NAME¶
ral
—
Ralink Technology IEEE 802.11a/g/n wireless network
device
SYNOPSIS¶
To compile this driver into the kernel, place the following lines in your kernel
configuration file:
device ral
device ralfw
device wlan
device wlan_amrr
device firmware
Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the following
line in
loader.conf(5):
DESCRIPTION¶
The
ral
driver supports PCI/PCIe/CardBus
wireless adapters based on the Ralink RT2500, RT2501, RT2600, RT2700, RT2800
and RT3090 chipsets.
The RT2500 chipset is the first generation of 802.11b/g adapters from Ralink. It
consists of two integrated chips, an RT2560 MAC/BBP and an RT2525 radio
transceiver.
The RT2501 chipset is the second generation of 802.11a/b/g adapters from Ralink.
It consists of two integrated chips, an RT2561 MAC/BBP and an RT2527 radio
transceiver. This chipset provides support for the IEEE 802.11e standard with
multiple hardware transmission queues and allows scatter/gather for efficient
DMA operations.
The RT2600 chipset consists of two integrated chips, an RT2661 MAC/BBP and an
RT2529 radio transceiver. This chipset uses the MIMO (multiple-input
multiple-output) technology with multiple radio transceivers to extend the
operating range of the adapter and to achieve higher throughput. However, the
RT2600 chipset does not support any of the 802.11n features.
The RT2700 chipset is a low-cost version of the RT2800 chipset. It supports a
single transmit path and two receiver paths (1T2R). It consists of two
integrated chips, an RT2760 or RT2790 (PCIe) MAC/BBP and an RT2720 (2.4GHz) or
RT2750 (2.4GHz/5GHz) radio transceiver.
The RT2800 chipset is the first generation of 802.11n adapters from Ralink. It
consists of two integrated chips, an RT2860 or RT2890 (PCIe) MAC/BBP and an
RT2820 (2.4GHz) or RT2850 (2.4GHz/5GHz) radio transceiver. The RT2800 chipset
supports two transmit paths and up to three receiver paths (2T2R/2T3R). It can
achieve speeds up to 144Mbps (20MHz bandwidth) and 300Mbps (40MHz bandwidth.)
The RT3090 chipset is the first generation of single-chip 802.11n adapters from
Ralink.
ral
supports
station
,
adhoc
,
hostap
,
mesh
,
wds
, and
monitor
mode operation. Only one
hostap
or
mesh
virtual interface may be configured at
a time. Any number of
wds
virtual
interfaces may be configured together with a
hostap
interface. Multiple
station
interfaces may be operated together
with a
hostap
interface to construct a
wireless repeater device.
The transmit speed is user-selectable or can be adapted automatically by the
driver depending on the number of hardware transmission retries. For more
information on configuring this device, see
ifconfig(8).
HARDWARE¶
The
ral
driver supports PCI/PCIe/CardBus
wireless adapters based on Ralink Technology chipsets, including:
Card |
MAC/BBP |
Bus |
A-Link WL54H |
RT2560 |
PCI |
A-Link WL54PC |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
AirLink101 AWLC5025 |
RT2661 |
CardBus |
AirLink101 AWLH5025 |
RT2661 |
PCI |
Amigo AWI-914W |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Amigo AWI-922W |
RT2560 |
mini-PCI |
Amigo AWI-926W |
RT2560 |
PCI |
AMIT WL531C |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
AMIT WL531P |
RT2560 |
PCI |
AOpen AOI-831 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
ASUS WL-107G |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
ASUS WL-130g |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Atlantis Land A02-PCI-W54 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Atlantis Land A02-PCM-W54 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Belkin F5D7000 v3 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Belkin F5D7010 v2 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Billionton MIWLGRL |
RT2560 |
mini-PCI |
Canyon CN-WF511 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Canyon CN-WF513 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
CC&C WL-2102 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
CNet CWC-854 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
CNet CWP-854 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Compex WL54G |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Compex WLP54G |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Conceptronic C54RC |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Conceptronic C54Ri |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Digitus DN-7001G-RA |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Digitus DN-7006G-RA |
RT2560 |
PCI |
E-Tech WGPC02 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
E-Tech WGPI02 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Edimax EW-7108PCg |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Edimax EW-7128g |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Eminent EM3036 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Eminent EM3037 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Encore ENLWI-G-RLAM |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Encore ENPWI-G-RLAM |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Fiberline WL-400P |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Fibreline WL-400X |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Gigabyte GN-WI01GS |
RT2561S |
mini-PCI |
Gigabyte GN-WIKG |
RT2560 |
mini-PCI |
Gigabyte GN-WMKG |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Gigabyte GN-WP01GS |
RT2561S |
PCI |
Gigabyte GN-WPKG |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Hawking HWC54GR |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Hawking HWP54GR |
RT2560 |
PCI |
iNexQ CR054g-009 (R03) |
RT2560 |
PCI |
JAHT WN-4054P |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
JAHT WN-4054PCI |
RT2560 |
PCI |
LevelOne WNC-0301 v2 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
LevelOne WPC-0301 v2 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Linksys WMP54G v4 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Micronet SP906GK |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Micronet SP908GK V3 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Minitar MN54GCB-R |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Minitar MN54GPC-R |
RT2560 |
PCI |
MSI CB54G2 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
MSI MP54G2 |
RT2560 |
mini-PCI |
MSI PC54G2 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
OvisLink EVO-W54PCI |
RT2560 |
PCI |
PheeNet HWL-PCIG/RA |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Pro-Nets CB80211G |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Pro-Nets PC80211G |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Repotec RP-WB7108 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Repotec RP-WP0854 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
SATech SN-54C |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
SATech SN-54P |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Sitecom WL-112 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Sitecom WL-115 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
SMC SMCWCB-GM |
RT2661 |
CardBus |
SMC SMCWPCI-GM |
RT2661 |
PCI |
SparkLAN WL-685R |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Surecom EP-9321-g |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Surecom EP-9321-g1 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Surecom EP-9428-g |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Sweex LC500050 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Sweex LC700030 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
TekComm NE-9321-g |
RT2560 |
PCI |
TekComm NE-9428-g |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Unex CR054g-R02 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Unex MR054g-R02 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Zinwell ZWX-G160 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Zinwell ZWX-G360 |
RT2560 |
mini-PCI |
Zinwell ZWX-G361 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
Zonet ZEW1500 |
RT2560 |
CardBus |
Zonet ZEW1600 |
RT2560 |
PCI |
EXAMPLES¶
Join an existing BSS network (i.e., connect to an access point):
ifconfig wlan create wlandev ral0
inet 192.168.0.20 netmask 0xffffff00
Join a specific BSS network with network name
“
my_net
”:
ifconfig wlan create wlandev ral0 inet 192.168.0.20 \
netmask 0xffffff00 ssid my_net
Join a specific BSS network with 40-bit WEP encryption:
ifconfig wlan create wlandev ral0 inet 192.168.0.20 \
netmask 0xffffff00 ssid my_net \
wepmode on wepkey 0x1234567890 weptxkey 1
Join a specific BSS network with 104-bit WEP encryption:
ifconfig wlan create wlandev ral0 inet 192.168.0.20 \
netmask 0xffffff00 ssid my_net \
wepmode on wepkey 0x01020304050607080910111213 weptxkey 1
DIAGNOSTICS¶
- ral%d: could not load 8051 microcode
- An error occurred while attempting to upload the microcode to the onboard
8051 microcontroller unit.
- ral%d: timeout waiting for MCU to initialize
- The onboard 8051 microcontroller unit failed to initialize in time.
- ral%d: device timeout
- A frame dispatched to the hardware for transmission did not complete in
time. The driver will reset the hardware. This should not happen.
SEE ALSO¶
intro(4),
cardbus(4),
wlan(4),
wlan_ccmp(4),
wlan_tkip(4),
wlan_wep(4),
wlan_xauth(4),
hostapd(8),
ifconfig(8),
wpa_supplicant(8)
Ralink Technology,
http://www.ralinktech.com/.
HISTORY¶
The
ral
driver first appeared in
OpenBSD 3.7. Support for the RT2501 and RT2600
chipsets was added in
OpenBSD 3.9. Support for the
RT2800 chipset was added in
OpenBSD 4.3. Support for
the RT2700 chipset was added in
OpenBSD 4.4. Support
for the RT3090 chipset was added in
OpenBSD 4.9.
AUTHORS¶
The original
ral
driver was written by
Damien Bergamini
⟨damien@openbsd.org⟩.
CAVEATS¶
The
ral
driver does not make use of the
hardware cryptographic engine.
The
ral
driver does not support any of the
802.11n capabilities offered by the RT2700 and RT2800 chipsets. Additional
work is required in before those features can be supported.
Host AP mode doesn't support power saving. Clients attempting to use power
saving mode may experience significant packet loss (disabling power saving on
the client will fix this).
Some PCI
ral
adapters seem to strictly
require a system supporting PCI 2.2 or greater and will likely not work in
systems based on older revisions of the PCI specification. Check the board's
PCI version before purchasing the card.