLUDE fatal/error.html %]
[% STOP %]
[% END %]
[% TRY %]
[% USE DBI(mydsn) %]
...
[% CATCH DBI.connect %]
<h1>Cannot connect to the database: [% error.info %]</h1>
<p>
We apologise for the inconvenience.
</p>
[% INCLUDE footer %]
[% STOP %]
[% END %]
CLEAR¶
The "CLEAR" directive can be used to clear the output buffer for the
current enclosing block. It is most commonly used to clear the output
generated from a "TRY" block up to the point where the error
occurred.
[% TRY %]
blah blah blah # this is normally left intact
[% THROW some 'error' %] # up to the point of error
...
[% CATCH %]
[% CLEAR %] # clear the TRY output
[% error %] # print error string
[% END %]
Miscellaneous¶
The "META" directive allows simple metadata items to be defined within
a template. These are evaluated when the template is parsed and as such may
only contain simple values (e.g. it's not possible to interpolate other
variables values into "META" variables).
[% META
title = 'The Cat in the Hat'
author = 'Dr. Seuss'
version = 1.23
%]
The "template" variable contains a reference to the main template
being processed. These metadata items may be retrieved as attributes of the
template.
<h1>[% template.title %]</h1>
<h2>[% template.author %]</h2>
The "name" and "modtime" metadata items are automatically
defined for each template to contain its name and modification time in seconds
since the epoch.
[% USE date %] # use Date plugin to format time
...
[% template.name %] last modified
at [% date.format(template.modtime) %]
The "PRE_PROCESS" and "POST_PROCESS" options allow common
headers and footers to be added to all templates. The "template"
reference is correctly defined when these templates are processed, allowing
headers and footers to reference metadata items from the main template.
$template = Template->new({
PRE_PROCESS => 'header',
POST_PROCESS => 'footer',
});
$template->process('cat_in_hat');
header:
<html>
<head>
<title>[% template.title %]</title>
</head>
<body>
cat_in_hat:
[% META
title = 'The Cat in the Hat'
author = 'Dr. Seuss'
version = 1.23
year = 2000
%]
The cat in the hat sat on the mat.
footer:
<hr>
© [% template.year %] [% template.author %]
</body>
</html>
The output generated from the above example is:
<html>
<head>
<title>The Cat in the Hat</title>
</head>
<body>
The cat in the hat sat on the mat.
<hr>
© 2000 Dr. Seuss
</body>
</html>
The "TAGS" directive can be used to set the "START_TAG" and
"END_TAG" values on a per-template file basis.
[% TAGS <+ +> %]
<+ INCLUDE header +>
The TAGS directive may also be used to set a named "TAG_STYLE"
[% TAGS html %]
<!-- INCLUDE header -->
See the TAGS and TAG_STYLE configuration options for further details.
DEBUG¶
The "DEBUG" directive can be used to enable or disable directive debug
messages within a template. The "DEBUG" configuration option must be
set to include "DEBUG_DIRS" for the "DEBUG" directives to
have any effect. If "DEBUG_DIRS" is not set then the parser will
automatically ignore and remove any "DEBUG" directives.
The "DEBUG" directive can be used with an "on" or
"off" parameter to enable or disable directive debugging messages
from that point forward. When enabled, the output of each directive in the
generated output will be prefixed by a comment indicate the file, line and
original directive text.
[% DEBUG on %]
directive debugging is on (assuming DEBUG option is set true)
[% DEBUG off %]
directive debugging is off
The "format" parameter can be used to change the format of the
debugging message.
[% DEBUG format '<!-- $file line $line : [% $text %] -->' %]