NAME¶
Barcode::Code128 - Generate CODE 128 bar codes
SYNOPSIS¶
use Barcode::Code128;
$code = new Barcode::Code128;
REQUIRES¶
Perl 5.004, Carp, Exporter, GD (optional)
EXPORTS¶
By default, nothing. However there are a number of constants that represent
special characters used in the CODE 128 symbology that you may wish to
include. For example if you are using the EAN-128 or UCC-128 code, the string
to encode begins with the FNC1 character. To encode the EAN-128 string
"00 0 0012345 555555555 8", you would do the following:
use Barcode::Code128 'FNC1';
$code = new Barcode::Code128;
$code->text(FNC1.'00000123455555555558');
To have this module export one or more of these characters, specify them on the
"use" statement or use the special token ':all' instead to include
all of them. Examples:
use Barcode::Code128 qw(FNC1 FNC2 FNC3 FNC4 Shift);
use Barcode::Code128 qw(:all);
Here is the complete list of the exportable characters. They are assigned to
high-order ASCII characters purely arbitrarily for the purposes of this
module; the values used do not reflect any part of the CODE 128 standard.
Warning: Using the "CodeA", "CodeB",
"CodeC", "StartA", "StartB", "StartC",
and "Stop" codes may cause your barcodes to be invalid, and be
rejected by scanners. They are inserted automatically as needed by this
module.
CodeA 0xf4 CodeB 0xf5 CodeC 0xf6
FNC1 0xf7 FNC2 0xf8 FNC3 0xf9
FNC4 0xfa Shift 0xfb StartA 0xfc
StartB 0xfd StartC 0xfe Stop 0xff
DESCRIPTION¶
Barcode::Code128 generates bar codes using the CODE 128 symbology. It can
generate images in PNG or GIF format using the GD package, or it can generate
a text string representing the barcode that you can render using some other
technology if desired.
The intended use of this module is to create a web page with a bar code on it,
which can then be printed out and faxed or mailed to someone who will scan the
bar code. The application which spurred its creation was an expense report
tool, where the employee submitting the report would print out the web page
and staple the receipts to it, and the Accounts Payable clerk would scan the
bar code to indicate that the receipts were received.
The default settings for this module produce a large image that can safely be
FAXed several times and still scanned easily. If this requirement is not
important you can generate smaller image using optional parameters, described
below.
If you wish to generate images with this module you must also have the GD module
(written by Lincoln Stein, and available from CPAN) installed. Using the libgd
library, GD can generate files in PNG (Portable Network Graphics) or GIF
(Graphic Interchange Format) formats.
Starting with version 1.20, and ending with 2.0.28 (released July 21st, 2004),
GD and the underlying libgd library could not generate GIF files due to patent
issues, but any modern version of libgd (since 2004) can do GIF as the patent
has expired. Most browsers have no trouble with PNG files.
In order to ensure you have a sufficiently modern installation of the GD module
to do both GIF and PNG formats, we require version 2.18 of GD (which in turn
requires libgd 2.0.28) or higher.
If the GD module is not present, you can still use the module, but you will not
be able to use its functions for generating images. You can use the
barcode() method to get a string of "#" and " "
(hash and space) characters, and use your own image-generating routine with
that as input.
To use the the GD module, you will need to install it along with this module.
You can obtain it from the CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network)
repository of your choice under the directory "authors/id/LDS".
Visit
http://www.cpan.org/ for more information about CPAN. The GD home page
is:
http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/GD/GD.html
METHODS¶
- new
- Usage:
$object = new Barcode::Code128
Creates a new barcode object.
- option
- Sets or retreives various options. If called with only one parameter,
retrieves the value for that parameter. If called with more than one
parameter, treats the parameters as name/value pairs and sets those option
values accordingly. If called with no parameters, returns a hash
consisting of the values of all the options (hash ref in scalar context).
When an option has not been set, its default value is returned.
You can also set or retrieve any of these options by using it as a method
name. For example, to set the value of the padding option, you can use
either of these:
$barcode->padding(10);
$barcode->option("padding", 10);
The valid options, and the default value and meaning of each, are:
width undef Width of the image (*)
height undef Height of the image (*)
border 2 Size of the black border around the barcode
scale 2 How many pixels for the smallest barcode stripe
font "large" Font (**) for the text at the bottom
show_text 1 True/False: display the text at the bottom?
font_margin 2 Pixels above, below, and to left of the text
font_align "left" Align the text ("left", "right", or "center")
transparent_text 1/0(***) True/False: use transparent background for text?
top_margin 0 No. of pixels above the barcode
bottom_margin 0 No. of pixels below the barcode (& text)
left_margin 0 No. of pixels to the left of the barcode
right_margin 0 No. of pixels to the right of the barcode
padding 20 Size of whitespace before & after barcode
* Width and height are the default values for the $x and $y arguments to the
png, gif, or gd_image method (q.v.)
** Font may be one of the following: "giant", "large",
"medium", "small", or "tiny". Or, it may be
any valid GD font name, such as "gdMediumFont".
*** The "transparent_text" option is "1" (true) by
default for GIF output, but "0" (false) for PNG. This is because
PNG transparency is not supported well by many viewing software The
background color is grey (#CCCCCC) when not transparent.
- gif
- png
- gd_image
- Usage:
$object->png($text)
$object->png($text, $x, $y)
$object->png($text, { options... })
$object->gif($text)
$object->gif($text, $x, $y)
$object->gif($text, { options... })
$object->gd_image($text)
$object->gd_image($text, $x, $y)
$object->gd_image($text, { options... })
These methods generate an image using the GD module. The gd_image()
method returns a GD object, which is useful if you want to do additional
processing to it using the GD object methods. The other two create actual
images. NOTE: GIF files require an old version of GD, and so you probably
are not able to create them - see below.
The gif() and png() methods are wrappers around
gd_image() that create the GD object and then run the corresponding
GD method to create output that can be displayed or saved to a file. Note
that only one of these two methods will work, depending on which version
of GD you have - see below. The return value from gif() or
png() is a binary file, so if you are working on an operating
system (e.g. Microsoft Windows) that makes a distinction between text and
binary files be sure to call binmode(FILEHANDLE) before writing the image
to it, or the file may get corrupted. Example:
open(PNG, ">code128.png") or die "Can't write code128.png: $!\n";
binmode(PNG);
print PNG $object->png("CODE 128");
close(PNG);
If you have GD version 1.20 or newer, the PNG file format is the only
allowed option. Conversely if you have GD version prior to 1.20, then the
GIF format is the only option. Check the $object->
image_format() method to find out which you have (q.v.).
Note: All of the arguments to this function are optional. If you have
previously specified $text to the "barcode()",
"encode()", or "text()" methods, you do not need to
specify it again. The $x and $y variables specify the size of the barcode
within the image in pixels. If size(s) are not specified, they will be set
to the minimum size, which is the length of the barcode plus 40 pixels
horizontally, and 15% of the length of the barcode vertically. See also
the $object-> width() and $object->height() methods
for another way of specifying this.
If instead of specifying $x and $y, you pass a reference to a hash of
name/value pairs, these will be used as the options, overriding anything
set using the $object-> option() (or width/height) method
(q.v.). However, this will not set the options so any future barcodes
using the same object will revert to the option list of the object. If you
want to set the options permanently use the option, width, and/or height
methods instead.
- barcode
- Usage:
$object->barcode($text)
Computes the bar code for the specified text. The result will be a string of
'#' and space characters representing the dark and light bands of the bar
code. You can use this if you have an alternate printing system besides
using GD to create the images.
Note: The $text parameter is optional. If you have previously specified
$text to the "encode()" or "text()" methods, you do
not need to specify it again.
Housekeeping Functions¶
The rest of the methods defined here are only for internal use, or if you really
know what you are doing. Some of them may be useful to authors of classes that
inherit from this one, or may be overridden by subclasses. If you just want to
use this module to generate bar codes, you can stop reading here.
- encode
- Usage:
$object->encode
$object->encode($text)
$object->encode($text, $preferred_code)
Do the encoding. If $text is supplied, will automatically call the
text() method to set that as the text value first. If
$preferred_code is supplied, will try that code first. Otherwise, the
codes will be tried in the following manner:
1. If it is possible to use Code C for any of the text, use that for as much
of it as possible.
2. Check how many characters would be converted using codes A or B, and use
that code to convert them. If the amount is equal, code A is used.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the text string has been completely
encoded.
- text
- Usage:
$object->text($text)
$text = $object->text
Set or retrieve the text for this barcode. This will be called automatically
by encode() or barcode() so typically this will not be used
directly by the user.
- start
- Usage:
$object->start($code)
If the code (see code()) is already defined, then adds the CodeA,
CodeB, or CodeC character as appropriate to the encoded message inside the
object. Typically for internal use only.
- stop
- Usage:
$object->stop()
Computes the check character and appends it along with the Stop character,
to the encoded string. Typically for internal use only.
- code
- Usage:
$object->code($code)
$code = $object->code
Set or retrieve the code for this barcode. $code may be 'A', 'B', or 'C'.
Typically for internal use only. Not particularly meaningful unless called
during the middle of encoding.
CLASS VARIABLES¶
None.
DIAGNOSTICS¶
- Unrecognized option ($opt) for $class
- The specified option is not valid for the module. $class should be
"Barcode::Code128" but if it has been inherited into another
module, that module will show instead. $opt is the attempted option.
- The gd_image() method of Barcode::Code128 requires the GD
module
- To call the "gd_image()", "png()", or
"gif()" methods, the GD module must be present. This module is
used to create the actual image. Without it, you can only use the
"barcode()" method.
- Scale must be a positive integer
- The scale factor for the "gd_image()", "png()", or
"gif()" methods must be a positive integer.
- Border ($border) must be a positive integer or zero
- The border option cannot be a fractional or negative number.
- Invalid font $font
- The specified font is not valid. Note that this is tested using GD->
can(), and so any subroutine in GD.pm will pass this test - but
only the fonts will actually work. See the GD module documentation for
more.
- Image width $x is too small for bar code
- You have specified an image width that does not allow enough space for the
bar code to be displayed. The minimum allowable is the size of the bar
code itself plus 40 pixels. If in doubt, just omit the width value when
calling "gd_image()", "png()", or "gif()"
and it will use the minimum.
- Image height $y is too small for bar code
- You have specified an image height that does not allow enough space for
the bar code to be displayed. The minimum allowable is 15% of the width of
the bar code. If in doubt, just omit the height value when calling
"gd_image()", "png()", or "gif()" and it
will use the minimum.
- Unable to create $x x $y image
- An error occurred when initializing a GD::Image object for the specified
size. Perhaps $x and $y are too large for memory?
- The gif() method of Barcode::Code128 requires the GD module
- The gif() method of Barcode::Code128 requires version less than
1.20 of GD
- The png() method of Barcode::Code128 requires the GD module
- The png() method of Barcode::Code128 requires at least version 1.20
of GD
- These errors indicate that the GD module, or the correct version of the GD
module for this method, was not present. You need to install GD version
1.20 or greater to create PNG files, or a version of GD less than 1.20 to
create GIF files.
- No encoded text found
- This message from "barcode()" typically means that there was no
text message supplied either during the current method call or in a
previous method call on the same object. This error occurs when you are
trying to create a barcode by calling one of "gd_image()",
"png()", "gif()", or "barcode()" without
having specified the text to be encoded.
- No text defined
- This message from "encode()" typically means that there was no
text message supplied either during the current method call or in a
previous method call on the same object.
- Invalid preferred code ``$preferred_code''
- This error means "encode()" was called with the $preferred_code
optional parameter but it was not one of ``A'', ``B'', or ``C''.
- Sanity Check Overflow
- This is a serious error in "encode()" that indicates a serious
problem attempting to encode the requested message. This means that an
infinite loop was generated. If you get this error please contact the
author.
- Unable to find encoding for ``$text''
- Part or all of the message could not be encoded. This may mean that the
message contained characters not encodable in the CODE 128 character set,
such as a character with an ASCII value higher than 127 (except the
special control characters defined in this module).
- Unable to switch from ``$old_code'' to ``$new_code''
- This is a serious error in "start()" that indicates a serious
problem occurred when switching between the codes (A, B, or C) of CODE
128. If you get this error please contact the author.
- Unable to start with ``$new_code''
- This is a serious error in "start()" that indicates a serious
problem occurred when starting encoding in one of the codes (A, B, or C)
of CODE 128. If you get this error please contact the author.
- Unknown code ``$new_code'' (should be A, B, or C)
- This is a serious error in "code()" that indicates an invalid
argument was supplied. Only the codes (A, B, or C) of CODE 128 may be
supplied here. If you get this error please contact the author.
BUGS¶
At least some Web browsers do not seem to handle PNG files with transparent
backgrounds correctly. As a result, the default for PNG is to generate
barcodes without transparent backgrounds - the background is grey instead.
AUTHOR¶
William R. Ward, wrw@bayview.com
SEE ALSO¶
perl(1), GD