NAME¶
Try::Tiny - minimal try/catch with proper preservation of $@
VERSION¶
version 0.20
SYNOPSIS¶
You can use Try::Tiny's "try" and "catch" to expect and
handle exceptional conditions, avoiding quirks in Perl and common mistakes:
# handle errors with a catch handler
try {
die "foo";
} catch {
warn "caught error: $_"; # not $@
};
You can also use it like a standalone "eval" to catch and ignore any
error conditions. Obviously, this is an extreme measure not to be undertaken
lightly:
# just silence errors
try {
die "foo";
};
DESCRIPTION¶
This module provides bare bones
"try"/"catch"/"finally" statements that are
designed to minimize common mistakes with eval blocks, and NOTHING else.
This is unlike TryCatch which provides a nice syntax and avoids adding another
call stack layer, and supports calling "return" from the
"try" block to return from the parent subroutine. These extra
features come at a cost of a few dependencies, namely Devel::Declare and
Scope::Upper which are occasionally problematic, and the additional catch
filtering uses Moose type constraints which may not be desirable either.
The main focus of this module is to provide simple and reliable error handling
for those having a hard time installing TryCatch, but who still want to write
correct "eval" blocks without 5 lines of boilerplate each time.
It's designed to work as correctly as possible in light of the various
pathological edge cases (see "BACKGROUND") and to be compatible with
any style of error values (simple strings, references, objects, overloaded
objects, etc).
If the "try" block dies, it returns the value of the last statement
executed in the "catch" block, if there is one. Otherwise, it
returns "undef" in scalar context or the empty list in list context.
The following examples all assign "bar" to $x:
my $x = try { die "foo" } catch { "bar" };
my $x = try { die "foo" } || { "bar" };
my $x = (try { die "foo" }) // { "bar" };
my $x = eval { die "foo" } || "bar";
You can add "finally" blocks, yielding the following:
my $x;
try { die 'foo' } finally { $x = 'bar' };
try { die 'foo' } catch { warn "Got a die: $_" } finally { $x = 'bar' };
"finally" blocks are always executed making them suitable for cleanup
code which cannot be handled using local. You can add as many
"finally" blocks to a given "try" block as you like.
Note that adding a "finally" block without a preceding
"catch" block suppresses any errors. This behaviour is consistent
with using a standalone "eval", but it is not consistent with
"try"/"finally" patterns found in other programming
languages, such as Java, Python, Javascript or C#. If you learnt the
"try"/"finally" pattern from one of these languages, watch
out for this.
EXPORTS¶
All functions are exported by default using Exporter.
If you need to rename the "try", "catch" or
"finally" keyword consider using Sub::Import to get Sub::Exporter's
flexibility.
- try (&;@)
- Takes one mandatory "try" subroutine, an optional
"catch" subroutine and "finally" subroutine.
The mandatory subroutine is evaluated in the context of an "eval"
block.
If no error occurred the value from the first block is returned, preserving
list/scalar context.
If there was an error and the second subroutine was given it will be invoked
with the error in $_ (localized) and as that block's first and only
argument.
$@ does not contain the error. Inside the "catch" block it
has the same value it had before the "try" block was executed.
Note that the error may be false, but if that happens the "catch"
block will still be invoked.
Once all execution is finished then the "finally" block, if given,
will execute.
- catch (&;@)
- Intended to be used in the second argument position of
"try".
Returns a reference to the subroutine it was given but blessed as
"Try::Tiny::Catch" which allows try to decode correctly what to
do with this code reference.
catch { ... }
Inside the "catch" block the caught error is stored in $_, while
previous value of $@ is still available for use. This value may or may not
be meaningful depending on what happened before the "try", but
it might be a good idea to preserve it in an error stack.
For code that captures $@ when throwing new errors (i.e. Class::Throwable),
you'll need to do:
local $@ = $_;
- finally (&;@)
-
try { ... }
catch { ... }
finally { ... };
Or
try { ... }
finally { ... };
Or even
try { ... }
finally { ... }
catch { ... };
Intended to be the second or third element of "try".
"finally" blocks are always executed in the event of a
successful "try" or if "catch" is run. This allows you
to locate cleanup code which cannot be done via "local()" e.g.
closing a file handle.
When invoked, the "finally" block is passed the error that was
caught. If no error was caught, it is passed nothing. (Note that the
"finally" block does not localize $_ with the error, since
unlike in a "catch" block, there is no way to know if "$_
== undef" implies that there were no errors.) In other words, the
following code does just what you would expect:
try {
die_sometimes();
} catch {
# ...code run in case of error
} finally {
if (@_) {
print "The try block died with: @_\n";
} else {
print "The try block ran without error.\n";
}
};
You must always do your own error handling in the
"finally" block. "Try::Tiny" will
not do anything about handling possible errors coming from code located in
these blocks.
Furthermore exceptions in "finally" blocks are
not trappable and are unable to influence the execution of your
program. This is due to limitation of "DESTROY"-based scope
guards, which "finally" is implemented on top of. This may
change in a future version of Try::Tiny.
In the same way "catch()" blesses the code reference this
subroutine does the same except it bless them as
"Try::Tiny::Finally".
BACKGROUND¶
There are a number of issues with "eval".
Clobbering $@¶
When you run an "eval" block and it succeeds, $@ will be cleared,
potentially clobbering an error that is currently being caught.
This causes action at a distance, clearing previous errors your caller may have
not yet handled.
$@ must be properly localized before invoking "eval" in order to avoid
this issue.
More specifically, $@ is clobbered at the beginning of the "eval",
which also makes it impossible to capture the previous error before you die
(for instance when making exception objects with error stacks).
For this reason "try" will actually set $@ to its previous value (the
one available before entering the "try" block) in the beginning of
the "eval" block.
Localizing $@ silently masks errors¶
Inside an "eval" block, "die" behaves sort of like:
sub die {
$@ = $_[0];
return_undef_from_eval();
}
This means that if you were polite and localized $@ you can't die in that scope,
or your error will be discarded (printing "Something's wrong"
instead).
The workaround is very ugly:
my $error = do {
local $@;
eval { ... };
$@;
};
...
die $error;
$@ might not be a true value¶
This code is wrong:
if ( $@ ) {
...
}
because due to the previous caveats it may have been unset.
$@ could also be an overloaded error object that evaluates to false, but that's
asking for trouble anyway.
The classic failure mode is:
sub Object::DESTROY {
eval { ... }
}
eval {
my $obj = Object->new;
die "foo";
};
if ( $@ ) {
}
In this case since "Object::DESTROY" is not localizing $@ but still
uses "eval", it will set $@ to "".
The destructor is called when the stack is unwound, after "die" sets
$@ to "foo at Foo.pm line 42\n", so by the time "if ( $@
)" is evaluated it has been cleared by "eval" in the
destructor.
The workaround for this is even uglier than the previous ones. Even though we
can't save the value of $@ from code that doesn't localize, we can at least be
sure the "eval" was aborted due to an error:
my $failed = not eval {
...
return 1;
};
This is because an "eval" that caught a "die" will always
return a false value.
SHINY SYNTAX¶
Using Perl 5.10 you can use "Switch statements" in perlsyn.
The "catch" block is invoked in a topicalizer context (like a
"given" block), but note that you can't return a useful value from
"catch" using the "when" blocks without an explicit
"return".
This is somewhat similar to Perl 6's "CATCH" blocks. You can use it to
concisely match errors:
try {
require Foo;
} catch {
when (/^Can't locate .*?\.pm in \@INC/) { } # ignore
default { die $_ }
};
CAVEATS¶
- •
- @_ is not available within the "try" block, so
you need to copy your arglist. In case you want to work with argument
values directly via @_ aliasing (i.e. allow "$_[1] =
"foo""), you need to pass @_ by reference:
sub foo {
my ( $self, @args ) = @_;
try { $self->bar(@args) }
}
or
sub bar_in_place {
my $self = shift;
my $args = \@_;
try { $_ = $self->bar($_) for @$args }
}
- •
- "return" returns from the "try" block,
not from the parent sub (note that this is also how "eval"
works, but not how TryCatch works):
sub parent_sub {
try {
die;
}
catch {
return;
};
say "this text WILL be displayed, even though an exception is thrown";
}
Instead, you should capture the return value:
sub parent_sub {
my $success = try {
die;
1;
};
return unless $success;
say "This text WILL NEVER appear!";
}
# OR
sub parent_sub_with_catch {
my $success = try {
die;
1;
}
catch {
# do something with $_
return undef; #see note
};
return unless $success;
say "This text WILL NEVER appear!";
}
Note that if you have a "catch" block, it must return
"undef" for this to work, since if a "catch" block
exists, its return value is returned in place of "undef" when an
exception is thrown.
- •
- "try" introduces another caller stack frame.
Sub::Uplevel is not used. Carp will not report this when using full stack
traces, though, because %Carp::Internal is used. This lack of magic is
considered a feature.
- •
- The value of $_ in the "catch" block is not
guaranteed to be the value of the exception thrown ($@) in the
"try" block. There is no safe way to ensure this, since
"eval" may be used unhygenically in destructors. The only
guarantee is that the "catch" will be called if an exception is
thrown.
- •
- The return value of the "catch" block is not
ignored, so if testing the result of the expression for truth on success,
be sure to return a false value from the "catch" block:
my $obj = try {
MightFail->new;
} catch {
...
return; # avoid returning a true value;
};
return unless $obj;
- •
- $SIG{__DIE__} is still in effect.
Though it can be argued that $SIG{__DIE__} should be disabled inside of
"eval" blocks, since it isn't people have grown to rely on it.
Therefore in the interests of compatibility, "try" does not
disable $SIG{__DIE__} for the scope of the error throwing code.
- •
- Lexical $_ may override the one set by "catch".
For example Perl 5.10's "given" form uses a lexical $_, creating
some confusing behavior:
given ($foo) {
when (...) {
try {
...
} catch {
warn $_; # will print $foo, not the error
warn $_[0]; # instead, get the error like this
}
}
}
Note that this behavior was changed once again in Perl5 version 18
<https://metacpan.org/module/perldelta#given-now-aliases-the-global-_>.
However, since the entirety of lexical $_ is now considired experimental
<https://metacpan.org/module/perldelta#Lexical-_-is-now-experimental>,
it is unclear whether the new version 18 behavior is final.
SEE ALSO¶
- TryCatch
- Much more feature complete, more convenient semantics, but
at the cost of implementation complexity.
- autodie
- Automatic error throwing for builtin functions and more.
Also designed to work well with "given"/"when".
- Throwable
- A lightweight role for rolling your own exception
classes.
- Error
- Exception object implementation with a "try"
statement. Does not localize $@.
- Exception::Class::TryCatch
- Provides a "catch" statement, but properly
calling "eval" is your responsibility.
The "try" keyword pushes $@ onto an error stack, avoiding some of
the issues with $@, but you still need to localize to prevent
clobbering.
LIGHTNING TALK¶
I gave a lightning talk about this module, you can see the slides (Firefox
only):
<
http://web.archive.org/web/20100628040134/http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/takahashi.xul>
Or read the source:
<
http://web.archive.org/web/20100305133605/http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.yml>
VERSION CONTROL¶
http://github.com/doy/try-tiny/ <
http://github.com/doy/try-tiny/>
AUTHORS¶
- •
- Yuval Kogman <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
- •
- Jesse Luehrs <doy@tozt.net>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE¶
This software is Copyright (c) 2014 by Yuval Kogman.
This is free software, licensed under:
The MIT (X11) License