NAME¶
emacs - GNU project Emacs
SYNOPSIS¶
emacs [
command-line switches ] [
files ... ]
DESCRIPTION¶
GNU Emacs is a version of
Emacs, written by the author of the
original (PDP-10)
Emacs, Richard Stallman. The user functionality of
GNU Emacs encompasses everything other editors do, and it is easily extensible
since its editing commands are written in Lisp.
The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, which you can
read using Info, either from Emacs or as a standalone program. Please look
there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page is updated only
when someone volunteers to do so.
Emacs has an extensive interactive help facility, but the facility
assumes that you know how to manipulate
Emacs windows and buffers.
CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) starts an
interactive tutorial to quickly teach beginners the fundamentals of
Emacs. Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you find a command with a name
matching a given pattern, Help Key (CTRL-h k) describes a given key sequence,
and Help Function (CTRL-h f) describes a given Lisp function.
GNU Emacs's many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending
(Mail), outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells
within
Emacs windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop
(Lisp-Interaction-Mode), automated psychotherapy (Doctor), and much more.
Emacs Options¶
The following options are of general interest:
- file
- Edit file.
- --file file, --find-file file,
--visit file
- The same as specifying file directly as an
argument.
- +number
- Go to the line specified by number (do not insert a
space between the "+" sign and the number). This applies only to
the next file specified.
- +line:column
- Go to the specified line and column.
- -q, --no-init-file
- Do not load an init file.
- --no-site-file
- Do not load the site-wide startup file.
- --no-desktop
- Do not load a saved desktop.
- -Q, --quick
- Similar to "-q --no-site-file --no-splash". Also,
avoid processing X resources.
- --no-splash
- Do not display a splash screen during start-up.
- --debug-init
- Enable Emacs Lisp debugger during the processing of
the user init file ~/.emacs. This is useful for debugging problems
in the init file.
- -u user, --user user
- Load user's init file.
- -t file, --terminal file
- Use specified file as the terminal instead of using
stdin/stdout. This must be the first argument specified in the command
line.
- --daemon
- Start Emacs as a daemon, enabling the Emacs server and
disconnecting from the terminal. You can then use the emacsclient command
to connect to the server (see emacsclient(1)).
- --version
- Display Emacs version information and exit.
- --help
- Display this help and exit.
The following options are Lisp-oriented (these options are processed in the
order encountered):
- -f function, --funcall
function
- Execute the lisp function function.
- -l file, --load file
- Load the lisp code in the file file.
- --eval expr, --execute
expr
- Evaluate the Lisp expression expr.
The following options are useful when running
Emacs as a batch editor:
- --batch
- Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to
stderr. You must use -l and -f options to specify files to execute and
functions to call.
- --script file
- Run file as an Emacs Lisp script.
- --insert file
- Insert contents of file into the current
buffer.
- --kill
- Exit Emacs while in batch mode.
- -L dir, --directory dir
- Add dir to the list of directories Emacs
searches for Lisp files.
Using Emacs with X¶
Emacs has been tailored to work well with the X window system. If you run
Emacs from under X windows, it will create its own X window to display
in. You will probably want to start the editor as a background process so that
you can continue using your original window.
Emacs can be started with the following X switches:
- --name name
- Specify the name which should be assigned to the initial
Emacs window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the
window title.
- -T name, --title name
- Specify the title for the initial X window.
- -r, -rv, --reverse-video
- Display the Emacs window in reverse video.
- -fn font, --font font
- Set the Emacs window's font to that specified by
font. You will find the various X fonts in the
/usr/lib/X11/fonts directory. Note that Emacs will only
accept fixed width fonts. Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions,
any font with the value "m" or "c" in the eleventh
field of the font name is a fixed width font. Furthermore, fonts whose
name are of the form widthxheight are generally fixed width,
as is the font fixed. See xlsfonts(1) for more information.
When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the switch and the
font name.
- --xrm resources
- Set additional X resources.
- --color, --color=mode
- Override color mode for character terminals; mode
defaults to `auto', and can also be `never', `auto', `always', or a mode
name like `ansi8'.
- -bw pixels, --border-width
pixels
- Set the Emacs window's border width to the number of
pixels specified by pixels. Defaults to one pixel on each side of
the window.
- -ib pixels, --internal-border
pixels
- Set the window's internal border width to the number of
pixels specified by pixels. Defaults to one pixel of padding on
each side of the window.
- -g geometry, --geometry
geometry
- Set the Emacs window's width, height, and position
as specified. The geometry specification is in the standard X format; see
X(7) for more information. The width and height are specified in
characters; the default is 80 by 24. See the Emacs manual, section
"Options for Window Size and Position", for information on how
window sizes interact with selecting or deselecting the tool bar and menu
bar.
- -lsp pixels, --line-spacing
pixels
- Additional space to put between lines.
- -vb, --vertical-scroll-bars
- Enable vertical scrollbars.
- -fh, --fullheight
- Make the first frame as high as the screen.
- -fs, --fullscreen
- Make the first frame fullscreen.
- -fw, --fullwidth
- Make the first frame as wide as the screen.
- -mm, --maximized
- Maximize the first frame, like "-fw -fh".
- -fg color, --foreground-color
color
- On color displays, set the color of the text.
Use the command M-x list-colors-display for a list of valid color
names.
- -bg color, --background-color
color
- On color displays, set the color of the window's
background.
- -bd color, --border-color
color
- On color displays, set the color of the window's
border.
- -cr color, --cursor-color
color
- On color displays, set the color of the window's text
cursor.
- -ms color, --mouse-color
color
- On color displays, set the color of the window's mouse
cursor.
- -d displayname, --display
displayname
- Create the Emacs window on the display specified by
displayname. Must be the first option specified in the command
line.
- -nbi, --no-bitmap-icon
- Do not use picture of gnu for Emacs icon.
- --iconic
- Start Emacs in iconified state.
- -nbc, --no-blinking-cursor
- Disable blinking cursor.
- -nw, --no-window-system
- Tell Emacs not to create a graphical frame. If you
use this switch when invoking Emacs from an xterm(1) window,
display is done in that window.
- -D, --basic-display
- This option disables many display features; use it for
debugging Emacs.
You can set
X default values for your
Emacs windows in your
.Xresources file (see
xrdb(1)). Use the following format:
- emacs.keyword:value
where
value specifies the default value of
keyword.
Emacs
lets you set default values for the following keywords:
- background (class Background)
- For color displays, sets the window's background
color.
- bitmapIcon (class BitmapIcon)
- If bitmapIcon's value is set to on, the
window will iconify into the "kitchen sink."
- borderColor (class BorderColor)
- For color displays, sets the color of the window's
border.
- borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
- Sets the window's border width in pixels.
- cursorColor (class Foreground)
- For color displays, sets the color of the window's text
cursor.
- cursorBlink (class CursorBlink)
- Specifies whether to make the cursor blink. The default is
on. Use off or false to turn cursor blinking
off.
- font (class Font)
- Sets the window's text font.
- foreground (class Foreground)
- For color displays, sets the window's text color.
- fullscreen (class Fullscreen)
- The desired fullscreen size. The value can be one of
fullboth, maximized, fullwidth, or fullheight,
which correspond to the command-line options `-fs', `-mm', `-fw', and
`-fh', respectively. Note that this applies to the initial frame
only.
- geometry (class Geometry)
- Sets the geometry of the Emacs window (as described
above).
- iconName (class Title)
- Sets the icon name for the Emacs window icon.
- internalBorder (class BorderWidth)
- Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.
- lineSpacing (class LineSpacing)
- Additional space ("leading") between lines, in
pixels.
- menuBar (class MenuBar)
- Gives frames menu bars if on; don't have menu bars
if off. See the Emacs manual, sections "Lucid Resources"
and "LessTif Resources", for how to control the appearance of
the menu bar if you have one.
- minibuffer (class Minibuffer)
- If none, don't make a minibuffer in this frame. It
will use a separate minibuffer frame instead.
- paneFont (class Font)
- Font name for menu pane titles, in non-toolkit versions of
Emacs.
- pointerColor (class Foreground)
- For color displays, sets the color of the window's mouse
cursor.
- privateColormap (class PrivateColormap)
- If on, use a private color map, in the case where
the "default visual" of class PseudoColor and
Emacs is using it.
- reverseVideo (class ReverseVideo)
- If reverseVideo's value is set to on, the
window will be displayed in reverse video.
- screenGamma (class ScreenGamma)
- Gamma correction for colors, equivalent to the frame
parameter `screen-gamma'.
- scrollBarWidth (class ScrollBarWidth)
- The scroll bar width in pixels, equivalent to the frame
parameter `scroll-bar-width'.
- selectionFont (class SelectionFont)
- Font name for pop-up menu items, in non-toolkit versions of
Emacs. (For toolkit versions, see the Emacs manual, sections
"Lucid Resources" and "LessTif Resources".)
- selectionTimeout (class
SelectionTimeout)
- Number of milliseconds to wait for a selection reply. A
value of 0 means wait as long as necessary.
- synchronous (class Synchronous)
- Run Emacs in synchronous mode if on. Synchronous
mode is useful for debugging X problems.
- title (class Title)
- Sets the title of the Emacs window.
- toolBar (class ToolBar)
- Number of lines to reserve for the tool bar.
- useXIM (class UseXIM)
- Turns off use of X input methods (XIM) if false or
off.
- verticalScrollBars (class ScrollBars)
- Gives frames scroll bars if on; suppresses scroll
bars if off.
- visualClass (class VisualClass)
- Specify the "visual" that X should use. This
tells X how to handle colors. The value should start with one of
TrueColor, PseudoColor, DirectColor,
StaticColor, GrayScale, and StaticGray, followed by
-depth, where depth is the number of color
planes.
MANUALS¶
You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free Software
Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the online store at
<
http://shop.fsf.org/>.
Your local administrator might also have copies available. As with all software
and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to make and distribute copies
of the Emacs manual. The Texinfo source to the manual is also included in the
Emacs source distribution.
FILES¶
/usr/local/share/info — files for the Info documentation browser. The
complete text of the Emacs reference manual is included in a convenient tree
structured form. Also includes the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, useful to
anyone wishing to write programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, and the
Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp.
/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp — Lisp source files and compiled
files that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; others are
autoloaded from this directory when used.
/usr/local/libexec/emacs/$VERSION/$ARCH — various programs that are used
with GNU Emacs.
/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc — various files of information.
/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* — contains the documentation
strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions of GNU Emacs.
They are stored here to reduce the size of Emacs proper.
/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering various
services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, troubleshooting,
porting and customization.
BUGS¶
There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org, for reporting Emacs bugs and
fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that it
really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a deliberate feature. We ask you to
read the section ``Reporting Bugs'' in the Emacs manual for hints on how and
when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of the Emacs you are
running in
every bug report that you send in. Bugs tend actually to be
fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report them in
such a way that they can be easily reproduced.
Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting bugs
is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible. For
personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for a list of people
who offer it.
Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. For more
information about Emacs mailing lists, see the file
/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/MAILINGLISTS.
UNRESTRICTIONS¶
Emacs is free; anyone may redistribute copies of
Emacs to anyone
under the terms stated in the GNU General Public License, a copy of which
accompanies each copy of
Emacs and which also appears in the reference
manual.
Copies of
Emacs may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of
Unix systems, but it is never included in the scope of any license covering
those systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution is
permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the GNU General Public License is
to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions to redistribution of
Emacs.
Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend
Emacs, and urges
that you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU (Gnu's
Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Unix. Everyone will be free to
use, copy, study and change the GNU system.
SEE ALSO¶
emacsclient(1),
etags(1),
X(7),
xlsfonts(1),
xterm(1),
xrdb(1)
AUTHORS¶
Emacs was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation.
For detailed credits and acknowledgements, see the GNU Emacs manual.
COPYING¶
Copyright (C) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008,
2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document
under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting
derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical
to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into
another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except
that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the
Free Software Foundation.