NAME¶
Perl6::Form - Implements the Perl 6 'form' built-in
SYNOPSIS¶
use Perl6::Form;
$text = form " =================================== ",
"| NAME | AGE | ID NUMBER |",
"|----------+------------+-----------|",
"| {<<<<<<} | {||||||||} | {>>>>>>>} |",
$name, $age, $ID,
"|===================================|",
"| COMMENTS |",
"|-----------------------------------|",
"| {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} |",
$comments,
" =================================== ";
DESCRIPTION¶
Formats are Perl 5's mechanism for creating text templates with fixed-width
fields. Those fields are then filled in using values from prespecified package
variables.
Unlike Perl 5, Perl 6 doesn't have a "format" keyword. Or the
associated built-in formatting mechanism. Instead it has a Form.pm module. And
a "form" function.
Like a Perl 5 "format" statement, the "form" function takes
a series of format (or "picture") strings, each of which is
immediately followed by a suitable set of replacement values. It interpolates
those values into the placeholders specified within each picture string, and
returns the result:
$text = form
$format_f1,
$datum1, $datum2, $datum3,
$format_f2,
$datum4,
$format_f3,
$datum5;
So, whereas in Perl 5 we might write:
# Perl 5 code...
our ($name, $age, $ID, $comments);
format STDOUT
===================================
| NAME | AGE | ID NUMBER |
|----------+------------+-----------|
| @<<<<<<< | @||||||||| | @>>>>>>>> |
$name, $age, $ID,
|===================================|
| COMMENTS |
|-----------------------------------|
| ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |~~
$comments,
===================================
.
write STDOUT;
in Perl 6 we could write:
# Perl 6 code...
print form
" =================================== ",
"| NAME | AGE | ID NUMBER |",
"|----------+------------+-----------|",
"| {<<<<<<} | {||||||||} | {>>>>>>>} |",
$name, $age, $ID,
"|===================================|",
"| COMMENTS |",
"|-----------------------------------|",
"| {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} |",
$comments,
" =================================== ";
And both of them would print something like:
===================================
| NAME | AGE | ID NUMBER |
|----------+------------+-----------|
| Richard | 33 | 000003 |
|===================================|
| COMMENTS |
|-----------------------------------|
| Talks to self. Seems to be |
| overcompensating for inferiority |
| complex rooted in post-natal |
| materal rejection due to physical |
| handicap (congenital or perhaps |
| the result of premature birth). |
| Shows numerous indications of |
| psychotic (esp. nepocidal) |
| tendencies. Naturally, subject |
| gravitated to career in politics. |
===================================
This module implements virtually all of the functionality of the Perl 6 Form.pm
module. The only differences are:
- •
- Option pairs must be passed in a hash reference;
- •
- Array data sources must be passed as array references;
- •
- Options specified on the "use Perl6::Form" line are not (yet)
lexically scoped;
- •
- User-defined line-breaking subroutines are passed their data source as a
reference to a scalar;
Formatting jargon
- Format
- A string that is used as a template for the creation of text. It
will contain zero or more fields, usually with some literal
characters and whitespace between them.
- Text
- A string that is created by replacing the fields of a format with specific
data values. For example, the string that a call to
"form" returns.
- Field
- A fixed-width slot within a format string, into which data will be
formatted.
- Data
- A string or numeric value (or an array of such values) that is
interpolated into a format, in order to fill in a particular field.
- Single-line field
- A field that interpolates only as much of its corresponding data value as
will fit inside it within a single line of text.
- Block field
- A field that interpolates all of its corresponding data value, over a
series of text lines E<ndash> as many as necessary E<ndash>
producing a text block.
- Text block
- The column of newline-separated text lines. A text block is produced when
data is formatted into a block field that is too small to contain the data
in a single line
- Column
- The amount of space on an output device required to display one
single-width character. One character will occupy one column in most
cases, the most obvious exceptions being CJK double-width characters.
Return values
When called in a scalar or list context, "form" returns a string
containing the complete formatted text:
my $formatted_text = form $format, *@data;
@texts = ( form($format, *@data1), form($format, *@data2) ); # 2 elems
When called in a void context, "form" dies, bitterly pointing out how
useless that is to format something and then just throw the result away.
Field types¶
The format strings passed to "form" determine what the resulting
formatted text looks like. Each format consists of a series of field
specifiers, which are usually separated by literal characters.
"form" understands a far larger number of field specifiers than
"format" did, designed around a small number of conventions:
- •
- Each field is enclosed in a pair of braces.
- •
- Within the braces, left or right angle brackets ("<" or
">"), bars ("|"), and single-quotes ("'")
indicate various types of single-line fields.
- •
- Left or right square brackets ("[" or "]"), I's
("I"), and double- quotes (""") indicate block
fields of various types.
- •
- The direction of the brackets within a field indicates the direction
towards which text will be justified in that field. For example:
{<<<<<<<<<<<} Justify the text to the left
{>>>>>>>>>>>} Justify the text to the right
{>>>>>><<<<<} Centre the text
{<<<<<<>>>>>} Fully justify the text to both margins
This is even true for numeric fields, which look like:
"{>>>>>.<<}". The whole digits are
right-justified before the dot and the decimals are left-justified after
it.
- •
- An "=" at either end of a field (or both ends) indicates the
data interpolated into the field is to be vertically "middled"
within the resulting block. That is, the text is to be centred vertically
on the middle of all the lines produced by the complete format.
- •
- An "_" at the start and/or end of a field indicates the
interpolated data is to be vertically "bottomed" within the
resulting block. That is, the text is to be pushed to the bottom of the
lines produced by the format.
For example:
Field specifier
Field type One-line Block
========== ========== ==========
left justified {<<<<<<<<} {[[[[[[[[}
right justified {>>>>>>>>} {]]]]]]]]}
centred {>>>><<<<} {]]]][[[[}
centred (alternative) {||||||||} {IIIIIIII}
fully justified {<<<<>>>>} {[[[[]]]]}
verbatim {''''''''} {""""""""}
numeric {>>>>>.<<} {]]]]].[[}
euronumeric {>>>>>,<<} {]]]]],[[}
comma'd {>,>>>,>>>.<<} {],]]],]]].[[}
space'd {> >>> >>>.<<} {] ]]] ]]].[[}
eurocomma'd {>.>>>.>>>,<<} {].]]].]]],[[}
Swiss Army comma'd {>'>>>'>>>,<<} {]']]]']]],[[}
subcontinental {>>,>>,>>>.<<} {]],]],]]].[[}
signed numeric {->>>.<<<} {-]]].[[[}
post-signed numeric {>>>>.<<-} {]]]].[[-}
paren-signed numeric {(>>>.<<)} {(]]].[[)}
prefix currency {$>>>.<<<} {$]]].[[[}
postfix currency {>>>.<<<DM} {]]].[[[DM}
infix currency {>>>$<< Esc} {]]]$[[ Esc}
left/middled {=<<<<<<=} {=[[[[[[=}
right/middled {=>>>>>>=} {=]]]]]]=}
infix currency/middled {=>>$<< Esc} {=]]$[[ Esc}
eurocomma'd/middled {>.>>>.>>>,<<=} {].]]].]]],[[=}
etc.
left/bottomed {_<<<<<<_} {_[[[[[[_}
right/bottomed {_>>>>>>_} {_]]]]]]_}
etc.
How fields are filled¶
When data is interpolated into a line field, the field grabs as much of the data
as will fit on a single line, formats that data appropriately, and
interpolates it into the format.
That means that if we use a one-line field, it only shows as much of the data as
will fit on one lime. For example:
my $data1 = 'By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes';
my $data2 = 'A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!';
print form
"...{<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}...{>>>>>>>}...",
$data1, $data2;
prints:
...By the pricking of ... A horse!...
On the other hand, if our format string used block fields instead, the fields
would extract one line of data at a time, repeating that process as many times
as necessary to display all the available data. So:
print form
"...{[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}...{]]]]]]]}...",
$data1, $data2;
would produce:
...By the pricking of ... A horse!...
...my thumbs, ... A horse!...
...something wicked ... My...
...this way comes ... kingdom...
... ... for a...
... ... horse!...
We can mix line fields and block fields in the same format and "form"
will extract and interpolate only as much data as each field requires. For
example:
print form
"...{<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}...{]]]]]]]}...",
$data1, $data2;
which produces:
...By the pricking of ... A horse!...
... ... A horse!...
... ... My...
... ... kingdom...
... ... for a...
... ... horse!...
Notice that, after the first line, the single-line
"{<<<<<<}" field is simply replaced by the
appropriate number of space characters, to keep the columns correctly aligned.
The usual reason for mixing line and block fields in this way is to allow
numbered or bulleted points:
print "I couldn't do my English Lit homework because...\n\n";
my $index = 0;
for my $reason (@reasons) {
my $n = @reasons - $index . '.';
print form " {>} {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}",
$n, $reason,
"";
}
which might produce:
I couldn't do my English Lit homework because...
10. Three witches told me I was going to be
king.
9. I was busy explaining wherefore am I Romeo.
8. I was busy scrubbing the blood off my
hands.
7. Some dear friends had to charge once more
unto the breach.
6. My so-called best friend tricked me into
killing my wife.
5. My so-called best friend tricked me into
killing Caesar.
4. My so-called best friend tricked me into
taming a shrew.
3. My uncle killed my father and married my
mother.
2. I fell in love with my manservant, who was
actually the disguised twin sister of the
man that my former love secretly married,
having mistaken him for my manservant who
was wooing her on my behalf whilst secretly
in love with me.
1. I was abducted by fairies.
Obviously, as a call to "form" builds up each line of its output
E<ndash> extracting data from one or more data arguments and formatting
it into the corresponding fields E<ndash> it needs to keep track of
where it's up to in each datum. It does this by progressively updating the
"pos" of each datum, in exactly the same way as a pattern match
does.
And as with a pattern match, by default that updated "pos" is only
used internally and
not preserved after the call to "form" is
finished. So passing a string to "form" doesn't interfere with any
other pattern matching or text formatting that we might subsequently do with
that data.
However, sometimes we
do want to know how much of our data a call to
"form" managed to extract and format. Or we may want to split a
formatting task into several stages, with separate calls to "form"
for each stage. So we need a way of telling "form" to preserve the
"pos" information in our data.
But, if we want to apply a series of "form" calls to the same data we
also need to be able to tell "form" to
respect the
"pos" information of that data E<ndash> to start extracting
from the previously preserved ".pos" position, rather than from the
start of the string.
To achieve both those goals, we use a
follow-on field. That is we use an
ordinary field but mark it as "pos"-sensitive with a special
notation: ASCII colons at either end. So instead of
"{<<<<>>>>}", we'd write
"{:<<<>>>:}".
Follow-on fields are most useful when we want to split a formatting task into
distinct stages E<ndash> or iterations E<ndash> but still allow
the contents of the follow-on field to flow uninterrupted from line to line.
For example:
print "The best Shakespearean roles are:\n\n";
for my $role (@roles) {
print form " * {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<} *{:<<<<<<<>>>>>>>:}*",
$role, $disclaimer;
}
which produces:
The best Shakespearean roles are:
* Macbeth *WARNING: *
* King Lear *This list of roles*
* Juliet *constitutes a*
* Othello *personal opinion*
* Hippolyta *only and is in no*
* Don John *way endorsed by*
* Katerina *Shakespeare'R'Us. *
* Richard *It may contain*
* Malvolio *nuts. *
* Bottom * *
The multiple calls to "form" manage to produce a coherent disclaimer
because the colons in the second field tell each call to start extracting data
from $disclaimer at the offset indicated by "pos $disclaimer", and
then to update "pos $disclaimer" with the final position at which
the field extracted data. So the next time "form" is called, the
follow-on field starts extracting from where it left off in the previous call.
Follow-on fields are similar to "^<<<<<" fields in a
Perl 5 format, except they don't destroy the contents of a data source; they
merely change that data source's "pos" marker.
Array data sources¶
Data, especially numeric data, is often stored in arrays. So "form"
also accepts arrays as data arguments too. Or, more precisely, it accepts
references to arrays as arguments.
Once inside "form", each array that was specified as the data source
for a field is internally converted to a single string by joining it together
with a newline between each element.
The upshot is that, instead of:
print "The best Shakespearean roles are:\n\n";
for my $role (@roles) {
print form " * {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<} *{:<<<<<<<>>>>>>>:}*",
$role, $disclaimer;
}
we could just write:
print "The best Shakespearean roles are:\n\n";
print form " * {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} *{[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]}*",
\@roles, $disclaimer;
And the array of roles would be internally converted to a single string, with
one role per line. Note that we also changed the disclaimer field to a regular
block field, so that the entire disclaimer would be formatted. And there was
no longer any need for the disclaimer field to be a follow-on field, since the
block field would extract and format the entire disclaimer anyway.
Array data sources are particularly useful when formatting, especially if the
data is known to fit within the specified width. For example:
print form
'-------------------------------------------',
'Name Score Time | Normalized',
'-------------------------------------------',
'{[[[[[[[[[[[[} {III} {II} | {]]].[[} ',
@name, @score, @time, [map {$score[$_]/$time[$_]} 0..$#score]
is a very easy way to produce the table:
-------------------------------------------
Name Score Time | Normalized
-------------------------------------------
Thomas Mowbray 88 15 | 5.867
Richard Scroop 54 13 | 4.154
Harry Percy 99 18 | 5.5
Justifying fields
The most commonly used fields are those that justify their contents: to the
left, to the right, to the left
and right, or towards the centre.
Left-justified and right-justified fields extract from their data source the
largest substring that will fit inside them, push that string to the left or
right as appropriate, and then pad the string out to the required field width
with spaces (or the nominated fill character).
Centred fields ("{>>>><<<<}" and
"{]]]][[[[}") likewise extract as much data as possible, and then
pad both sides of it with (near) equal numbers of spaces. If the amount of
padding required is not evenly divisible by 2, the one extra space is added
after the data.
There is a second syntax for centred fields E<ndash> a tip-o'-the-hat to
Perl 5 formats: "{|||||||||}" and "{IIIIIIII}". This
variant also makes it easier to specify centering fields that are only three
columns wide: "{|}" and "{I}".
Note, however, that the behaviour of centering fields specified this way is
exactly the same in every respect as the bracket-based versions, so we're free
to use whichever we prefer.
Fully justified fields ("{<<<<>>>>}" and
"{[[[[]]]]}") extract a maximal substring and then distribute any
padding as evenly as possible into the existing whitespace gaps in that data.
For example:
print form '({<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>})',
"A fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy";
would print:
(A fellow of infinite)
A fully-justified block field ("{[[[[]]]]}") does the same across
multiple lines, except that the very last line is always left-justified.
Hence, this:
print form '({[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]})',
"All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players."
would print:
(All the world's a)
(stage, And all)
(the men and women)
(merely players. )
By the way, with both centred fields
("{>>>><<<}") and fully justified fields
("{<<<>>>>}"), the actual number of left vs
right arrows is irrelevant, so long as there is at least one of each.
Short fields¶
One special case we need to consider is an empty set of field delimiters:
form 'ID number: {}'
This specification is treated as a two-column-wide, left-justified block field
(since that seems to be the type of two-column-wide field most often
required).
Other kinds of two-column (and single-column) fields can also be created using
imperative field widths and and user-defined fields.
Numerical fields¶
A field specifier of the form "{>>>>.<<}" or
"{]]]].[[}" represents a decimal-aligned numeric field. The decimal
marker always appears in exactly the position indicated and the rest of the
number is aligned around it. The decimal places are rounded to the specific
number of places indicated, but only "significant" digits are shown.
For example:
@nums = (1, 1.2, 1.23, 11.234, 111.235, 1.0001);
print form "Thy score be: {]]]].[[}",
\@nums;
prints:
Thy score be: 1.0
Thy score be: 1.2
Thy score be: 1.23
Thy score be: 11.234
Thy score be: 111.235
Thy score be: 1.000
Non-numeric data
You're probably wondering what happens if we try to format a number that's too
large for the available places (as 123456.78 would be in the above format).
Whereas "sprintf" would extend a numeric field to accommodate the
number, "form" insists on preserving the specified layout; in
particular, the position of the decimal point. But it obviously can't just cut
off the extra high-order digits; that would change the value:
Thy score be: 23456.78
So, instead, it indicates that the number doesn't fit by filling the field with
octothorpes (the way many spreadsheets do):
Thy score be: #####.###
It's also possible that someone (not you, of course!) might attempt to pass a
numeric field some data that isn't numeric at all:
my @mixed_data = (1, 2, "three", {4=>5}, "6", "7-Up");
print form 'Thy score be: {]]]].[[}',
\@mixed_data;
Unlike Perl itself, "form" doesn't autoconvert non-numeric values.
Instead it marks them with another special string, by filling the field with
question-marks:
Thy score be: 1.0
Thy score be: 2.0
Thy score be: ?????.???
Thy score be: ?????.???
Thy score be: 6.0
Thy score be: ?????.???
Note that strings per se aren't a problem E<ndash> "form" will
happily convert strings that contain valid numbers, such as "6" in
the above example. But it does reject strings that contain anything else
besides a number (even when Perl itself would successfully convert the number
E<ndash> as it would for "7-Up" above).
Those who'd prefer Perl's usual, more laissez-faire attitude to numerical
conversion can just pre-numerify the values themselves:
print form 'Thy score be: {]]]].[[}',
[map {$_+0} @mixed_data];
This version would print something like:
Thy score be: 1.0
Thy score be: 2.0
Thy score be: 0.0
Thy score be: 1.0
Thy score be: 6.0
Thy score be: 7.0
Decimal markers
Of course, not everyone uses a dot for their decimal point. The other main
contender is the comma, and naturally "form" supports that as well.
If we specify a numeric field with a comma between the brackets:
@les_nums = (1, 1.2, 1.23, 11.234, 111.235, 1.0001);
print form 'Votre score est: {]]]],[[}',
\@les_nums;
the call prints:
Votre score est: 1,0
Votre score est: 1,2
Votre score est: 1,23
Votre score est: 11,234
Votre score est: 111,235
Votre score est: 1,000
In fact, "form" is extremely flexible about the characters we're
allowed to use as a decimal marker: anything except an angle- or square
bracket or a plus sign is acceptable.
As a bonus, "form" allows us to use the specified decimal marker in
the
data as well as in the format. So this works too:
@les_nums = ("1", "1,2", "1,23", "11,234", "111,235", "1,0001");
print form 'Vos score est: {]]]],[[}',
\@les_nums;
Negative numbers
Negative numbers work as expected, with the minus sign taking up one column of
the field's allotted span:
@nums = ( 1, -1.2, 1.23, -11.234, 111.235, -12345.67);
print form 'Thy score be: {]]]].[[}',
\@nums;
This would print:
Thy score be: 1.0
Thy score be: -1.2
Thy score be: 1.23
Thy score be: -11.234
Thy score be: 111.235
Thy score be: #####.###
However, "form" can also format numbers so that the minus sign
trails the number. To do that we simple put an explicit minus sign
inside the field specification, at the end:
print form 'Thy score be: {]]]].[[-}',
\@nums;
which would then print:
Thy score be: 1.0
Thy score be: 1.2-
Thy score be: 1.23
Thy score be: 11.234-
Thy score be: 111.235
Thy score be: 12345.67-
"form" also understands the common financial usage where negative
numbers are represented as positive numbers in parentheses. Once again, we
draw an abstract picture of what we want (by putting parens at either end of
the field specification):
print form 'Thy dividend be: {(]]]].[[)}',
\@nums;
and "form" obliges:
Thy dividend be: 1.0
Thy dividend be: (1.2)
Thy dividend be: 1.23
Thy dividend be: (11.234)
Thy dividend be: 111.235
Thy dividend be: (12345.67)
Note that the parens have to go
inside the field's braces. Otherwise,
they're just literal parts of the format string.
Thousands separators
If we add so-called "thousands separators" inside a numeric field at
the usual places, "form" includes them appropriately in its output.
It can handle the five major formatting conventions:
my @nums = (0, 1, 1.1, 1.23, 4567.89, 34567.89, 234567.89, 1234567.89);
print form
"Brittannic Continental Subcontinental Tyrolean Asiatic",
"_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________",
"{],]]],]]].[} {].]]].]]],[} {]],]],]]].[} {]']]]']]],[} {]]]],]]]].[}",
\@nums, \@nums, \@nums, \@nums, \@nums;
to produce:
Brittannic Continental Subcontinental Tyrolean Asiatic
_____________ _____________ ______________ _____________ _____________
0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 0.0
1.0 1,0 1.0 1,0 1.0
1.1 1,1 1.1 1,1 1.1
1.23 1,23 1.23 1,23 1.23
4,567.89 4.567,89 4,567.89 4'567,89 4567.89
34,567.89 34.567,89 34,567.89 34'567,89 3,4567.89
234,567.89 234.567,89 2,34,567.89 234'567,89 23,4567.89
1,234,567.89 1.234.567,89 12,34,567.89 1'234'567,89 123,4567.89
It also accepts a space character as a "thousands separator" (with, of
course, any decimal marker we might like):
print form
"Hyperspatial",
"_____________",
"{] ]]] ]]]:[}",
\@nums;
to produce:
Hyperspatial
_____________
0:0
1:0
1:1
1:23
4 567:89
34 567:89
234 567:89
1 234 567:89
Of course, sometimes we don't know ahead of time just where in the world our
formatted numbers will be displayed. Locales were invented to address that
very problem, and "form" supports them.
If we use the "locale" option, "form" detects the current
locale and converts any numerical formats it finds to the appropriate layout.
For example, if we wrote:
@nums = ( 1, -1.2, 1.23, -11.234, 111.235, -12345.67);
print form
"{],]]],]]].[[}",
\@nums;
then we'd get:
1.0
-1.2
1.23
-11.234
111.235
-12,345.67
wherever the program was run. But if we had written:
print form
{locale=>1},
"{],]]],]]].[[}",
\@nums;
then we'd get:
1.0
-1.2
1.23
-11.234
111.235
-12,345.67
or:
1,0
1,2-
1,23
11,23-
111,235
12.345,67-
or:
1,0
(1,2)
1,23
(11,23)
111,235
(12'345,67)
or whatever else the current locale indicated was the correct local layout for
numbers.
That is, when the "locale" option is specified, "form"
ignores the actual decimal point, thousands separator, and negation sign we
specified in the call, and instead uses the values for these markers that are
returned by the POSIX "localeconv" function. That means that we can
specify our numerical formatting in a style that seems natural to us, and at
the same time allow the numbers to be formatted in a style that seems natural
to the user.
Currency fields¶
Formatting numbers gets even trickier when those numbers represent money. But
"form" simply lets us specify how the local currency looks
E<ndash> including leading, trailing, or infix currency markers;
leading, trailing, or circumfix negation markers; thousands separators; etc.
E<ndash> and then it formats it that way. For example:
my @amounts = (0, 1, 1.2345, 1234.56, -1234.56, 1234567.89);
my %format = (
"Canadian (English)" => q/ {-$],]]],]]].[}/,
"Canadian (French)" => q/ {-] ]]] ]]],[ $}/,
"Dutch" => q/ {],]]],]]].[-EUR}/,
"German (pre-euro)" => q/ {-].]]].]]],[DM}/,
"Indian" => q/ {-]],]],]]].[ Rs}/,
"Norwegian" => q/ {kr -].]]].]]],[}/,
"Portuguese (pre-euro)" => q/ {-].]]].]]]$[ Esc}/,
"Swiss" => q/{Sfr -]']]]']]].[}/,
);
for my $nationality (keys %format) {
my $layout = $format{$nationality};
print form "$nationality:",
" $layout",
\@amounts,
"\n";
}
produces:
Swiss:
Sfr 0.0
Sfr 1.0
Sfr 1.23
Sfr 1'234.56
Sfr -1'234.56
Sfr 1'234'567.89
Canadian (French):
0,0 $
1,0 $
1,23 $
1 234,56 $
-1 234,56 $
1 234 567,89 $
Dutch:
0.0EUR
1.0EUR
1.23EUR
1,234.56EUR
1,234.56-EUR
1,234,567.89EUR
Norwegian:
kr 0,0
kr 1,0
kr 1,23
kr 1.234,56
kr -1.234,56
kr 1.234.567,89
German (pre-euro):
0,0DM
1,0DM
1,23DM
1.234,56DM
-1.234,56DM
1.234.567,89DM
Indian:
0.0 Rs
1.0 Rs
1.23 Rs
1,234.56 Rs
-1,234.56 Rs
12,34,567.89 Rs
Portuguese (pre-euro):
0$0 Esc
1$0 Esc
1$23 Esc
1.234$56 Esc
-1.234$56 Esc
1.234.567$89 Esc
Canadian (English):
$0.0
$1.0
$1.23
$1,234.56
-$1,234.56
$1,234,567.89
Verbatim fields¶
Sometimes all we want is an existing block of data laid out into columns
E<ndash> without any fancy reformatting or rejustification. For example,
suppose we have an interesting string like this:
$diagram = <<EODNA;
G==C
A==T
T=A
A=T
T==A
G===C
T==A
C=G
TA
AT
A=T
T==A
G===C
T==A
EODNA
and we'd like to put beside some other text. Because it's already carefully
formatted, we really don't want to interpolate it into a left-justified field:
print form
'{[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]} {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}',
$diatribe, $diagram;
Because that would squash our lovely helix:
Men at some time are masters of their G==C
fates: / the fault, dear Brutus, is not in A==T
our genes, / but in ourselves, that we are T=A
underlings. / Brutus and Caesar: what A=T
should be in that 'Caesar'? / Why should T==A
that DNA be sequenced more than yours? / G===C
Extract them together, yours is as fair a T==A
genome; / transcribe them, it doth become C=G
mRNA as well; / recombine them, it is as TA
long; clone with 'em, / Brutus will start a AT
twin as soon as Caesar. / Now, in the names A=T
of all the gods at once, / upon what T==A
proteins doth our Caesar feed, / that he is G===C
grown so great? T==A
Nor would right-, full-, centre- or numeric- justification help in this
instance. What we really need is "leave-it-the-hell-alone"
justification E<ndash> a field specifier that lays out the data exactly
as it is, leading whitespace included.
And that's the purpose of a
verbatim field. A verbatim single-line field
("{'''''''''}") grabs the next line of data it's offered and inserts
as much of it as will fit in the field's width, preserving whitespace "as
is". Likewise a verbatim block field
("{"""""""""}") grabs
every line of the data it's offered and interpolates it into the text without
any reformatting or justification.
And that's precisely what we needed for our diagram:
print form
'{[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]} {"""""""""""""""}',
$diatribe, $diagram;
to produce:
Men at some time are masters of their G==C
fates: / the fault, dear Brutus, is not in A==T
our genes, / but in ourselves, that we are T=A
underlings. / Brutus and Caesar: what A=T
should be in that 'Caesar'? / Why should T==A
that DNA be sequenced more than yours? / G===C
Extract them together, yours is as fair a T==A
genome; / transcribe them, it doth become C=G
mRNA as well; / recombine them, it is as TA
long; clone with 'em, / Brutus will start a AT
twin as soon as Caesar. / Now, in the names A=T
of all the gods at once, / upon what T==A
proteins doth our Caesar feed, / that he is G===C
grown so great? T==A
Note that, unlike other types of fields, verbatim fields don't break and wrap
their data if that data doesn't fit on a single line. Instead, they truncate
each line to the appropriate field width. So a too-short verbatim field:
print form
'{[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]} {""""""}',
$diatribe, $diagram;
results in gene slicing:
Men at some time are masters of their G==C
fates: / the fault, dear Brutus, is not in A==
our genes, / but in ourselves, that we are T
underlings. / Brutus and Caesar: what A
should be in that 'Caesar'? / Why should T==
that DNA be sequenced more than yours? / G===C
Extract them together, yours is as fair a T==A
genome; / transcribe them, it doth become C=G
mRNA as well; / recombine them, it is as TA
long; clone with 'em, / Brutus will start a AT
twin as soon as Caesar. / Now, in the names A=T
of all the gods at once, / upon what T==A
proteins doth our Caesar feed, / that he is G===
grown so great? T=
rather than teratogenesis:
Men at some time are masters of their G==C
fates: / the fault, dear Brutus, is not in A=-
our genes, / but in ourselves, that we are =T
underlings. / Brutus and Caesar: what -
should be in that 'Caesar'? / Why should T=A
that DNA be sequenced more than yours? / -
Extract them together, yours is as fair a A=T
genome; / transcribe them, it doth become T=-
mRNA as well; / recombine them, it is as =A
long; clone with 'em, / Brutus will start a G===C
twin as soon as Caesar. / Now, in the names T==A
of all the gods at once, / upon what C=G
proteins doth our Caesar feed, / that he is TA
grown so great? AT
A=T
T==A
G==-
=C
T-
==A
Overflow fields¶
It's not uncommon for a report to need a series of data fields in one column and
then a second column with only single field, perhaps containing a summary or
discussion of the other data. For example, we might want to produce recipes of
the form:
=================[ Hecate's Broth of Ambition ]=================
Preparation time: Method:
66.6 minutes Remove the legs from the
lizard, the wings from the
Serves: owlet, and the tongue of the
2 doomed souls adder. Set them aside.
Refrigerate the remains (they
Ingredients: can be used to make a lovely
2 snakes (1 fenny, 1 white-meat stock). Drain the
adder) newts' eyes if using pickled.
2 lizards (1 legless, Wrap the toad toes in the
1 regular) bat's wool and immerse in half
3 eyes of newt (fresh a pint of vegan stock in
or pickled) bottom of a preheated
2 toad toes (canned cauldron. (If you can't get a
are fine) fresh vegan for the stock, a
2 cups of bat's wool cup of boiling water poured
1 dog tongue over a vegetarian holding a
1 common or spotted sprouted onion will do). Toss
owlet in the fenny snake, then the
legless lizard. Puree the
tongues together and fold
gradually into the mixture,
stirring widdershins at all
times. Allow to bubble for 45
minutes then decant into two
tarnished copper chalices.
Garnish each with an owlet
wing, and serve immediately.
There are several ways to achieve that effect. The most obvious is to format
each column separately and then lay them out side-by-side with a pair of
verbatim fields:
my $prep = form 'Preparation time: ',
' {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}', $prep_time,
' ',
'Serves: ',
' {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}', $serves,
' ',
'Ingredients: ',
' {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}', $ingredients;
my $make = form 'Method: ',
' {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}',
$method;
print form
'=================[ {||||||||||||||||||||||||||} ]=================',
$recipe,
' ',
' {"""""""""""""""""""""""} {"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""} ',
$prep, $make;
We could even chain the calls to "form" to eliminate the interim
variables:
print form
'=================[ {||||||||||||||||||||||||||} ]=================',
$recipe,
' ',
' {"""""""""""""""""""""""} {"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""} ',
form('Preparation time: ',
' {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}', $prep_time,
' ',
'Serves: ',
' {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}', $serves
' ',
'Ingredients: ',
' {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}', $ingredients,
),
form('Method: ',
' {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}',
$method,
);
While it's impressive to be able to do that kind of nested formatting (and
highly useful in extreme formatting scenarios), it's also far too ungainly for
regular use. A cleaner, more maintainable solution is use a single format and
just build the method column up piecemeal, like so:
print form
'=================[ {||||||||||||||||||||||||||} ]=================',
$recipe,
' ',
'Preparation time: Method: ',
' {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<} {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<:} ',
$prep_time, $method,
' {:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<:} ',
$method,
'Serves: {:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<:} ',
$method,
' {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<} {:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<:} ',
$serves, $method,
' {:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<:} ',
$method,
'Ingredients: {:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<:} ',
$method,
' {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} {:[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} ',
$ingredients, $method;
That produces exactly the same result as the previous versions, because each
follow-on "{:<<<<<<<:}" field in the
"Method" column grabs one extra line from $method, and then the
final follow-on "{:[[[[[[}" field grabs as many more as are required
to lay out the rest of the contents of the variable. The only down-side is
that the resulting code is still downright ugly. With all those tedious
repetitions of the same variable, there's far too much $method in our madness.
Having a series of follow-on fields like this E<ndash> vertically
continuing a single column across subsequent format lines E<ndash> is so
common that "form" provides a special shortcut: the
"{VVVVVVVVV}"
overflow field.
An overflow field automagically duplicates the field specification immediately
above it. The important point being that, because that duplication includes
copying the preceding field's data source, overflow fields don't require a
separate data source of their own.
Using overflow fields, we could rewrite our quotation generator like this:
print form
'=================[ {||||||||||||||||||||||||||} ]=================',
$recipe,
' ',
'Preparation time: Method: ',
' {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<} {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<} ',
$prep_time, $method,
' {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV} ',
'Serves: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV} ',
' {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV} ',
$serves,
' {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV} ',
'Ingredients: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV} ',
' {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV} ',
$ingredients,
' {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV} ';
Which would once again produce the recipe shown earlier.
Note that the overflow fields interact equally well in formats with single-line
and block fields. That's because block overflow fields have one other special
feature: they're non-greedy. Unless we specify otherwise, all types of block
fields will consume their entire data source. For example, if we wrote:
print form {layout=>"across"},
'{<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>:}',
$speech,
'{:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>:}',
$speech,
'{:[[[[[]]]]]:} {="""""""""""""""""""=} {:[[[[[]]]]]]:}',
$speech, $advert, $speech,
'{:[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]}',
$speech;
we'd get:
Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer
by this sun of York; / And all the clouds that lour'd upon
our house / In the deep bosom
of the ocean buried. / Now
are our brows bound with
victorious wreaths; / Our
bruised arms hung up for
monuments; / Our stern
alarums +---------------------+ changed to
merry | | meetings, / Our
dreadful | Eat at Mrs Miggins! | marches to
delightful | | measures. Grim-
visaged war +---------------------+ hath smooth'd
his wrinkled front; / And
now, instead of mounting
barded steeds / To fright the
souls of fearful
adversaries, / He capers
nimbly in a lady's chamber.
That's because the two "{:[[[[[]]]]]:}" block fields on either side of
the verbatim advertisement field will eat all the data in $speech, leaving
nothing for the final format. Then the advertisement will be centred on the
two resulting columns of text.
But, block overflow fields are different. They only take as many lines as are
required to fill the lines generated by the non-overflow fields in their
format. So, if we changed our code to use overflows:
print form {layout=>"across"},
'{<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>}', $speech,
'{VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}',
'{VVVVVVVVVVVV} {="""""""""""""""""""=} {VVVVVVVVVVVVV}', $advert,
'{VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}';
we get both a cleaner specification and a more elegant result:
Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer
by this sun of York; / And all the clouds that lour'd upon
our house / In the deep bosom
of the ocean +---------------------+ buried. / Now
are our brows | | bound with
victorious | Eat at Mrs Miggins! | wreaths; / Our
bruised arms | | hung up for
monuments; / +---------------------+ Our stern
alarums changed to
merry meetings, / Our dreadful marches to delightful
measures. Grim-visaged war hath smooth'd his wrinkled
front; / And now, instead of mounting barded steeds / To
fright the souls of fearful adversaries, / He capers
nimbly in a lady's chamber.
Notice that, in the third format line of the previous example, the two overflow
fields on either side of the advertisement are each overflowing from the
single field that's above both of them. This kind of multiple overflow is
fine, but it does require that we specify
how the various fields
overflow (i.e. as two separate columns of text, or E<ndash> as in this
case E<ndash> as a single, broken column across the page). That's the
purpose of the "layout" option on the first line. This option is
explained in detail below.
The "{VVVVVVVV}" fields only consumed as much data from $speech as was
required to sandwich the output lines created by the verbatim advertisement.
This feature is important, because it means we can lay out a series of block
fields in one column and a single overflowed field in another column without
introducing ugly gaps. For example, because the "{VVVVVVVVV}" fields
in:
print form
"Name: ",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[} ", $name,
" Biography: ",
"Status: {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}", $bio,
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}", $status,
" {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
"Comments: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}", $comments;
only consume as much of the overflowing $bio field as necessary, the result is
something like:
Name:
William
Shakespeare
Biography:
Status: William Shakespeare was born on
Deceased (1564 April 23, 1564 in Strathford-upon-
-1616) Avon, England; he was third of
eight children from Father John
Comments: Shakespeare and Mother Mary Arden.
Theories Shakespeare began his education at
abound as to the age of seven when he probably
the true attended the Strathford grammar
author of his school. The school provided
plays. The Shakespeare with his formal
prime education. The students chiefly
alternative studied Latin rhetoric, logic, and
candidates literature. His knowledge and
being Sir imagination may have come from his
Francis reading of ancient authors and
Bacon, poetry. In November 1582,
Christopher Shakespeare received a license to
Marlowe, or marry Anne Hathaway. At the time of
Edward de their marriage, Shakespeare was 18
Vere years old and Anne was 26. They had
three children, the oldest Susanna,
and twins- a boy, Hamneth, and a
girl, Judith. Before his death on
April 23 1616, William Shakespeare
had written thirty-seven plays. He
is generally considered the
greatest playwright the world has
ever known and has always been the
world's most popular author.
If "{VVVVVVVVVVV}" fields ate their entire data E<ndash> the way
"{[[[[[[[[[}" or "{IIIIIIIIII}" fields do E<ndash>
then the output would be much less satisfactory. The first block overflow
field for $bio would have to consume the entire biography, before the comments
field was even reached. So our output would be something like:
Name:
William
Shakespeare
Biography:
Status: William Shakespeare was born on
Deceased (1564 April 23, 1564 in Strathford-upon-
-1616) Avon, England; he was third of
eight children from Father John
Shakespeare and Mother Mary Arden.
Shakespeare began his education at
the age of seven when he probably
attended the Strathford grammar
school. The school provided
Shakespeare with his formal
education. The students chiefly
studied Latin rhetoric, logic, and
literature. His knowledge and
imagination may have come from his
reading of ancient authors and
poetry. In November 1582,
Shakespeare received a license to
marry Anne Hathaway. At the time of
their marriage, Shakespeare was 18
years old and Anne was 26. They had
three children, the oldest Susanna,
and twins- a boy, Hamneth, and a
girl, Judith. Before his death on
April 23 1616, William Shakespeare
had written thirty-seven plays. He
is generally considered the
greatest playwright the world has
ever known and has always been the
world's most popular author.
Comments:
Theories
abound as to
the true
author of his
plays. The
prime
alternative
candidates
being Sir
Francis
Bacon,
Christopher
Marlowe, or
Edward de
Vere
Which is precisely why "{VVVVVVVVVVV}" fields don't work that way.
Line-breaking
Whenever a field is passed more data than it can accommodate in a single line,
"form" is forced to "break" that data somewhere.
If the field in question is
W columns wide, "form" first
squeezes any whitespace (as specified by the user's "ws" option) and
then looks at the next
W columns of the string.
"form"'s breaking algorithm then searches for a newline, a carriage
return, any other whitespace character, or a hyphen. If it finds a newline or
carriage return within the first
W columns, it immediately breaks the
data string at that point. Otherwise it locates the
last whitespace or
hyphen in the first
W columns and breaks the string immediately after
that space or hyphen. If it can't find anywhere suitable to break the string,
it breaks it at the (
W-1)th column and appends a hyphen.
So, for example:
$data = "You can play no part but Pyramus;\nfor Pyramus is a sweet-faced man";
print form "|{[[[[[}|",
$data;
prints:
|You can|
|play no|
|part |
|but |
|Pyramu-|
|s; |
|for |
|Pyramus|
|is a |
|sweet- |
|faced |
|man |
Note the line-breaks after
can (at a whitespace),
part (after a
whitespace),
sweet- (after a hyphen), and
s; (at a newline).
Note too that
Pyramus; doesn't fit in the field, so it has to be
chopped in two and a hyphen inserted.
Of course, this particular style of line-breaking may not be suitable to all
applications, and we might prefer that "form" use some other
algorithm. For example, if "form" used the TeX breaking algorithm it
would have broken
Pyramus; less clumsily, yielding:
|You can|
|play no|
|part |
|but |
|Pyra- |
|mus; |
|for |
|Pyramus|
|is a |
|sweet- |
|faced |
|man |
To support different line-breaking strategies "form" provides the
"break" option. The "break" option's value must be a
closure/subroutine, which will then be called whenever a data string needs to
be broken to fit a particular field width.
That subroutine is passed three arguments: a reference to the data string
itself, an integer specifying how wide the field is, and a regex indicating
which (if any) characters are to be squeezed. It is expected to return a list
of two values: a string which is taken as the "broken" text for the
field, and a boolean value indicating whether or not any data remains after
the break (so "form" knows when to stop breaking the data string).
The subroutine is also expected to update the ".pos" of the data
string to point immediately after the break it has imposed.
For example, if we always wanted to break at the exact width of the field (with
no hyphens), we could do that with:
sub break_width {
my ($data_ref, $width, $ws) = @_;
for ($$data_ref) {
# Treat any squeezed or vertical whitespace as a single character
# (since they'll subsequently be squeezed to a single space)
my $single_char = qr{ $ws | [\n\r]+ | . }
# Give up if there are no more characters to grab...
return ("", 0) unless m/\G (single_char{1,$width}) /gcx;
# Squeeze the resultant substring...
(my $result = $1) =~ s/ $ws | [\n\r] / /gx;
# Check for any more data still to come...
my $more = m/\G (?= .* \S) /gcx;
# Return the squeezed substring and the "more" indicator...
return ($result, $more);
}
}
print form
{break=>\&break_width},
"|{[[[[[}|",
$data;
producing:
|You can|
|play no|
|part bu|
|t Pyram|
|us; for|
|Pyramus|
|is a sw|
|eet-fac|
|ed man |
Or we might prefer to break on every single whitespace-separated word:
sub break_word {
my ($data_ref, $width, $ws) = @_;
for ($$data_ref) {
# Locate the next word (no longer than $width cols)
my $found = m/\G \s* (\S{1,$width}) /gcx;
# Fail if no more words...
return ("", 0) unless $found;
my $word = $1;
# Check for any more data still to come...
my bool $more = m/\G (?= .* \S) /gcx;
# Otherwise, return broken text and "more" flag...
return ($word, $more);
}
}
print form
{break=>\&break_word},
"|{[[[[[}|",
$data;
producing:
|You |
|can |
|play |
|no |
|part |
|but |
|Pyramus|
|; |
|for |
|Pyramus|
|is |
|a |
|sweet-f|
|aced |
|man |
We'll see yet another application of user-defined breaking when we discuss
user-defined fields.
Interleaving data
There are (at least) three schools of thought when it comes to setting out a
call to "form" that uses more than one format. The
"traditional" way (i.e. the way Perl 5 formats do it) is to
interleave each format string with a line containing the data it is to
interpolate, with each datum aligned directly under the field into which it is
to be fitted. Like so:
print form
"Name: ",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[} ",
$name,
" Biography: ",
"Status: {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}",
$bio,
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
$status,
" {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
"Comments: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
$comments;
This approach has the advantage that it self-documents: to know what a
particular field is supposed to contain, we merely need to look down one line.
It does, however, break up the "abstract picture" that the formats
portray, which can make it more difficult to envisage what the final formatted
text will look like. So some people prefer to put all the data to the right of
the formats:
print form
"Name: ",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[} ", $name,
" Biography: ",
"Status: {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}", $bio,
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}", $status,
" {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
"Comments: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}", $comments;
And that's perfectly acceptable too.
Sometimes, however, the data to be interpolated doesn't come neatly pre-packaged
in separate variables that are easy to intersperse between the formats. For
example, the data might be a list returned by a subroutine call
("get_info($next_person)") or might be stored in a hash
( @person{qw( name biog stat comm )} ).
In such cases it's a nuisance to have to tease that data out into separate
variables (or hash accesses) and then sprinkle them through the formats:
print form
"Name: ",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[} ",$person{name},
" Biography: ",
"Status: {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}",$person{biog},
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",$person{stat},
" {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
"Comments: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}",$person{comm};
So "form" has an option that lets us put a single, multi-line format
at the start of the argument list, place all the data together after it, and
have that data automatically interleaved as necessary. Not surprisingly, that
option is: "interleave". It's normally used in conjunction with a
heredoc, since that's the easiest way to specify a multi-line string in Perl:
print form {interleave=>1}, <<'EOFORMAT',
Name:
{[[[[[[[[[[[[}
Biography:
Status: {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}
{[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
Comments: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
EOFORMAT
@person{qw( name biog stat comm )};
When "interleave" is in effect, "form" grabs the first
string argument it's passed and breaks that argument up into individual lines.
It treats those individual lines as a series of distinct formats and grabs as
many of the remaining arguments as are required to provide data for each
format.
Multi-line formats
It's important to point out that, even when we're using "form"'s
default
non-interleaving behaviour, it's still okay to use a format
that spans multiple lines. There
is however a significant (and useful)
difference in behaviour between the two alternatives.
The normal behaviour of "form" is to take each format string, fill in
each field in the format with a substring from the corresponding data source,
and then repeat that process until all the data sources have been exhausted.
Which means that a multi-line format like this:
print form
<<'EOFORMAT',
Name: {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} Role: {[[[[[[[[[[}
Address: {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}
_______________________________________________
EOFORMAT
@names, @roles, @addresses;
would normally produce this:
Name: King Lear Role: Protagonist
Address: The Cliffs, Dover
_______________________________________________
Name: The Three Witches Role: Plot devices
Address: Dismal Forest, Scotland
_______________________________________________
Name: Iago Role: Villain
Address: Casa d'Otello, Venezia
_______________________________________________
because the entire three-line format is repeatedly filled in as a single unit,
line-by-line and datum-by-datum.
On the other hand, if we tell "form" that it's supposed to
automatically interleave the data coming after the format, like so:
print form {interleave=>1},
<<'EOFORMAT',
Name: {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} Role: {[[[[[[[[[[}
Address: {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}
_______________________________________________
EOFORMAT
@names, @roles, @addresses;
then the call produces:
Name: King Lear Role: Protagonist
Name: The Three Witches Role: Plot devices
Name: Iago Role: Villain
Address: The Cliffs, Dover
Address: Dismal Forest, Scotland
Address: Casa d'Otello, Venezia
_______________________________________________
because that second version is really equivalent to:
print form
"Name: {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} Role: {[[[[[[[[[[}",
@names, @roles,
"Address: {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}",
@addresses,
"_______________________________________________";
That's not much use in this particular example, but it was exactly what was
needed for the biography example earlier. It's just a matter of choosing the
right type of data placement to achieve the particular effect we want.
Layout control
As we saw earlier, with follow-on fields and overflow fields, "form"
is perfectly happy to have several fields in a single format that are all fed
by the same data source. For example:
print form
"{[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]:} {:[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]:} {:[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]}",
$soliloquy, $soliloquy, $soliloquy;
In fact, that kind of format is particularly useful for creating multi-column
outputs (like newspaper columns, for example).
But a small quandry arises. In what order should "form" fill in these
fields? Should the data be formatted down the page, filling each column
completely before starting the next (and therefore potentially leaving the
last column "short"):
Now is the winter of torious wreaths; / front; / And now, in-
our discontent / Made Our bruised arms hung stead of mounting ba-
glorious summer by up for monuments; / rded steeds / To fri-
this sun of York; / Our stern alarums ch- ght the souls of fea-
And all the clouds anged to merry meeti- rful adversaries, /
that lour'd upon our ngs, / Our dreadful He capers nimbly in a
house / In the deep marches to delightful lady's chamber.
bosom of the ocean measures. / Grim-
buried. / Now are our visaged war hath smo-
brows bound with vic- oth'd his wrinkled
Or should the data be run line-by-line across all three columns (the way a Perl
5 "format" does it), filling one line completely before starting the
next:
Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by
this sun of York; / And all the clouds that lour'd upon our
house / In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. / Now are our
brows bound with vic- torious wreaths; / Our bruised arms hung
up for monuments; / Our stern alarums ch- anged to merry meeti-
ngs, / Our dreadful marches to delightful measures. / Grim-
visaged war hath smo- oth'd his wrinkled front; / And now, in-
stead of mounting ba- rded steeds / To fri- ght the souls of fea-
rful adversaries, / He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber.
Or should the text run down the columns, but in such a way as to leave those
columns as evenly balanced in length as possible:
Now is the winter of brows bound with vic- visaged war hath smo-
our discontent / Made torious wreaths; / oth'd his wrinkled
glorious summer by Our bruised arms hung front; / And now, in-
this sun of York; / up for monuments; / stead of mounting ba-
And all the clouds Our stern alarums ch- rded steeds / To fri-
that lour'd upon our anged to merry meeti- ght the souls of fea-
house / In the deep ngs, / Our dreadful rful adversaries, /
bosom of the ocean marches to delightful He capers nimbly in a
buried. / Now are our measures. / Grim- lady's chamber.
Well, of course, there's no "right" answer to that; it depends
entirely on what kind of effect we're trying to achieve.
The first approach (i.e. lay out the text down each column first) works well if
we're formatting a news-column, or a report, or a description of some kind.
The second (i.e. lay out the text across each line first), is excellent for
putting diagrams or call-outs in the middle of a piece of text (as we did for
Mrs Miggins). The third approach (i.e. lay out the data downwards but balance
the columns) is best for presenting a single list of data in multiple columns
E<ndash> like "ls" does.
So we need an option with which to tell "form" which of these useful
alternatives we want for a particular format. That option is named
"layout" and can take one of three string values: "down",
"across", or "balanced". So, for example, to produce three
versions of Richard III's famous monologue in the order shown above, we'd use:
print form {layout=>"down"},
"{[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]:} {:[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]:} {:[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]}",
$soliloquy, $soliloquy, $soliloquy;
then:
print form {layout=>"across"},
"{[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]:} {:[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]:} {:[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]}",
$soliloquy, $soliloquy, $soliloquy;
then:
print form {layout=>"balanced"},
"{[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]:} {:[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]:} {:[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]}",
$soliloquy, $soliloquy, $soliloquy;
By the way, the default value for the "layout" option is
"balanced" since formatting regular columns of data is more common
than formatting news or advertising inserts.
Tabular layout
The "layout" option controls one other form of inter-column
formatting: tabular layout.
So far, all the examples of tables we've created (for example, our normalized
scores) lined up nicely. But that was only because each item in each row
happened to take the same number of lines (typically just one). So, a table
generator like this:
my @play = map {"$_\r"} ( "Othello", "Richard III", "Hamlet" );
my @name = map {"$_\r"} ( "Iago", "Henry", "Claudius" );
print form
"Character Appears in ",
"____________ ____________",
"{[[[[[[[[[[} {[[[[[[[[[[}",
\@name, \@play;
correctly produces:
Character Appears in
____________ ____________
Iago Othello
Henry Richard III
Claudius Hamlet
Note that we appended "\r" to each element to add an extra newline
after each entry in the table. We can't use "\n" to specify a
line-break within an array element, because "form" uses
"\n" as an "end-of-element" marker. So, to allow line
breaks within a single element of an array datum, "form" treats
"\r" as "end-of-line-but-not-end-of-element" (somewhat
like Perl 5's "format" does).
However, if we were to use the full titles for each character and each play:
my @play = map {"$_\r"} ( "Othello, The Moor of Venice",
"The Life and Death of King Richard III",
"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark",
);
my @name = map {"$_\r"} ( "Iago",
"Henry,\rEarl of Richmond",
"Claudius,\rKing of Denmark",
);
the same formatter would produce:
Character Appears in
____________ ____________
Iago Othello, The
Moor of
Henry, Venice
Earl of
Richmond The Life and
Death of
Claudius, King Richard
King of III
Denmark
Hamlet,
Prince of
Denmark
The problem is that the two block fields we're using just grab all the data from
each array and format it independently into each column. Usually that's fine
because the columns
are independent (as we've previously seen).
But in a table, the data in each column specifically relates to data in other
columns, so corresponding elements from the column's data arrays ought to
remain vertically aligned. To achieve this, we simply tell "form"
that the data in the various columns should be laid out like a table:
print form {layout=>"tabular"},
"Character Appears in ",
"____________ ____________",
"{[[[[[[[[[[} {[[[[[[[[[[}",
\@name, \@play;
which then produces the desired result:
Character Appears in
____________ ____________
Iago Othello, The
Moor of
Venice
Henry, The Life and
Earl of Death of
Richmond King Richard
III
Claudius, Hamlet,
King of Prince of
Denmark Denmark
Give him line and scope...¶
Sometimes we want to use a particular option or combination of options in every
call we make to "form". Or, more likely, in every call we make
within a specific scope. For example, we might wish to default to a different
line-breaking algorithm everywhere, or we might want to make repeated use of a
new type of field specifier, or we might want to reset the standard page
length from a printable 60 to a screenable 24.
So the Perl6::Form module provides a mechanism by which options can be prebound.
To use it, we (re-)load the module with an explicit argument list:
use Form { layout=>"down", locale=>1, interleave=>1 };
This causes the module to export a modified version of "form" in which
the specified options are prebound. That modified version of "form"
takes effect from the line following the "use" statement, until the
end of the current package (or another "use Perl6::Form" statement).
The effect is
not truly lexical (as it would be in Perl 6).
These default options are handy if we have a series of calls to "form"
that all need some consistent non-standard behaviour. For example:
use Form { layout=>"across",
interleave=>1,
page => { header => "Draft $(localtime)\n\n" },
};
print form $introduction_format, @introduction_data;
while ($format, @data = get_next) {
print form $format, @data;
}
print form $conclusion_format, @conclusion_data;
Declarative field widths
When specific field widths are required (perhaps by some design document or data
formatting protocol) laying out wide fields can be error-prone. For example,
most people can't visually distinguish between a 52-column field and a
53-column field and are therefore forced to manually verify the width of the
corresponding field specifier in some way.
To catch mistakes of this kind, fields can be specified with an embedded integer
in parentheses (with optional whitespace inside the parens). For example:
print form '{[[[( 15 )[[[[} {<<<<<(17)<<<<<<} {]]](14)]]].[[}',
@data;
The integer in the parentheses acts like a checksum. Its value must be identical
to the actual width of the field (including the delimiting braces and the
embedded integer itself). Otherwise an exception is thrown. For instance,
running the above example produces the error message:
Inconsistent width for field 3.
Specified as '{]]](14)]]].[[}' but actual width is 15
in call to &form at demo.pl line 1
Numeric fields can be given a decimal checksum, which then also specifies their
number of decimal places.
print form
'{[[[( 15 )[[[[} {<<<<<(17)<<<<<<} {]](14.2)]].[}',
@data;
Note that the digits before the decimal still indicate the total width of the
field. So the "{]](14.2)]].[}" field in the above example means
must be 14 columns wide, including 2 decimal places, in exactly
the same way as a "%14.2f" specifier would in a "sprintf".
Imperative field widths
Of course, in some instances it would be much more convenient if we could simply
tell "form" that we want a particular field to be a
particular width, instead of having to explicitly
show it.
So there's another type of integer field annotation that, instead of acting like
a checksum, acts like an...err..."tellsum". That is, we can tell
"form" to ignore a field's physical width and instead insist that it
be magically expanded (or shrunk) to a nominated width. Such a field is said
to have an
imperative width. The integer specifying the imperative
width is placed in curly braces instead of parens.
For example, the format in the previous example could be specified imperatively
as:
print form
'{[{15}[} {<{17}<<} {]]]]{14.2}]]]].[[}',
@data;
Note that the actual width of any field becomes irrelevant if it contains an
imperative width. The field will be condensed or expanded to the specified
width, with subsequent fields pushed left or right accordingly.
Distributive field widths
A special form of imperative width field is the
starred field. A starred
field is one that contains an imperative width specification in which the
number is replaced by a single asterisk.
The width of a starred field is not fixed, but rather is
computed during
formatting. That width is whatever is required to cause the entire format to
fill the current page width of the format (by default, 78 columns). Consider,
for example:
print form
'{]]]]]]]]]]]]]]} {]]].[[} {[[{*}[[} ',
\@names, \@scores, \@comments;
The width of the starred comment field in this case is 49 columns E<ndash>
the default page width of 78 columns minus the 29 columns consumed by the
fixed-width portions of the format (including the other two fields).
If a format contains two or more starred fields, the available space is shared
equally between them. So, for example, to create two equal columns (say, to
compare the contents of two files), we might use:
use Perl6::Slurp;
print form
"{[[[[{*}[[[[} {[[[[{*}[[[[}",
slurp($file1), slurp($file2);
(And, yes, Perl 6 does have a built-in "slurp" function that takes a
filename, opens the file, reads in the entire contents, and returns them as a
single string. For more details see the Perl6::Slurp module E<ndash> now
on the CPAN.)
There is one special case for starred fields: a starred verbatim field:
{""""{*}""""}
It acts like any other starred field, growing according to the available space,
except that it will never grow any wider than the widest line of the data it
is formatting. For example, whereas a regular starred field:
print form
'| {[[{*}[[} |',
$monologue;
expands to the full page width:
| Now is the winter of our discontent |
| Made glorious summer by this sun of York; |
| And all the clouds that lour'd upon our house |
| In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. |
| Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths |
| Our bruised arms hung up for monuments; |
| Our stern alarums changed to merry meetings, |
| Our dreadful marches to delightful measures. |
| Grim-visaged war hath smooth'd his wrinkled front; |
| And now, instead of mounting barded steeds |
| To fright the souls of fearful adversaries, |
| He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber. |
a starred verbatim field:
print form
'| {""{*}""} |',
$monologue;
only expands as much as is strictly necessary to accommodate the data:
| Now is the winter of our discontent |
| Made glorious summer by this sun of York; |
| And all the clouds that lour'd upon our house |
| In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. |
| Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths; |
| Our bruised arms hung up for monuments; |
| Our stern alarums changed to merry meetings, |
| Our dreadful marches to delightful measures. |
| Grim-visaged war hath smooth'd his wrinkled front; |
| And now, instead of mounting barded steeds |
| To fright the souls of fearful adversaries, |
| He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber. |
Extensible fields
By now you've probably noticed that there is quite a large overlap between the
functionality of "form" and that of "(s)printf". For
example, the call:
for (@procs) {
print form
"{>>>} {<<<<<<<(20)<<<<<<<} {>>>>>>} {>>.}%",
$_->{pid}, $_->{cmd}, $_->{time}, $_->{cpu};
}
has approximately the same effect as the call:
for (@procs) {
printf "%5d %-20s %8s %5.1f%%\n",
$_->{pid}, $_->{cmd}, $_->{time}, $_->{cpu};
}
One is more WYSIWYG, the other more concise, but (placed in a suitable loop),
they would both print out lines like these:
2461 vi -ii henry 0:55.83 11.6%
2395 ex cathedra 0:06.59 3.5%
2439 head anne.boleyn 0:00.18 0.1%
2581 dig -short grave 0:01.04 0.0%
There is, however, a crucial difference between these two formatting facilities;
one that only shows up when one of our processes runs over 99 hours. For
example, suppose our browser has been running continuously for a few months
(or, more precisely, for 1214:23.75 hours). Then the calls to
"printf" would print:
2461 vi -ii henry 0:55.83 11.6%
2395 ex cathedra 0:06.59 3.5%
27384 lynx www.divorce.com 1214:23.75 0.8%
2439 head anne.boleyn 0:00.18 0.1%
2581 dig -short grave 0:01.04 0.0%
whilst the calls to "form" would print:
2461 vi -ii henry 0:55.83 11.6%
2395 ex cathedra 0:06.59 3.5%
27384 lynx www.divorce.com 1214:23- 0.8%
2439 head anne.boleyn 0:00.18 0.1%
2581 dig -short grave 0:01.04 0.0%
In other words, field widths in a "printf" represent
minimal
spacing (even if that throws off the overall layout), whereas field widths in
a "form" represent
guaranteed spacing (even if that truncates
some of the data).
Of course, in a situation like this E<ndash> where we knew that the data
might not fit and we didn't want it truncated E<ndash> we could use a
block field instead:
for (@procs) {
print form
"{>>>} {<<<<<<<(19)<<<<<<} {]]]]]]} {>>.%}",
$_->{pid}, $_->{cmd}, $_->{time}, $_->{cpu};
}
in which case we'd get:
2461 vi -ii henry 0:55.83 11.6%
2395 ex cathedra 0:06.59 3.5%
27384 lynx www.divorce.com 1214:23- 0.8%
.75
2439 head anne.boleyn 0:00.18 0.1%
2581 dig -short grave 0:01.04 0.0%
That preserves the data, but the results are still ugly, and it also requires
some fancy footwork E<ndash> making the percentage sign part of the
field specification, as if it were a currency marker E<ndash> to make
the last field work correctly. In other words: it's a kludge. The sad truth is
that sometimes variable-width fields are a better solution.
So "form" provides them too. Any field specification may include a
plus sign ("+") anywhere between its braces, in which case it
specifies an
extensible field: a field whose width is minimal, rather
than absolute. So, in the above example, our call to "form" should
actually look like this:
for (@procs) {
print form
"{>>>} {<<<<<<<(20)<<<<<<<} {>>>>>+} {>>.}%",
$_->{pid}, $_->{cmd}, $_->{time}, $_->{cpu};
}
and would produce this:
2461 vi -ii henry 0:55.83 11.6%
2395 ex cathedra 0:06.59 3.5%
27384 lynx www.divorce.com 1214:23.75 0.8%
2439 head anne.boleyn 0:00.18 0.1%
2581 dig -short grave 0:01.04 0.0%
just like "printf" does.
Likewise, if we thought the command names might exceed 20 columns we could let
that field stretch too:
for (@procs) {
print form
"{>>>} {<<<<<<<(20+)<<<<<<} {>>>>>+} {>>.}%",
$_->{pid}, $_->{cmd}, $_->{time}, $_->{cpu};
}
Note that the field width specifier would still warn us if the field's
"picture" was not exactly 20 columns wide, but the resulting field
would nevertheless stretch as necessary to accommodate longer data.
Whitespace squeezing
When a field is being filled in, whitespace is normally left as-is (except for
justification, and wrapping of lines in block fields). However, this behaviour
can be altered by specifying a
whitespace squeezing strategy.
Squeezing replaces those substrings of the data that match a specified pattern
(for example: "/\s+/"), substituting a single space character.
If we don't want the default (non-)squeezing strategy we can use the
"ws" option specify the particular pattern that is to be used for
squeezing:
print form
{ws=>qr/\h+/}, # squeeze any horizontal whitespace
$format1, @data1,
{ws=>qr/$comment|\s+/}, # now squeeze comments or whitespace
$format2, @data2;
For example, suppose we have a eulogy generator:
sub eulogize ($who, $to, $blaming) {...}
that (rather poorly) drops the appropriate names into a pre-formatted template,
to produce strings like:
Friends, Romans , countrymen, lend me your ears;
I come to bury Caesar , not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones;
So let it be with Caesar . The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.
If we interpolate that string, with its extra spaces and its embedded newlines,
into a "form" field:
print form
"| {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} |",
eulogize('Caesar', 'Romans', 'Brutus');
we'd get:
| Friends, Romans , countrymen, lend me |
| your ears; |
| I come to bury Caesar , not to praise |
| him. |
| The evil that men do lives after them; |
| The good is oft interred with their bones; |
| So let it be with Caesar . The noble |
| Brutus |
| Hath told you Caesar was |
| ambitious: |
| If it were so, it was a grievous fault, |
| And grievously hath Caesar answer'd |
| it. |
Note that the extra spaces and the embedded newlines are preserved in the
resulting text.
But, if we told "form" to squeeze all whitespaces:
print form {ws => qr/\s+/},
"| {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} |",
eulogize('Caesar', 'Romans', 'Brutus');
we'd get:
| Friends, Romans , countrymen, lend me your |
| ears; I come to bury Caesar , not to |
| praise him. The evil that men do lives |
| after them; The good is oft interred with |
| their bones; So let it be with Caesar . |
| The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was |
| ambitious: If it were so, it was a |
| grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar |
| answer'd it. |
with each sequence of characters that match "/\s+/" being reduced to a
single space.
On the other hand, if we wanted to preserve the newlines and squeeze only
horizontal whitespace, that would be:
print form {ws => qr/[ \t]+/},
"| {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} |",
eulogize('Caesar', 'Romans', 'Brutus');
which produces:
| Friends, Romans , countrymen, lend me your |
| ears; |
| I come to bury Caesar , not to praise him. |
| The evil that men do lives after them; |
| The good is oft interred with their bones; |
| So let it be with Caesar . The noble |
| Brutus |
| Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: |
| If it were so, it was a grievous fault, |
| And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. |
Of course, for this particular text, none of these solutions is entirely
satisfactory since squeezing the whitespaces to a single space still leaves a
single space in places like "Caesar ." and "Romans ,".
To remove those blemishes we need to take advantage of a more sophisticated
aspect of "form"'s whitespace squeezing behaviour. Namely that, when
squeezing whitespace using a particular pattern, "form" detects if
that pattern captures anything and
doesn't squeeze the captured items.
More precisely, if the squeeze pattern matches but doesn't capture,
"form" simply replaces the entire match with a single space
character. But if the squeeze pattern
does capture, "form"
doesn't insert a space character, but instead replaces the entire match with
the concatenation of the captured substrings.
That means we can completely eliminate any whitespace before a punctuation
character with:
print form {ws => qr/[ \t]+ ([.!?,:;])?/},
"| {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} |",
eulogize('Caesar', 'Romans', 'Brutus');
which produces the desired:
| Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your |
| ears; |
| I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. |
| The evil that men do lives after them; |
| The good is oft interred with their bones; |
| So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus |
| Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: |
| If it were so, it was a grievous fault, |
| And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. |
This works because, in those instances where the pattern matches some whitespace
followed by one of the punctuation characters, the punctuation character is
captured, and the captured character is then used to replace the entire
whitespace-plus-punctuator. On the other hand, if the pattern matches
whitespace but no punctuator (and it's allowed to do that because the
punctuator is optional), then nothing is captured, so "form" falls
back to replacing the whitespace with a single space.
Field filling
Fields are (almost) always of a fixed width. So, if there isn't enough data to
fill a particular field, the unused portions of that field are filled in with
spaces to preserve the vertical alignment of other columns of formatted data.
However, spaces are only the default. The "hfill" (horizontal fill)
option can be used to change fillers. For example:
print form
{hfill=>"=-"}, # Fill next fields with "=-"
"{|{*}|}\n", # Full width field for title
"[ Table of Contents ]", # Title
{hfill=>" ."}, # Fill next fields with spaced dots
' {[[[[[{*}[[[[[}{]]]} ', # Two indented block fields
@contents, @page; # Data for those blocks
This fills the empty space either side of the centred title with a repeated
"=-=-=-" sequence. It then fills the gaps to the right of the
left-justified the contents field, and to left of the right-justified pages
field, with spaced dots. Which, rather prettily, produces something like:
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-[ Table of Contents ]-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
The Tempest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Two Gentlemen of Verona . . . . . . . . . 17
The Merry Wives of Winsor . . . . . . . . 27
Twelfh Night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Measure for Measure . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Much Ado About Nothing. . . . . . . . . . 62
A Midsummer Night's Dream . . . . . . . . 73
Love's Labour's Lost. . . . . . . . . . . 82
The Merchant of Venice. . . . . . . . . . 94
As You Like It. . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Note that the fill sequence doesn't have to be a single character and that the
fill pattern is consistent across multiple fields and between adjacent lines.
That is, it's as if every field is first filled with the same fill pattern,
then the actual data written over the top. That's particularly handy in the
above example, because it ensures that the fill pattern seamlessly bridges the
boundary between the adjacent contents and pages fields.
It's also possible to specify separate fill sequences for the left- and
right-hand gaps in a particular field, using the "lfill" and
"rfill" options. This is particularly common for numerical fields.
For example, this call to "form":
print form
'Name Bribe (per dastardry)',
'============= =====================',
'{[[[[[[[[[[[} {]],]]].[[[} ',
\@names, \@bribes;
would print something like:
Name Bribe (per dastardry)
============= =====================
Crookback 12.676
Iago 1.62
Borachio 45,615.0
Shylock 19.0003
with the numeric field padded with whitespace and only showing as many decimal
places as there are in the data.
However, in order to prevent subsequent..err...creative calligraphy (they
are, after all, villains and would presumably not hesitate to add a few
digits to the front of each number), we might prefer to put stars before the
numbers and show all decimal places. We could do that like so:
print form
'Name Bribe (per dastardry)',
'============= =====================',
'{[[[[[[[[[[[} {]],]]].[[[} ',
\@names, {lfill=>'*', rfill=>'0'},
@bribes;
which would then print:
Name Bribe (per dastardry)
============= =====================
Crookback *****12.6760
Iago ******1.6200
Borachio *45,615.0000
Shylock *****19.0003
Note that the "lfill" and "rfill" options are specified
after the format string and, more particularly, before the data for the
second field. This means that those options only take effect for that
particular field and the previous fill behaviour is then reasserted for
subsequent fields. Many other "form" options E<ndash> for
example "ws", "height", or "break"
E<ndash> can be specified in this way, so as to apply them only to a
particular field.
There is also a general "fill" option that sets the default sequence
for any filling that isn't otherwise specified.
Zero-filled numeric fields
Filling numeric fields with zeros is so common that "form" offers a
shorthand notation for it. If the first character inside a numeric field
specification is a zero, then the left-fill string for that field is set to
"0". Likewise if the last character in the field is a zero, it is
right-filled with zeros. For example:
my @nums = (0, 1, -1.2345, 1234.56, -1234.56, 1234567.89);
print form
"{]]]].[[} {]]]].[0} {0]]].[[} {0]]].[0}",
\@nums, \@nums, \@nums, \@nums;
prints:
0.0 0.000 00000.0 00000.000
1.0 1.000 00001.0 00001.000
-1.234 -1.234 -0001.234 -0001.234
1234.56 1234.560 01234.56 01234.560
-1234.56 -1234.560 -1234.56 -1234.560
#####.### #####.### #####.### #####.###
Up and down, up and down, I will lead them up and down...
Formatted text blocks are also filled vertically. Empty lines at the end of the
block are normally filled with spaces (so as to preserve the alignment of any
other fields on the same line). However, this too can be controlled, with the
"vfill" option. Alternatively E<ndash> as with horizontal
filling E<ndash> separate fill sequences can be specified for above and
below the text using the "tfill" and "bfill"
("top" and "bottom" fill) options.
For example, if we had six elements in @task, but only four processors:
print form
{bfill=>'[unallocated]'},
'Task Processor',
'==== =========',
'{[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} {]]]]]][[[[[}',
\@task, [1..4];
we'd get:
Task Processor
==== =========
Borrow story 1
Rename characters 2
Subdivide into scenes 3
Write dialogue 4
Check rhythm and meter [unallocated]
Insert puns and japes [unallocated]
Height control
It is possible to constrain the minimum and maximum number of lines that a
particular format or block field must cover, regardless of how much data it
contains. We do that using the "height" option. For example:
print form
{height=>3},
'{[[[[}{IIII}{]]]]}',
$l, $c, $r;
This will cause the call to "form" to generate exactly three output
lines, even if the contents of the data variables would normally fit in fewer
lines or would actually require more.
To specify a range of heights we can use the "min" and "max"
suboptions:
print form
{height=>{ min=>3, max=>20 }},
'{[[[[}{IIII}{]]]]}',
$l, $c, $r;
This specifies that, no matter how much data is available, the output will be no
less than three lines and no more than 20.
Note, however, that the "height" option refers to the height of
individual fields, not of entire output pages. we'll see how to control the
latter shortly.
Minimal height fields
As we saw earlier, a block overflow field ("{VVVVVVVVV}") has the
special property that it only overflows as much as necessary to fill the
output lines generated by other block fields. That enabled us to create an
overflowing column of text like so:
print form
{interleave=>1}, <<EOFORMAT,
Name:
{[[[[[[[[[[[[}
Biography:
Status: {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}
{[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
Comments: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
EOFORMAT
$name,
$biography,
$status,
$comments;
without the first "{VVVVVVVVV}" field eating all the data out of $bio
and leaving a large gap between the Status and the Comments.
That's a very handy feature, but restricting the "minimal height"
feature to overflow fields turns out to be not good enough in the general
case. For instance, suppose we had wanted the biography field to start at the
first line of the output text:
Name: Biography:
William William Shakespeare was born on
Shakespeare April 23, 1564 in Strathford-upon-
Avon, England; he was third of
Status: eight children from Father John
Deceased (1564 Shakespeare and Mother Mary Arden.
-1616) Shakespeare began his education at
the age of seven when he probably
Comments: attended the Strathford grammar
Theories school. The school provided
abound as to Shakespeare with his formal
the true education. The students chiefly
author of his studied Latin rhetoric, logic, and
plays. The literature. His knowledge and
prime imagination may have come from his
alternative reading of ancient authors and
candidates poetry. In November 1582,
being Sir Shakespeare received a license to
Francis marry Anne Hathaway. At the time of
Bacon, their marriage, Shakespeare was 18
Christopher years old and Anne was 26. They had
Marlowe, or three children, the oldest Susanna,
Edward de and twins- a boy, Hamneth, and a
Vere girl, Judith. Before his death on
April 23 1616, William Shakespeare
had written thirty-seven plays. He
is generally considered the greatest
playwright the world has ever known
and has always been the world's most
popular author.
To do that, we would have required a call to "form" like this:
print form
{interleave=>1}, <<EOFORMAT,
Name: Biography:
{[[[[[[[[[[[[} {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}
{VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
Status: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
Comments: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
EOFORMAT
$name,
$biography,
$status,
$comments;
Note that the first line of the Biography field now has to be a block field, not
a single-line field (as in previous versions). It can't be a single-line,
because the Name field is a block field and that would leave a gap in the
Biography column:
Name: Biography:
William William Shakespeare was born on
Shakespeare
April 23, 1564 in Strathford-upon-
Status: Avon, England; he was third of
etc.
So it has to be a block field, to "keep up" with however much output
the multi-line Name field produces. Unfortunately, starting the Biography
column with a normal block field doesn't solve the problem either. In fact we
get:
Name: Biography:
William William Shakespeare was born on
Shakespeare April 23, 1564 in Strathford-upon-
Avon, England; he was third of
eight children from Father John
Shakespeare and Mother Mary Arden.
Shakespeare began his education at
the age of seven when he probably
attended the Strathford grammar
school. The school provided
Shakespeare with his formal
education. The students chiefly
studied Latin rhetoric, logic, and
literature. His knowledge and
imagination may have come from his
reading of ancient authors and
poetry. In November 1582,
Shakespeare received a license to
marry Anne Hathaway. At the time of
their marriage, Shakespeare was 18
years old and Anne was 26. They had
three children, the oldest Susanna,
and twins- a boy, Hamneth, and a
girl, Judith. Before his death on
April 23 1616, William Shakespeare
had written thirty-seven plays. He
is generally considered the
greatest playwright the world has
ever known and has always been the
world's most popular author.
Status:
Deceased (1564
-1616)
Comments:
Theories
abound as to
the true
author of his
plays. The
prime
alternative
candidates
being Sir
Francis
Bacon,
Christopher
Marlowe, or
Edward de
Vere
Normal block fields are remorseless in consuming all of their data. So the first
Biography field absolutely will not stop formatting, ever, until your entire
$biography string is gone.
What we really need here, is a kinder, gentler block field; a block field that
formats minimally, like an overflow field. And we get that with yet another
"height" option: "height=>"minimal"". Like
so:
print form
{interleave=>1}, <<EOFORMAT,
Name: Biography:
{[[[[[[[[[[[[} {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}
{VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
Status: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{[[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
Comments: {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
{[[[[[[[[[[[} {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}
EOFORMAT
$name,
{height=>"minimal"}, $biography,
$status,
$comments;
When this option is applied to a particular field (by placing it immediately
before the field's data), that field only consumes as much of its data is is
required to fill the output lines created by the other (non-minimal) fields in
the same format. In this case, that means that the first Biography field only
extracts as much data from $biography as is needed to fill the text lines
created by the Name field.
Note that any kind of block field can be modified in this way: justified,
numeric, currency, or verbatim.
Underlining
As some of the examples we've seen so far illustrate, formats frequently consist
of a set of column titles, followed by the corresponding columns of data. And,
typically, those column titles are underlined to make them stand out:
print form
'Name Bribe (per dastardry)',
'============= =====================',
'{[[[[[[[[[[[} {]],]]].[[[} ',
@names, @bribes;
So "form" has an option that automates that process. For example, the
payments example above could also have been written:
print form
'Name Bribe (per dastardry)',
{under=>"="},
'{[[[[[[[[[[[} {]],]]].[[[} ',
@names, @bribes;
The "under" option takes a string and uses it to underline the most
recently formatted line. It does this by examining the formats immediately
before and after the "under". It then generates a series of
underlines by repeating the specified underlining string as many times as
required. The underlines are generated such that every field and every other
non-whitespace literal in the preceding format has a underline under it and
every field/non-whitespace in the next format has an "overline"
above it.
For example, this call to "form":
print form
' Rank Name Serial Number',
{under=>"_"},
'{]]]]]]]]} {[[[[[[[[[} {IIIII}',
@ranks,@names, @nums;
prints:
Rank Name Serial Number
__________ ___________ _____________
Corporal Nym CMXVII
Lieutenant Bardolph CCIV
Captain Spurio MMMCDX
General Pompey XI
The usual effect is that the auto-generated underlines always extend to the
edges of both the preceding title and the following field, whichever is wider.
Many people, of course, prefer to draw the underlines themselves, as the results
are then much easier to visualize when looking at the code. The
"under" option is most useful when we're constructing tables
programmatically, with columns and column titles that are only known at
run-time.
Output trimming
The default fill-with-spaces behaviour of fields is useful to preserve the
vertical alignment of columns within a formatted text, but it could also
potentially increase the size of "form"'s output unnecessarily. For
example, the following:
print form
'To Do:',
' {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}',
@todo;
might produce something like:
To Do:
Dissemble
Deceive
Dispute
Defy
Duel
Defeat
Dispatch
That looks fine but, because each line is produced by the large left-justified
field that is automatically filled with whitespace, the output contains
several hundred more space characters than are strictly necessary (you
probably didn't notice them, but they're all there E<ndash> hanging off
the right sides of the individual To-Do items).
Fortunately, however, "form" is smarter than that. Extraneous trailing
whitespace on the right-hand side of any output line is automatically trimmed.
So the above example actually produces:
To Do:
Dissemble
Deceive
Dispute
Defy
Duel
Defeat
Dispatch
Of course, if you really do need those "invisible" trailing
whitespaces for some reason, "form" provides a way to keep them
E<ndash> the "untrimmed" option:
print form {untrimmed=>1},
'To Do:',
' {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}',
@todo;
Page control¶
Normally, "form" assumes that whatever data it is formatting is
supposed to produce a single, arbitrarily long, unbroken piece of text. But
"form" can also format data into multiple pages of fixed length and
width, inserting customized, page-specific headers, footers, and pagefeeds for
each page.
All these features are controlled by the the "page" option (or more
precisely, by its various suboptions):
print form
{ page => { length => $page_len, # Default: 60 lines
width => $page_width, # Default: 78 columns
number => $first_page_num, # Default: 1
header => \&make_header, # Default: no header
footer => \&make_footer, # Default: no footer
feed => \&make_pagefeed, # Default: no pagefeed
body => \&adjust_body, # Default: no chiropracty
}
},
$format,
@args;
Measure his woe the length and breadth of mine...
The "page => { length => ... }" suboption determines the number
of output lines per page (including headers and footers). Normally, this
suboption is set to infinity, which produces that single, arbitrarily long,
unbroken page of text. But the suboption can be set to any positive integer
value, to cause "form" to generate distinct pages of that many lines
each.
The value of the "page => { width => ... }" suboption is used to
determine the width of distributive fields and in some page body
postprocessors. By default, this suboption is set to 78 (columns), but it may
be set to any positive integer value.
The "page => { number => ... }" suboption specifies the current
page number. By default it starts at 1, but may be set to any numeric value.
This suboption is generally only of use in headers and footers (see below).
Headers and footers
The "page => { header => ... }" suboption specifies a hash
containing a set of strings or subroutines that are to be used to create page
headers. Each key of the hash indicates a particular kind of page that the
corresponding value will provide the header for. For example:
header => { first => " 'The Tempest' by W. Shakespeare ",
last => " -- The End -- ",
odd => "Act $act, Scene $scene ",
even => " ",
other => " [Thys hedder intenshunally blanke] ",
}
Given the above specification, "form" will:
- •
- use the full title and author as the header of the first page,
- •
- write "-- The End --" across the top of the last page,
- •
- prepend the act and scene information to the start of any odd page
(except, of course, the first or the last), and
- •
- provide an empty line as the header of any even page (except the last, if
it happens to be even).
Note that, in this case, since we've provided specific headers for every odd and
even page, the "other" header will never be used. On the other hand,
if we'd specified:
header => { first => " 'The Tempest' by W. Shakespeare ",
other => " 'The Tempest'",
}
then every page except the first would have just a right-justified title at the
top.
Of course, if we want every page to have the same header, we can just write:
header => { other => " 'The Tempest'"}
But that's a little klunky, so "form" also accepts a single string
instead of a hash, to specify a header to be used for every page:
header => " 'The Tempest'"
Headers don't all have to be the same size either. For example, we might prefer
a more imposing first header:
header => { first => " 'The Tempest' \n"
. " by \n"
. " W. Shakespeare \n"
. "____________________________________________________",
other => " 'The Tempest'",
}
"form" simply notes the number of lines each header requires and then
reduces the available number of lines within the page accordingly, so as to
preserve the exact overall page length.
Often we'll need headers that aren't fixed strings. For example, we might want
each page to include the appropriate page number. So instead of a string,
we're allowed to specify a particular header as a subroutine. That subroutine
is then called each time that particular header is required, and its return
value is used as the required header.
When the subroutine is called, the current set of active formatting options are
passed to it as a list of pairs. Typically, then, the subroutine will specify
one or more named-only parameters corresponding to the options it cares about,
followed by a starred hash parameter to collect the rest. For example if every
page should have its (left-justified) page number for a header:
header => sub { return $_[0]{page}{number}; }
Footers work in exactly the same way in almost all respects; the obvious
exception being that they're placed at the end of a page, rather than the
start.
Pagefeeds work the same way too. A pagefeed is a string that is placed between
the footer of one page and the header of the next. They're like formfeeds,
except they can be any string we choose. They're called "pagefeeds"
instead of "formfeeds" because they're placed between pages, not
between calls to "form".
Page body postprocessing
Sometimes it's useful to be able to grab the entire body of a page (i.e. the
contents of the page between the header and footer)
after it's been
formatted together. For example, we might wish to centre those contents, or to
crop them at a particular column.
To this end, the "page => { body => ... }" suboption allows us
to specify a page body post-processor. That is, a subroutine or format that
lays out the page's formatted text between the page's header and footer. Like
the "header", "footer", and "feed" suboptions,
the "body" suboption can take either a closure, a hash, or a string.
If the value of the "body" suboption is a string or a hash of pairs,
the text of the body is (recursively) "form"'ed using that string
(or those string values) as its format. A very common usage is to arrange for
the formatted text to be horizonally and vertically centred on each page:
body => '{=I{*}I=}'
A more sophisticated variation on this is to use a hash to insert a left or
right "gutter" for each page:
$gutter = " " x $gutter_width;
body => { odd => $gutter ~ '{"""{*}"""}',
even => '{"""{*}"""}' ~ $gutter,
}
On the other hand, if the value of the "body" suboption is a
subroutine, the body text is passed to that sub as a reference to an array of
lines. A second array reference is also passed in, containing as many newlines
as would be needed to pad out the body text to the correct number of lines for
the page. Finally, the current formatting options are passed as a hash
reference. As with the "header" etc. suboption, the closure is
expected to return a single string (representing the final formatting of the
page body).
For example, to add line numbers to the text each page (but
not to the
headers or footers or filler lines):
my $linenum = 1;
sub numerate {
my @lines = @{$_[0]};
my @fill = @{$_[1]};
my $page = ${$_[2]}{page};
# Compute range of line numbers
my @linenums = ($linenum .. $linenum+@lines-1);
# Reformat body lines verbatim,
# with a left-justified line number before each...
my $body = form '{[[[[} {"""{*}"""}',
\@linenums, \@lines,
@fill;
# Update the final line number and return the new body text...
$linenum += @lines;
return $body;
}
print form
page => { body => \&numerate,
header => "\n==========\n\n",
length => 12,
},
# Left-justify the Briton...
"{[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}",
$soliloquy{RichardIII},
# Right-justify the Dane...
" {]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]}",
$soliloquy{Hamlet};
which produces:
==========
1 Now is the winter of our discontent /
2 Made glorious summer by this sun of
3 York; / And all the clouds that lour'd
4 upon our house / In the deep bosom of
5 the ocean buried. / Now are our brows
6 bound with victorious wreaths; / Our
7 bruised arms hung up for monuments; /
8 Our stern alarums changed to merry
9 meetings, / Our dreadful marches to
==========
10 delightful measures. Grim-visaged war
11 hath smooth'd his wrinkled front; / And
12 now, instead of mounting barded steeds
13 / To fright the souls of fearful
14 adversaries, / He capers nimbly in a
15 lady's chamber.
==========
16 To be, or not to be -- that is the question: /
17 Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer /
18 The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune /
19 Or to take arms against a sea of troubles /
20 And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep --
21 / No more -- and by a sleep to say we end /
22 The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks
23 / That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation /
24 Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep -- /
==========
25 To sleep -- perchance to dream: ay, there's
26 the rub, / For in that sleep of death what
27 dreams may come / When we have shuffled off
28 this mortal coil, / Must give us pause.
29 There's the respect / That makes calamity of
30 so long life.
E<nbsp>
User-defined fields¶
Perl6::Form provides a large variety of field types, but not every possible
type. For example, suppose we want a field that masks its data in some way.
Perhaps a field that blanks out certain words by replacing them with the
corresponding number of X's.
We could always do that by writing a subroutine that generates the appropriate
filter:
sub expurgate {
my $hidewords = join "|", map quotemeta, @_;
return sub {
$_[0] =~ s/($hidewords)/ 'X' x length $1 /gixe;
return $data;
}
}
We could then apply that subroutine to the data of any field that needed
bowdlerization:
my $censor = expurgate qw(villain plot libel treacherous murderer false deadly 'G');
print form
"[Ye following tranfcript hath been cenfored by Order of ye King]\n\n",
" {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}",
$censor->($speech);
to produce:
[Ye following tranfcript hath been cenfored by Order of ye King]
And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover,
To entertain these fair well-spoken days,
I am determined to prove a XXXXXXX
And hate the idle pleasures of these days.
XXXXs have I laid, inductions dangerous,
By drunken prophecies, XXXXXs and dreams,
To set my brother Clarence and the king
In XXXXXX hate the one against the other:
And if King Edward be as true and just
As I am subtle, XXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX,
This day should Clarence closely be mew'd up,
About a prophecy, which says that XXX
Of Edward's heirs the XXXXXXXX shall be.
Of course, if this were Puritanism and not Perl, we might have a long list of
proscribed words that we needed to excise from
every formatted text. In
that case, rather that explicitly running every data source through the same
censorious subroutine, it would be handy if "form" had a built-in
field that did that for us automatically.
Naturally, "form" doesn't have such a field built-in...but we can
certainly give it one.
User-defined field specifiers can be declared using the "field"
option, which takes as its value an array of pairs. The key of each pair is a
string or a rule (i.e. regex) that specifies the syntax of the user-defined
field. The value of each pair is a closure/subroutine that constructs a
standard field specifier to replace the user-defined specifier. Alternatively,
the value of a pair may be a string, which is taken as the (static) field
specifier to be used instead of the user-defined field.
In other words, each pair is a macro that maps a user-defined field (specified
by the pair's key) onto a standard "form" field (specified by the
pair's value). For example:
field => [ qr/\{ X+ \}/x => \&censor_field ]
This tells "form" that whenever it finds a brace-delimited field
consisting of one or more X's, it should call a subroutine named
"censor_field" and use the return value of that call instead of the
all-X field.
When the key of a "field" pair matches some part of a format, its
corresponding subroutine is called. That subroutine is passed the Perl6ish
result (i.e. $0) of the regex match, as well as a reference to the hash of
active options for that field. Changes to the options hash will affect the
subsequent formatting behaviour of that field.
So "censor_field" could be implemented like so:
# Constructor subroutine for user-defined censor fields...
sub censor_field {
my ($field_spec, $opts) = @_;
# Set up the field's 'break' option with a censorious break...
$opts->{break} = break_and_censor($->opts{break});
# Construct a left-justified field with the appropriate width
# specified imperatively...
return '{[[{' . length($field_spec) . '}[[}';
}
The "censor_field" subroutine has to change the field's
"break" option, creating a new line breaker that also expurgates
unsuitable words. To do this it calls "break_and_censor", which
returns a new line breaker subroutine:
# Create a new 'break' sub...
sub break_and_censor {
my $original_breaker = @_;
return sub {
# Call the field's original 'break' sub...
my ($nextline, $more) = $original_breaker->(@_);
# X out any doubleplus ungood words
$nextline =~ s/($proscribed_words)/ 'X' x length $1 /gixe;
# Return the "corrected" version...
return ($nextline, $more);
}
}
Having created a subroutine to translate censor fields and another to
break-and-expurgate the data placed in them, we are now in a position to
create a module that encapsulates the new formatting functionality:
package Ministry::Of::Truth
use Perl6::Export;
# Internal mechanism (as above)...
my $proscribed = "...";
sub break_and_censor (&original_breaker) {...}
sub censor_field ($field_spec, %opts) {...}
# Make the new field type standard by default in this scope...
use Form { field => [ rx/\{ X+ \}/ => \&censor_field ] };
# Re-export the specialized &form that was imported above...
sub form is export(:DEFAULT) {...}
}
Okay, admittedly that's quite a lot of work. But the pay-off is huge: we can now
trample on free speech
much more easily:
use Ministry::Of::Truth;
print form
"[Ye following tranfcript hath been cenfored by Order of ye King]\n\n",
" {XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX}",
$speech;
And we'd get the same carefully XXXX'ed output as before.
Single-column fields
User-defined fields are also a handy way to create single-character markers for
single-column fields (in order to preserve the one-to-one spacing of a
format). For example:
print form
{field => { '^' => '{<III{1}III}', # 1-char-wide, top-justified block
'=' => '{<=II{1}II=}', # 1-char-wide, middle-justified block
'_' => '{<_II{1}II_}', # 1-char-wide, bottom-justified block
}
},
'~~~~~~~~~',
'^ _ = _ ^', qw(like round and orient perls),
'~~~~~~~~~';
prints:
~~~~~~~~~
l o p
i r a r e
k o n i r
e u d e l
n n s
d t
~~~~~~~~~
Single fields are particularly useful for labelling the vertical axes of a
graph:
use Form {field => [ '=' => '{<=II{1}II=}' ] };
@vert_label = qw(Villain's fortunes);
$hor_label = "Time";
print form
' ^ ',
' = = | {""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""} ', @vert_label, \@data,
' +--------------------------------------->',
' {|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||} ', $hor_label;
which produces:
^
|
V | *
i f | * *
l o | * *
l r |
a t | * *
i u |
n n | * *
' e |
s s |
|
| * *
+--------------------------------------->
Time
Specifying these kinds of single-character block markers is perhaps the
commonest use of user-defined fields. But the:
field => [ '=' => '{<=II{1}II=}' ]
syntax is uncomfortably verbose for that purpose. So calls to "form"
can also accept a short-hand notation to define a single-character field:
single => '='
or to define several at once:
single => ['#', '*', '+']
The "single" option does exactly the same thing as the
"field" options shown above. It takes a single-character string, or
a reference to an array of such strings, as its value. It then turns each of
those strings into a single-column field marker. If the character is '=' then
the field is vertically "middled" within its block. If the character
is '_' then the field is "bottomed" within its block. If the single
character is anything else, the resulting block is top-justified. So our
previous example could also have been written:
print form
{single => "="},
' ^ ',
' = = | {""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""} ', @vert_label, \@data,
' +--------------------------------------->',
' {|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||} ', $hor_label;
Bulleted lists¶
Suppose we want a list of items bulleted by "diamonds":
<> A rubber sword (laminated with mylar to
look suitably shiny).
<> Cotton tights (summer performances).
<> Woolen tights (winter performances or
those actors who are willing to admit
to being over 65 years of age).
<> Talcum powder.
<> Codpieces (assorted sizes).
<> Singlet.
<> Double.
<> Triplet (Kings and Emperors only).
<> Supercilious attitude (optional).
Something like this works well enough:
for my $item (@items) {
print form
'<> {<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<}', $item;
' {VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV}';
}
The first format produces the bullet plus the first line of text for the item,
then the second format handles any overflow of the item data.
Alternatively, we could achieve the same result with a single format string by
interpolating the bullet as well:
my $bullet = "<>";
for my $item (@items) {
print form
"{''{*}''} {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}",
$bullet, $item;
}
Here we use a single-line starred verbatim field ("{''{*}''}"), so
that the bullet is interpolated "as-is" and the field is only as
wide as the bullet itself. Then for the item itself we use a block field,
which will format the item data over as many lines as necessary. Meanwhile,
because the bullet's field is single-line, after the first line the bullet
field will be filled with spaces (instead of a "diamond"), leaving a
bullet only on the first line.
This second approach also has the advantage that we could change the bullet
string at run-time and the format would adapt automatically.
However, it's still a little irritating that we have to set up a loop and call
"form" separately for each element of @items. After all, if we
didn't need to bullet our list we could just write:
print form
"{[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}",
\@items;
and "form" would take care of iterating over the @items for us. It
seems that things ought to be that easy for bulleted lists as well.
And, of course, things
are that easy.
All we need to do is tell "form" that whenever the string
"<>" appears in a format, it should be treated as a bullet.
That is, it should appear only beside the
first line of text produced
when formatting each element of the adjacent field's data.
To tell "form" all that we use the "bullet" option:
print form
{bullet => "<>"},
"<> {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}",
\@items;
The presence of this "bullet" option causes "form" to treat
the sequence "<>" as a special field. That special field
interpolates the string "<>" when the field immediately to its
right begins to format a new data element, but thereafter interpolates only
spaces until the adjacent field finishes formatting that data element.
Or, to put it more simply, if we tell "form" that "<>"
is a bullet, "form" treats it like a bullet that's attached to the
very next field.
So we could allow our Shakespearean roles example to handle multi-line character
names, like so:
print "The best Shakespearean roles are:\n\n";
print form
{bullet => "* "},
" * {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[} *{[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]}*",
\@roles, \$disclaimer;
This could then produce something like:
The best Shakespearean roles are:
* Either of the 'two foolish *WARNING: *
officers': Dogberry and Verges *This list of roles*
* That dour Scot, the Laird *constitutes a*
Macbeth *personal opinion*
* The tragic Moor of Venice, *only and is in no*
Othello *way endorsed by*
* Rosencrantz's good buddy *Shakespeare'R'Us. *
Guildenstern *It may contain*
* The hideous and malevolent *nuts. *
Richard III * *
Notice too that the asterisks on either side of the disclaimer
aren't
treated as bullets. That's because we defined a bullet to be "* ",
and neither of the disclaimer asterisks has a space after it.
Bullets can be any string we like, and there can be more than one of them in a
single format. For example:
print form
{bullet => '+'},
"+ {[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[:} + {:[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[}",
\@items, \@items;
would print:
+ A rubber sword, 65 years of age).
laminated with mylar + Talcum powder.
to look suitably + Codpieces (assorted
shiny. sizes).
+ Cotton tights (summer + Singlet.
performances). + Double.
+ Woolen tights (winter + Triplet (Kings and
performances or those Emperors only).
actors who are willing + Supercilious attitude
to admit to being over (optional).
WARNING¶
The syntax and semantics of Perl 6 is still being finalized and consequently is
at any time subject to change. That means the same caveat applies to this
module.
DEPENDENCIES¶
Requires: Perl 5.8.0, Perl6::Export, Scalar::Util, List::Util.
AUTHOR¶
Damian Conway (damian@conway.org)
COPYRIGHT¶
Copyright (c) 2003, Damian Conway. All Rights Reserved.
This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed
and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.