NAME¶
Text::WikiFormat - module for translating Wiki formatted text into other formats
SYNOPSIS¶
use Text::WikiFormat;
my $html = Text::WikiFormat::format($raw);
DESCRIPTION¶
The original Wiki web site had a very simple interface to edit and to add pages.
Its formatting rules are simple and easy to use. They are also easy to
translate into other, more complicated markup languages with this module. It
creates HTML by default, but can produce valid POD, DocBook, XML, or any other
format imaginable.
The most important function is "format()". It is not exported by
default.
"format()" takes one required argument, the text to convert, and
returns the converted text. It allows two optional arguments. The first is a
reference to a hash of tags. Anything passed in here will override the default
tag behavior. The second argument is a hash reference of options. They are
currently:
- •
- prefix
The prefix of any links. In HTML mode, this is the path to the Wiki. The
actual linked item itself will be appended to the prefix. This is useful
to create full URIs:
{ prefix => 'http://example.com/wiki.pl?page=' }
- •
- extended
A boolean flag, false by default, to use extended linking semantics. This
comes from the Everything Engine (http://everydevel.com/), which marks
links with square brackets. An optional title may occur after the link
target, preceded by an open pipe. These are valid extended links:
[a valid link]
[link|title]
Where the linking semantics of the destination format allow it, the result
will display the title instead of the URI. In HTML terms, the title is the
content of an "A" element (not the content of its
"HREF" attribute).
You can use delimiters other than single square brackets for marking
extended links by passing a value for "extended_link_delimiters"
in the %tags hash when calling "format".
- •
- implicit_links
A boolean flag, true by default, to create links from StudlyCapsStringsNote
that if you disable this flag, you should probably enable the
"extended" one also, or there will be no way of creating links
in your documents. To disable it, use the pair:
{ implicit_links => 0 }
- •
- absolute_links
A boolean flag, false by default, which treats any links that are absolute
URIs (such as http://www.cpan.org/) specially. Any prefix will not apply
and the URIs aren't quoted. Use this in conjunction with the
"extended" option to detect the link.
A link is any text that starts with a known schema followed by a colon and
one or more non-whitespace characters. This is a distinct subset of what
URI recognizes as a URI, but is a good first-order approximation. If you
need to recognize more complex URIs, use the standard wiki formatting
explained earlier.
The recognized schemas are those defined in the "schema" value in
the %tags hash. The defaults are "http", "https",
"ftp", "mailto", and "gopher".
Wiki formatting is very simple. An item wrapped in three single quotes is
strong. An item wrapped in two single quotes is
emphasized. Any
word with multiple CapitalLetters (e. g., StudlyCaps) will become a link. Four
or more hyphen characters at the start of a line create a horizontal line.
Newlines turn into the appropriate tags. Headers are matching equals signs
around the header text -- the more signs, the lesser the header.
Lists are indented text, by one tab or four spaces by default. You may disable
indentation. In unordered lists, where each item has its own bullet point,
each item needs a leading asterisk and space. Ordered lists consist of items
marked with combination of one or more alphanumeric characters followed by a
period and an optional space. Any indented text without either marking is
code, handled literally. You can nest lists.
The following is valid Wiki formatting, with an extended link as marked.
= my interesting text =
ANormalLink
[let the Sun shine|AnExtendedLink]
== my interesting lists ==
* unordered one
* unordered two
1. ordered one
2. ordered two
a. nested one
b. nested two
code one
code two
The first line of a normal paragraph.
The second line of a normal paragraph. Whee.
EXPORT¶
If you'd like to make your life more convenient, you can optionally import a
subroutine that already has default tags and options set up. This is
especially handy if you use a prefix:
use Text::WikiFormat prefix => 'http://www.example.com/';
wikiformat( 'some text' );
Tags are interpreted as, well, tags, except for five special keys:
- •
- "prefix", interpreted as a link prefix
- •
- "extended", interpreted as the extended link flag
- •
- "implicit_links", interpreted as the flag to control implicit
links
- •
- "absolute_links", interpreted as the flag to control absolute
links
- •
- "as", interpreted as an alias for the imported function
Use the "as" flag to control the name by which your code calls the
imported functionFor example,
use Text::WikiFormat as => 'formatTextInWikiStyle';
formatTextInWikiStyle( 'some text' );
You might choose a better name, though.
The calling semantics are effectively the same as those of the
format()
function. Any additional tags or options to the imported function will
override the defaults. This code:
use Text::WikiFormat as => 'wf', extended => 0;
wf( 'some text', {}, { extended => 1 });
enables extended links, though the default is to disable them.
Tony Bowden <tony@kasei.com> suggested this feature, but all
implementation blame rests solely with me. Kate L Pugh (<kake@earth.li>)
pointed out that it didn't work, with tests. It works now.
GORY DETAILS¶
There are two types of Wiki markup: line items and blocks. Blocks include lists,
which are made up of lines and can also contain other lists.
Line items
There are two classes of line items: simple tags, and tags that contain data.
The simple tags are "newline" and "line". The module
inserts a newline tag whenever it encounters a newline character
("\n"). It inserts a line tag whenever four or more dash characters
("----") occur at the start of a line. No whitespace is allowed.
These default to the <br> and <hr> HTML tags, respectively. To
override either, simply pass tags such as:
my $html = format($text, { newline => "\n" });
The three line items are more complex, and require subroutine references. This
category includes the "strong" and "emphasized" tags as
well as "link"s. The first argument passed to the subref will be the
data found in between the marks. The second argument is the $opts hash
reference. The default action for a strong tag is equivalent to:
my $html = format($text, { strong => sub { "<b>$_[0]</b>" } });
As of version 0.70, you can change the regular expressions used to find strong
and emphasized tags:
%tags = (
strong_tag => qr/\*(.+?)\*/,
emphasized_tag => qr|(?<!<)/(.+?)/|,
);
$wikitext = 'this is *strong*, /emphasized/, and */emphasized strong/*';
$htmltext = Text::WikiFormat::format( $wikitext, \%tags, {} );
Be aware that using forward slashes to mark anything leads to the hairy regular
expression -- use something else.
This interface is experimental and
may change if I find something better. It's nice to be able to override those
tags, though.
Finally, there are "extended_link_delimiters", which allow you to use
delimiters other than single square brackets for marking extended links. Pass
the tags as:
my $html = format( $text, { extended_link_delimiters => [ '[[', ']]' ] });
This allows you to use double square brackets as UseMod supports:
[[an extended link]]
[[a titled extended link|title]]
Blocks
There are five default block types: "paragraph", "header",
"code", "unordered", and "ordered". The parser
usually finds these by indentation, either one or more tabs or four or more
whitespace characters. (This does not include newlines, however.) Any line
that does not fall in any of these three categories is a
"paragraph".
Code, unordered, and ordered blocks do not
require indentation, but the
parser uses it to control nesting in lists. Be careful. To mark a block as
requiring indentation, use the "indented" tag, which contains a
reference to a hash:
my $html = format($text, {
indented => { map { $_ => 1 } qw( ordered unordered code )}
});
Block entries in the tag hashes must contain array references. The first two
items are the tags used at the start and end of the block. The last items
contain the tags used at the start and end of each line. Where there needs to
be more processing of individual lines, use a subref as the third item. This
is how the module numbers ordered lines in HTML lists:
my $html = format($text, { ordered => [ '<ol>', "</ol>\n",
sub { qq|<li value="$_[2]">$_[0]</li>\n| } ] });
The first argument to these subrefs is the post-processed text of the line
itself. (Processing removes the indentation and tokens used to mark this as a
list and checks the rest of the line for other line formattings.) The second
argument is the indentation level. The subsequent arguments are captured
variables in the regular expression used to find this list type. The regexp
for ordered lists is:
qr/^([\dA-Za-z]+)\.\s*/;
The module processes indentation first, if applicable, and stores the
indentation level (the length of the indentation removed). The line must
contain one or more alphanumeric character followed by a single period and
optional whitespace to be an ordered list item. The module saves the contents
of this last group, the value of the list item, and passes it to the subref as
the third argument.
Lists automatically start and end as necessary.
Because of the indentation issue, there is a specific blocks processing in a
specific order. The "blockorder" tag governs this order. It contains
a reference to an array of the names of the appropriate blocks to process. If
you add a block type, be sure to add an entry for it in
"blockorder":
my $html = format($text, {
escaped => [ '', '', '', '' ],
blocks => {
invisible => qr!^--(.*?)--$!,
},
blockorder =>
[qw( header line ordered unordered code paragraph invisible )],
});
Finding blocks
Text::WikiFormat uses regular expressions to find blocks. These are in the %tags
hash under the "blocks" key. To change the regular expression to
find code block items, use:
my $html = format($wikitext, {
blocks => {
code => qr/^:\s+/,
},
indented => {
code => 1,
},
);
This will require indentation and a colon to mark code lines. A potential
shortcut is to use the "indent" tag to match or to change the
indentation marker.
Note: if you want to mark a block type as non-indented, you
cannot
use an empty regex such as "qr//". Use a mostly-empty, always-true
regex such as "qr/^/" instead.
Finding Blocks in the Correct Order
As intrepid bug reporter Tom Hukins pointed out in CPAN RT bug #671, the order
in which Text::WikiFormat searches for blocks varies by platform and version
of Perl. Because some block-finding regular expressions are more specific than
others, what you intend to be one type of block may turn into a different list
type.
If you're adding new block types, be aware of this. The "blockorder"
entry in %tags exists to force Text::WikiFormat to apply its regexes from most
specific to least specific. It contains an array reference. By default, it
looks for ordered lists first, unordered lists second, and code references at
the end.
AUTHOR¶
chromatic, "chromatic@wgz.org", with much input from the Jellybean
team (including Jonathan Paulett). Kate L Pugh has also provided several
patches, many failing tests, and is usually the driving force behind new
features and releases. If you think this module is worth buying me a beer, she
deserves at least half of it.
Alex Vandiver added a nice patch and tests for extended links.
Tony Bowden, Tom Hukins, and Andy H. all suggested useful features that are now
implemented.
Sam Vilain, Chris Winters, Paul Schmidt, and Art Henry have all found and
reported silly bugs.
Blame me for the implementation.
BUGS¶
The link checker in "format_line()" may fail to detect existing links
that do not follow HTML, XML, or SGML style. They may die with some SGML
styles too.
Sic transit gloria mundi.
TODO¶
- •
- Find a nicer way to mark list as having unformatted lines
- •
- Optimize "format_line()" to work on a list of lines
- •
- Handle nested "strong" and "emphasized" markings
better
OTHER MODULES¶
Brian "Ingy" Ingerson's CGI::Kwiki has a fairly nice parser.
John McNamara's Pod::Simple::Wiki looks like a good project.
Matt Sergeant keeps threatening to write a nice SAX-throwing Wiki formatter.
COPYRIGHT¶
Copyright (c) 2002 - 2006, chromatic. All rights reserved. This module is
distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.