NAME¶
gdb - The GNU Debugger
SYNOPSIS¶
- gdb
- [-help] [-nx] [-q] [-batch]
[-cd=dir ] [-f] [-b bps]
[-tty=dev] [-s symfile] [-e
prog] [-se prog] [-c core] [-x
cmds] [-d dir]
[prog[core|procID]]
DESCRIPTION¶
The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is going on
``inside'' another program while it executes—or what another program
was doing at the moment it crashed.
GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to
help you catch bugs in the act:
- •
- Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior.
- •
- Make your program stop on specified conditions.
- •
- Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.
- •
- Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the
effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.
You can use GDB to debug programs written in C, C++, and Modula-2. Fortran
support will be added when a GNU Fortran compiler is ready.
GDB is invoked with the shell command
gdb. Once started, it reads
commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit with the GDB command
quit. You can get online help from
gdb itself by using the
command
help.
You can run
gdb with no arguments or options; but the most usual way to
start GDB is with one argument or two, specifying an executable program as the
argument:
gdb program
You can also start with both an executable program and a core file specified:
gdb program core
You can, instead, specify a process ID as a second argument, if you want to
debug a running process:
gdb program 1234
would attach GDB to process
1234 (unless you also have a file named
`
1234'; GDB does check for a core file first).
Here are some of the most frequently needed GDB commands:
- break [file:]function
- Set a breakpoint at function (in file).
- run [arglist]
- Start your program (with arglist, if specified).
- bt
- Backtrace: display the program stack.
- print expr
- Display the value of an expression.
- c
- Continue running your program (after stopping, e.g. at a breakpoint).
- next
- Execute next program line (after stopping); step over any function
calls in the line.
- edit [file:]function
- look at the program line where it is presently stopped.
- list [file:]function
- type the text of the program in the vicinity of where it is presently
stopped.
- step
- Execute next program line (after stopping); step into any function
calls in the line.
- help [name]
- Show information about GDB command name, or general information
about using GDB.
- quit
- Exit from GDB.
For full details on GDB, see
Using GDB: A Guide to the GNU Source-Level
Debugger, by Richard M. Stallman and Roland H. Pesch. The same text is
available online as the
gdb entry in the
info program.
OPTIONS¶
Any arguments other than options specify an executable file and core file (or
process ID); that is, the first argument encountered with no associated option
flag is equivalent to a `
-se' option, and the second, if any, is
equivalent to a `
-c' option if it's the name of a file. Many options
have both long and short forms; both are shown here. The long forms are also
recognized if you truncate them, so long as enough of the option is present to
be unambiguous. (If you prefer, you can flag option arguments with `
+'
rather than `
-', though we illustrate the more usual convention.)
All the options and command line arguments you give are processed in sequential
order. The order makes a difference when the `
-x' option is used.
- -help
- -h
- List all options, with brief explanations.
- -s file
- Read symbol table from file file.
- -write
- Enable writing into executable and core files.
- -e file
- Use file file as the executable file to execute when appropriate,
and for examining pure data in conjunction with a core dump.
- -se=file
- Read symbol table from file file and use it as the executable file.
- -c file
- Use file file as a core dump to examine.
- -x file
- Execute GDB commands from file file.
- -d directory
- Add directory to the path to search for source files.
- -nx
- -n
- Do not execute commands from any `.gdbinit' initialization files.
Normally, the commands in these files are executed after all the command
options and arguments have been processed.
- -quiet
- -q
- ``Quiet''. Do not print the introductory and copyright messages. These
messages are also suppressed in batch mode.
- -batch
- Run in batch mode. Exit with status 0 after processing all the
command files specified with `-x' (and `.gdbinit', if not
inhibited). Exit with nonzero status if an error occurs in executing the
GDB commands in the command files.
Batch mode may be useful for running GDB as a filter, for example to
download and run a program on another computer; in order to make this more
useful, the message
Program exited normally.
(which is ordinarily issued whenever a program running under GDB control
terminates) is not issued when running in batch mode.
- -cd=directory
- Run GDB using directory as its working directory, instead of the
current directory.
- -fullname
- -f
- Emacs sets this option when it runs GDB as a subprocess. It tells GDB to
output the full file name and line number in a standard, recognizable
fashion each time a stack frame is displayed (which includes each time the
program stops). This recognizable format looks like two
` 32' characters, followed by the file name, line number and
character position separated by colons, and a newline. The Emacs-to-GDB
interface program uses the two ` 32' characters as a signal
to display the source code for the frame.
- -b bps
- Set the line speed (baud rate or bits per second) of any serial interface
used by GDB for remote debugging.
- -tty=device
- Run using device for your program's standard input and output.
SEE ALSO¶
`
gdb' entry in
info;
Using GDB: A Guide to the GNU Source-Level
Debugger, Richard M. Stallman and Roland H. Pesch, July 1991.
COPYING¶
Copyright (c) 1991, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual
under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting
derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical
to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into
another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except
that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the
Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English.