NAME¶
as31 - An Intel 8031/8051 assembler
SYNOPSIS¶
as31 [-h] [-l] [-s] [-v] [-Aarg] [-Ffmt] [-Ofile]
infile.asm
DESCRIPTION¶
As31 assembles
infile.asm into one of several different output
formats. The output will be in a file called infile.obj. The .asm extenstion
is required.
OPTIONS¶
The options must appear before the input file name. Both options are optional.
The text of each flag must appear on the same argument as the flag. For
example, "-Fod" is a valid argument, but "-F od" is not.
- -h
- This causes the assembler to print out a verbose message describing its
options. The message is written to the standard error.
- -l
- This option tells the assembler to also generate a listing file. A listing
will be placed in the file infile.lst. Where 'infile' is the file that is
being assembled. This option may appear anywhere before infile.asm. The
option must occur isolated on the command line.
- The listing file shows the assembler generated code in hex, and up to 60
characters are retained from the source file.
- -s
- This causes the assembler to write output to standard output.
- -v
- This causes the assembler to print a version number to the standard
output.
- -Aarg
- This option specifies a format specific string which is passed to the
format generator. Both format "tdr" and the srecord formats use
this option.
- -Fformat
- This options specifies the output format that is to be used.
- Currently the only options available for this are:
- hex
- This format is the Intel HEX format which is expected by a number of EPROM
programmers and the PAULMON debugger. For use with some programmers, the
output file's extension may have to be changed to .HEX to be recognized by
the programmer. No -A option is used. This format should be the default if
no -F option is used.
- tdr
- This format generates an asci file of hex digits formatted in such a way,
so that they can be read by tdr's debugger. An argument can be specified
(See -A option) which will pass a format specific string to the format
generator. In this case, the argument string represents an offset to add
to the location counter. This offset is specified in decimal and defaults
to 64*1024 (0x10000). To specify and offset of 100, you would need
"-Ftdr -A100" when invoking the assembler.
- byte
- This format is simply an address and a byte on each line, in ascii. No -A
option is used.
- od
- This format is similar to the output from od(1). The format consists of an
address followed by sixteen hexadecimal bytes, followed by the equivilant
ASCII. No -A option is used.
- srec2, srec3, srec4
- The srecord generator is capable of generating output with any one of 2,
3, or 4 byte addresses. The -A option can be used to set the base address
offset, the default here is 0x0000 (unlike tdr).
- NOTE: This assembler allows for the output formats to be expanded to
include many different output formats.
- -Ofile
- This option tells the assembler to write the output to a file.
ASSEMBLER INSTRUCTIONS¶
This assembler accepts standard 8031/8051 instruction formats. Below is a list
of instructions and addressing modes.
INSTRUCTION BYTES CYCLES
----------- ----- ------
ACALL addr11 2 24
ADD A, #data8 2 12
ADD A, @Ri 1 12
ADD A, Rn 1 12
ADD A, direct 2 12
ADDC A, #data8 2 12
ADDC A, @Ri 1 12
ADDC A, Rn 1 12
ADDC A, direct 2 12
AJMP addr11 2 24
ANL A, #data8 2 12
ANL A, @Ri 1 12
ANL A, Rn 1 12
ANL A, direct 2 12
ANL C, /bit 2 24
ANL C, !bit 2 24
ANL C, bit 2 24
ANL direct, #data8 3 24
ANL direct, A 2 12
CJNE @Ri, #data8, rel 3 24
CJNE A, #data8, rel 3 24
CJNE A, direct, rel 3 24
CJNE Rn, #data8, rel 3 24
CLR A 1 12
CLR C 1 12
CLR bit 2 12
CPL A 1 12
CPL C 1 12
CPL bit 2 12
DA A 1 12
DEC @Ri 1 12
DEC A 1 12
DEC DPTR 1 12
DEC Rn 1 12
DEC direct 2 12
DIV AB 1 48
DJNZ Rn, rel 2 24
DJNZ direct, rel 3 24
INC @Ri 1 12
INC A 1 12
INC DPTR 1 24
INC Rn 1 12
INC direct 2 12
JB bit, rel 3 24
JBC bit, rel 3 24
JC relative 2 24
JMP @A + DPTR 1 24
JMP @DPTR + A 1 24
JNB bit, rel 3 24
JNC relative 2 24
JNZ relative 2 24
JZ relative 2 24
LCALL addr16 3 24
LJMP addr16 3 24
MOV @Ri, #data8 2 12
MOV @Ri, A 1 12
MOV @Ri, direct 2 24
MOV A, #data8 2 12
MOV A, @Ri 1 12
MOV A, Rn 1 12
MOV A, direct 2 12
MOV C, bit 2 12
MOV DPTR, #data16 3 24
MOV Rn, #data8 2 12
MOV Rn, A 1 12
MOV Rn, direct 2 24
MOV bit, C 2 24
MOV direct, #data8 3 24
MOV direct, @Ri 2 24
MOV direct, A 2 12
MOV direct, Rn 2 24
MOV direct, direct 3 24
MOVC A, @A + DPTR 1 24
MOVC A, @A + PC 1 24
MOVC A, @DPTR + A 1 24
MOVC A, @PC + A 1 24
MOVX @DPTR, A 1 12
MOVX @Ri, A 1 24
MOVX A, @DPTR 1 24
MOVX A, @Ri 1 24
MUL AB 1 48
NOP 1 12
ORL A, #data8 2 12
ORL A, @Ri 1 12
ORL A, Rn 1 12
ORL A, direct 2 12
ORL C, /bit 2 24
ORL C, !bit 2 24
ORL C, bit 2 24
ORL direct, #data8 3 24
ORL direct, A 2 12
POP direct 2 24
PUSH direct 2 24
RET 1 24
RETI 1 24
RL A 1 12
RLC A 1 12
RR A 1 12
RRC A 1 12
SETB A 1 12
SETB bit 2 12
SJMP relative 2 24
SUBB A, #data8 2 12
SUBB A, @Ri 1 12
SUBB A, Rn 1 12
SUBB A, direct 2 12
SWAP A 1 12
XCH A, #data8 2 12
XCH A, @Ri 1 12
XCH A, Rn 1 12
XCH A, direct 2 12
XCHD A, #data8 2 12
XCHD A, @Ri 1 12
XCHD A, Rn 1 12
XCHD A, direct 2 12
XRL A, #data8 2 12
XRL A, @Ri 1 12
XRL A, Rn 1 12
XRL A, direct 2 12
XRL direct, #data8 3 12
XRL direct, A 2 12
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES¶
As31 includes the following assembler directives:
- .ORG expr
- Start assembling at the address specified by the expression expr. An error
occurs if the assembler starts assembling over an address space that has
previously been assembled into.
- .EQU symbol, expr
- Set symbol to the value of expr. The value for expr must be known during
the first pass, when the line containing the .EQU is encountered.
- .BYTE expr, expr, ...
- Assemble the bytes specified by the expression into memory. A string may
also be specified with this directive.
- .WORD expr, expr, ...
- Assemble the words specified by the expression into memory. The byte
ordering used, is that used by the 8031.
- .FLAG symbol1, symbol.[0-7]
- Sets symbol1 to the bit address specified by the symbol.[0-7] expression.
Where [0-7] denotes a character between 0 and 7. The resulting bit address
is checked to see if it is a valid bit address.
- .END
- This directive is ignored.
- .SKIP expr
- Adds the value of expr to the location counter. Used to reserve a block of
uninitialized data. Expr should be in bytes.
LEXICAL CONVENTIONS¶
- -
- All characters following a semi-colon are ignored until a newline is
encountered.
- -
- All numbers default to decimal, unless the number starts with one of the
following:
- 0x or 0X
- This indicates a hexadecimal number. ie. 0x00ff
- 0b or 0B
- This indicates a binary number. (1's and 0's). ie. 0b1100110010
- 0
- This indicates an octal number. ie. 0377
- -
- All numbers default to decimal, unless the number ends with one of the
following characters:
- b or B
- This indicates a binary number. Unless 0x was used above. ie.
1010101b
- h or H
- This always indicates a hex number, However the if the first character is
non-numerical, then either 0x or 0 must be specified. This avoids
confusing the assembler into thinking a hex number is a symbol. For
example: 0ffh, 0xffh, 0XffH, 20h, 0x20 and 020h are means to specify a
valid hexdigit. But the following are not: ffh, 0ff.
- d or D
- This forces a number to decimal. Unless 0X was used. ie. 129d
- o or O
- This causes the number to be interpreted as octal. ie. 377o
- -
- A character constant can be entered as 'c' where c is some character. \b,
\n, \r, \t, \' \0 are also valid. A character constant can be used
anywhere that an integer value can.
- -
- A string is entered as a set of characters enclosed in double quotes
"". A string is only valid with the .BYTE directive. \b, \n, \r,
\t, \" are also valid escapes. However \0 is not.
- -
- Instructions, directives, and the symbols: R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7,
A, AB, and C can be entered in upper or lower case without assembler
confusion. These words however cannot be defined as a user symbol. Any
user symbol may be used, and case will be preserved. So the user symbols
"foo" and "Foo" are different, but "addc" is
the same as "aDdC".
- -
- A symbol can be any alpha numerical character plus the underscore ('_').
- -
- Expressions are accepted in most places where a value or a symbol is
needed. An expression consists of the following operators. All operators
evaulate to integer objects (higher precedence opertors listed
first):
- -
- Unary minus
- &
- Bit-wise AND.
- |
- Bit-Wise OR.
- *
- Integer multiplication.
- /
- Integer division
- %
- Integer modulus
- +
- Integer addition.
- -
- Integer subtraction.
- -
- In addition to these operators, a special symbol '*' may be used to
represent the current location counter.
EXAMPLES¶
- Below is a sample assembly program.
.org 0
start: mov P3, #0xff ; use alternate fns on P3
; leds on P1 are inverted.
setb F0 ; climbing up
mov A, #0x01 ; initial bit
write: cpl A ; write it
mov P1, A
cpl A
acall delay
jb F0, climbup ; climbing which way?
climbdn: rr A ; down - shift right
jnb ACC.0, write ; back for more
setb F0
ajmp write
climbup: rl A ; up - shift left
jnb ACC.7, write ; back for more
clr F0
ajmp write
.end ; this directive ignored.
AUTHORS¶
Ken Stauffer (University of Calgary) <stauffer@cpsc.ucalgary.ca>
Martin Langer <martin-langer@gmx.de>