NAME¶
DBIx::Class::Manual::FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions (in theory)
DESCRIPTION¶
This document is intended as an anti-map of the documentation. If you know what
you want to do, but not how to do it in DBIx::Class, then look here. It does
not contain much code or examples, it just gives explanations and
pointers to the correct pieces of documentation to read.
FAQs¶
How Do I:
Getting started¶
- .. create a database to use?
- First, choose a database. For testing/experimenting, we
recommend DBD::SQLite, which is a self-contained small database (i.e. all
you need to do is to install DBD::SQLite from CPAN, and it works).
Next, spend some time defining which data you need to store, and how it
relates to the other data you have. For some help on normalisation, go to
<http://b62.tripod.com/doc/dbbase.htm>.
Now, decide whether you want to have the database itself be the definitive
source of information about the data layout, or your DBIx::Class schema.
If it's the former, look up the documentation for your database, eg.
<http://sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html>, on how to create tables,
and start creating them. For a nice universal interface to your database,
you can try DBI::Shell. If you decided on the latter choice, read the FAQ
on setting up your classes manually, and the one on creating tables from
your schema.
- .. use DBIx::Class with Catalyst?
- Install Catalyst::Model::DBIC::Schema from CPAN. See its
documentation, or below, for further details.
- .. set up my DBIx::Class classes automatically from my
database?
- Install DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader from CPAN, and read its
documentation.
- .. set up my DBIx::Class classes manually?
- Look at the DBIx::Class::Manual::Example and come back here
if you get lost.
- .. create my database tables from my DBIx::Class
schema?
- Create your classes manually, as above. Write a script that
calls "deploy" in DBIx::Class::Schema. See there for details, or
the DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook.
- .. store/retrieve Unicode data in my database?
- Make sure you database supports Unicode and set the connect
attributes appropriately - see "Using Unicode" in
DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook
- .. connect to my database?
- Once you have created all the appropriate table/source
classes, and an overall Schema class, you can start using them in an
application. To do this, you need to create a central Schema object, which
is used to access all the data in the various tables. See
"connect" in DBIx::Class::Schema for details. The actual
connection does not happen until you actually request data, so don't be
alarmed if the error from incorrect connection details happens a lot
later.
- .. use DBIx::Class across multiple databases?
- If your database server allows you to run queries across
multiple databases at once, then so can DBIx::Class. All you need to do is
make sure you write the database name as part of the "table" in
DBIx::Class::ResultSource call. Eg:
__PACKAGE__->table('mydb.mytablename');
And load all the Result classes for both / all databases using one
"load_namespaces" in DBIx::Class::Schema call.
- .. use DBIx::Class across PostgreSQL/DB2/Oracle
schemas?
- Add the name of the schema to the "table" in
DBIx::Class::ResultSource as part of the name, and make sure you give the
one user you are going to connect with has permissions to read/write all
the schemas/tables as necessary.
Relationships¶
- .. tell DBIx::Class about relationships between my
tables?
- There are a variety of relationship types that come
pre-defined for you to use. These are all listed in
DBIx::Class::Relationship. If you need a non-standard type, or more
information, look in DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base.
- .. define a one-to-many relationship?
- This is called a "has_many" relationship on the
one side, and a "belongs_to" relationship on the many side.
Currently these need to be set up individually on each side. See
DBIx::Class::Relationship for details.
- .. define a relationship where this table contains another
table's primary key? (foreign key)
- Create a "belongs_to" relationship for the field
containing the foreign key. See "belongs_to" in
DBIx::Class::Relationship.
- .. define a foreign key relationship where the key field
may contain NULL?
- Just create a "belongs_to" relationship, as
above. If the column is NULL then the inflation to the foreign object will
not happen. This has a side effect of not always fetching all the relevant
data, if you use a nullable foreign-key relationship in a JOIN, then you
probably want to set the "join_type" to "left".
- .. define a relationship where the key consists of more
than one column?
- Instead of supplying a single column name, all relationship
types also allow you to supply a hashref containing the condition across
which the tables are to be joined. The condition may contain as many
fields as you like. See DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base.
- .. define a relationship bridge across an intermediate
table? (many-to-many)
- The term 'relationship' is used loosely with many_to_many
as it is not considered a relationship in the fullest sense. For more
info, read the documentation on "many_to_many" in
DBIx::Class::Relationship.
- .. stop DBIx::Class from attempting to cascade deletes on
my has_many and might_have relationships?
- By default, DBIx::Class cascades deletes and updates across
"has_many" and "might_have" relationships. You can
disable this behaviour on a per-relationship basis by supplying
"cascade_delete => 0" in the relationship attributes.
The cascaded operations are performed after the requested delete or update,
so if your database has a constraint on the relationship, it will have
deleted/updated the related records or raised an exception before
DBIx::Class gets to perform the cascaded operation.
See DBIx::Class::Relationship.
- .. use a relationship?
- Use its name. An accessor is created using the name. See
examples in "Using relationships" in
DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook.
Searching¶
- .. search for data?
- Create a $schema object, as mentioned above in "..
connect to my database?". Find the ResultSet that you want to search
in, by calling "$schema->resultset('MySource')" and call
"search" on it. See "search" in
DBIx::Class::ResultSet.
- .. search using database functions?
- Supplying something like:
->search({'mydatefield' => 'now()'})
to search, will probably not do what you expect. It will quote the text
" now()", instead of trying to call the function. To
provide literal, unquoted text you need to pass in a scalar reference,
like so:
->search({'mydatefield' => \'now()'})
- .. sort the results of my search?
- Supply a list of columns you want to sort by to the
"order_by" attribute. See "order_by" in
DBIx::Class::ResultSet.
- .. sort my results based on fields I've aliased using
"as"?
- You didn't alias anything, since as has nothing to
do with the produced SQL. See "select" in
DBIx::Class::ResultSet for details.
- .. group the results of my search?
- Supply a list of columns you want to group on, to the
"group_by" attribute, see "group_by" in
DBIx::Class::ResultSet.
- .. group my results based on fields I've aliased using
"as"?
- You don't. See the explanation on ordering by an alias
above.
- .. filter the results of my search?
- The first argument to "search" is a hashref of
accessor names and values to filter them by, for example:
->search({'created_time' => { '>=', '2006-06-01 00:00:00' } })
Note that to use a function here you need to make it a scalar reference:
->search({'created_time' => { '>=', \'yesterday()' } })
- .. search in several tables simultaneously?
- To search in two related tables, you first need to set up
appropriate relationships between their respective classes. When searching
you then supply the name of the relationship to the "join"
attribute in your search, for example when searching in the Books table
for all the books by the author "Fred Bloggs":
->search({'authors.name' => 'Fred Bloggs'}, { join => 'authors' })
The type of join created in your SQL depends on the type of relationship
between the two tables, see DBIx::Class::Relationship for the join used by
each relationship.
- .. create joins with conditions other than column
equality?
- Currently, DBIx::Class can only create join conditions
using equality, so you're probably better off creating a "view"
in your database, and using that as your source. A "view" is a
stored SQL query, which can be accessed similarly to a table, see your
database documentation for details.
- .. search with an SQL function on the left hand side?
- To use an SQL function on the left hand side of a
comparison you currently need to resort to literal SQL:
->search( \[ 'YEAR(date_of_birth) = ?', [ plain_value => 1979 ] ] );
Note: the "plain_value" string in the "[ plain_value =>
1979 ]" part should be either the same as the name of the column (do
this if the type of the return value of the function is the same as the
type of the column) or in the case of a function it's currently treated as
a dummy string (it is a good idea to use "plain_value" or
something similar to convey intent). The value is currently only
significant when handling special column types (BLOBs, arrays, etc.), but
this may change in the future.
- .. find more help on constructing searches?
- Behind the scenes, DBIx::Class uses SQL::Abstract to help
construct its SQL searches. So if you fail to find help in the
DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook, try looking in the SQL::Abstract
documentation.
- .. make searches in Oracle (10gR2 and newer)
case-insensitive?
- To make Oracle behave like most RDBMS use on_connect_do to
issue alter session statements on database connection establishment:
->on_connect_do("ALTER SESSION SET NLS_COMP = 'LINGUISTIC'");
->on_connect_do("ALTER SESSION SET NLS_SORT = '<NLS>_CI'");
e.g.
->on_connect_do("ALTER SESSION SET NLS_SORT = 'BINARY_CI'");
->on_connect_do("ALTER SESSION SET NLS_SORT = 'GERMAN_CI'");
Fetching data¶
- .. fetch as much data as possible in as few select calls as
possible?
- See the prefetch examples in the Cookbook.
- .. fetch a whole column of data instead of a row?
- Call "get_column" on a DBIx::Class::ResultSet.
This returns a DBIx::Class::ResultSetColumn. See its documentation and the
Cookbook for details.
- .. fetch a formatted column?
- In your table schema class, create a "private"
column accessor with:
__PACKAGE__->add_columns(my_column => { accessor => '_hidden_my_column' });
Then, in the same class, implement a subroutine called "my_column"
that fetches the real value and does the formatting you want.
See the Cookbook for more details.
- .. fetch a single (or topmost) row?
- Use the "rows" in DBIx::Class::ResultSet and
"order_by" in DBIx::Class::ResultSet attributes to order your
data and pick off a single row.
See also "Retrieve_one_and_only_one_row_from_a_resultset" in
DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook.
A less readable way is to ask a regular search to return 1 row, using
"slice" in DBIx::Class::ResultSet:
->search->(undef, { order_by => "id DESC" })->slice(0)
which (if supported by the database) will use LIMIT/OFFSET to hint to the
database that we really only need one row. This can result in a
significant speed improvement. The method using "single" in
DBIx::Class::ResultSet mentioned in the cookbook can do the same if you
pass a "rows" attribute to the search.
- .. refresh a row from storage?
- Use "discard_changes" in DBIx::Class::Row.
$row->discard_changes
Discarding changes and refreshing from storage are two sides of the same
coin. When you want to discard your local changes, just re-fetch the row
from storage. When you want to get a new, fresh copy of the row, just
re-fetch the row from storage. "discard_changes" in
DBIx::Class::Row does just that by re-fetching the row from storage using
the row's primary key.
- .. fetch my data a "page" at a time?
- Pass the "rows" and "page" attributes
to your search, eg:
->search({}, { rows => 10, page => 1});
- .. get a count of all rows even when paging?
- Call "pager" on the paged resultset, it will
return a Data::Page object. Calling "total_entries" on the pager
will return the correct total.
"count" on the resultset will only return the total number in the
page.
Inserting and updating data¶
- .. insert a row with an auto incrementing primary key?
- This happens automatically. After creating a row object,
the primary key value created by your database can be fetched by calling
"id" (or the access of your primary key column) on the
object.
- .. insert a row with a primary key that uses a
sequence?
- You need to create a trigger in your database that updates
your primary key field from the sequence. To help PK::Auto find the next
key value, you can tell it the name of the sequence in the
"column_info" supplied with "add_columns".
->add_columns({ id => { sequence => 'mysequence', auto_nextval => 1 } });
- .. insert many rows of data efficiently?
- The "populate" method in DBIx::Class::ResultSet
provides efficient bulk inserts.
DBIx::Class::Fixtures provides an alternative way to do this.
- .. update a collection of rows at the same time?
- Create a resultset using a "search", to filter
the rows of data you would like to update, then call "update" on
the resultset to change all the rows at once.
- .. use database functions when updating rows?
- .. update a column using data from another column?
- To stop the column name from being quoted, you'll need to
tell DBIC that the right hand side is an SQL identifier (it will be quoted
properly if you have quoting enabled):
->update({ somecolumn => { -ident => 'othercolumn' } })
This method will not retrieve the new value and put it in your Row object.
To fetch the new value, use the "discard_changes" method on the
Row.
# will return the scalar reference:
$row->somecolumn()
# issue a select using the PK to re-fetch the row data:
$row->discard_changes();
# Now returns the correct new value:
$row->somecolumn()
To update and refresh at once, chain your calls:
$row->update({ 'somecolumn' => { -ident => 'othercolumn' } })->discard_changes;
- .. store JSON/YAML in a column and have it deflate/inflate
automatically?
- You can use DBIx::Class::InflateColumn to accomplish
YAML/JSON storage transparently.
If you want to use JSON, then in your table schema class, do the following:
use JSON;
__PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ ... my_column ../)
__PACKAGE__->inflate_column('my_column', {
inflate => sub { jsonToObj(shift) },
deflate => sub { objToJson(shift) },
});
For YAML, in your table schema class, do the following:
use YAML;
__PACKAGE__->add_columns(qw/ ... my_column ../)
__PACKAGE__->inflate_column('my_column', {
inflate => sub { YAML::Load(shift) },
deflate => sub { YAML::Dump(shift) },
});
This technique is an easy way to store supplemental unstructured data in a
table. Be careful not to overuse this capability, however. If you find
yourself depending more and more on some data within the inflated column,
then it may be time to factor that data out.
Custom methods in Result classes¶
You can add custom methods that do arbitrary things, even to unrelated tables.
For example, to provide a "$book->foo()" method which searches
the cd table, you'd could add this to Book.pm:
sub foo {
my ($self, $col_data) = @_;
return $self->result_source->schema->resultset('cd')->search($col_data);
}
And invoke that on any Book Result object like so:
my $rs = $book->foo({ title => 'Down to Earth' });
When two tables ARE related, DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base provides many
methods to find or create data in related tables for you. But if you want to
write your own methods, you can.
For example, to provide a "$book->foo()" method to manually
implement what
create_related() from DBIx::Class::Relationship::Base
does, you could add this to Book.pm:
sub foo {
my ($self, $relname, $col_data) = @_;
return $self->related_resultset($relname)->create($col_data);
}
Invoked like this:
my $author = $book->foo('author', { name => 'Fred' });
Misc¶
- How do I store my own (non-db) data in my DBIx::Class
objects?
- You can add your own data accessors to your Result classes.
One method is to use the built in mk_group_accessors (via
Class::Accessor::Grouped)
package App::Schema::Result::MyTable;
use parent 'DBIx::Class::Core';
__PACKAGE__->table('foo'); #etc
__PACKAGE__->mk_group_accessors('simple' => qw/non_column_data/); # must use simple group
An another method is to use Moose with your DBIx::Class package.
package App::Schema::Result::MyTable;
use Moose; # import Moose
use Moose::Util::TypeConstraint; # import Moose accessor type constraints
extends 'DBIx::Class::Core'; # Moose changes the way we define our parent (base) package
has 'non_column_data' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str' ); # define a simple attribute
__PACKAGE__->table('foo'); # etc
With either of these methods the resulting use of the accesssor would be
my $row;
# assume that somewhere in here $row will get assigned to a MyTable row
$row->non_column_data('some string'); # would set the non_column_data accessor
# some other stuff happens here
$row->update(); # would not inline the non_column_data accessor into the update
- How do I use DBIx::Class objects in my TT templates?
- Like normal objects, mostly. However you need to watch out
for TT calling methods in list context. When calling relationship
accessors you will not get resultsets, but a list of all the related
objects.
Use the "search_rs" in DBIx::Class::ResultSet method, or the
relationship accessor methods ending with "_rs" to work around
this issue.
See also "has_many" in DBIx::Class::Relationship.
- See the SQL statements my code is producing?
- Set the shell environment variable "DBIC_TRACE"
to a true value.
For more info see DBIx::Class::Storage for details of how to turn on
debugging in the environment, pass your own filehandle to save debug to,
or create your own callback.
- Why didn't my search run any SQL?
- DBIx::Class runs the actual SQL statement as late as
possible, thus if you create a resultset using "search" in
scalar context, no query is executed. You can create further resultset
refinements by calling search again or relationship accessors. The SQL
query is only run when you ask the resultset for an actual row
object.
- How do I deal with tables that lack a primary key?
- If your table lacks a primary key, DBIx::Class can't work
out which row it should operate on, for example to delete or update.
However, a UNIQUE constraint on one or more columns allows DBIx::Class to
uniquely identify the row, so you can tell DBIx::Class::ResultSource these
columns act as a primary key, even if they don't from the database's point
of view:
$resultset->set_primary_key(@column);
- How do I make my program start faster?
- Look at the tips in "STARTUP SPEED" in
DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook
- How do I reduce the overhead of database queries?
- You can reduce the overhead of object creation within
DBIx::Class using the tips in "Skip row object creation for faster
results" in DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook and "Get raw data for
blindingly fast results" in DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook
- How do I override a run time method (e.g. a relationship
accessor)?
- If you need access to the original accessor, then you must
"wrap around" the original method. You can do that either with
Moose::Manual::MethodModifiers or Class::Method::Modifiers. The code
example works for both modules:
package Your::Schema::Group;
use Class::Method::Modifiers;
# ... declare columns ...
__PACKAGE__->has_many('group_servers', 'Your::Schema::GroupServer', 'group_id');
__PACKAGE__->many_to_many('servers', 'group_servers', 'server');
# if the server group is a "super group", then return all servers
# otherwise return only servers that belongs to the given group
around 'servers' => sub {
my $orig = shift;
my $self = shift;
return $self->$orig(@_) unless $self->is_super_group;
return $self->result_source->schema->resultset('Server')->all;
};
If you just want to override the original method, and don't care about the
data from the original accessor, then you have two options. Either use
Method::Signatures::Simple that does most of the work for you, or do it
the "dirty way".
Method::Signatures::Simple way:
package Your::Schema::Group;
use Method::Signatures::Simple;
# ... declare columns ...
__PACKAGE__->has_many('group_servers', 'Your::Schema::GroupServer', 'group_id');
__PACKAGE__->many_to_many('servers', 'group_servers', 'server');
# The method keyword automatically injects the annoying my $self = shift; for you.
method servers {
return $self->result_source->schema->resultset('Server')->search({ ... });
}
The dirty way:
package Your::Schema::Group;
use Sub::Name;
# ... declare columns ...
__PACKAGE__->has_many('group_servers', 'Your::Schema::GroupServer', 'group_id');
__PACKAGE__->many_to_many('servers', 'group_servers', 'server');
*servers = subname servers => sub {
my $self = shift;
return $self->result_source->schema->resultset('Server')->search({ ... });
};
Notes for CDBI users¶
- Is there a way to make an object auto-stringify itself as a
particular column or group of columns (a-la cdbi Stringfy column group, or
stringify_self method) ?
- See "Stringification" in
DBIx::Class::Manual::Cookbook
Troubleshooting¶
- Help, I can't connect to postgresql!
- If you get an error such as:
DBI connect('dbname=dbic','user',...) failed: could not connect to server:
No such file or directory Is the server running locally and accepting
connections on Unix domain socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"?
Likely you have/had two copies of postgresql installed simultaneously, the
second one will use a default port of 5433, while DBD::Pg is compiled with
a default port of 5432.
You can change the port setting in "postgresql.conf".
- I've lost or forgotten my mysql password
- Stop mysqld and restart it with the --skip-grant-tables
option.
Issue the following statements in the mysql client.
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Restart mysql.
Taken from:
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/resetting-permissions.html
<http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/resetting-permissions.html>.