NAME¶
perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
DESCRIPTION¶
This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated by
embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables
that may be used by extension writers. At the end is a list of functions which
have yet to be documented. The interfaces of those are subject to change
without notice. Any functions not listed here are not part of the public API,
and should not be used by extension writers at all. For these reasons, blindly
using functions listed in proto.h is to be avoided when writing extensions.
Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the
"PL_" prefix. Some macros are provided for compatibility with the
older, unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a future release.
Perl was originally written to handle US-ASCII only (that is characters whose
ordinal numbers are in the range 0 - 127). And documentation and comments may
still use the term ASCII, when sometimes in fact the entire range from 0 - 255
is meant.
Note that Perl can be compiled and run under EBCDIC (See perlebcdic) or ASCII.
Most of the documentation (and even comments in the code) ignore the EBCDIC
possibility. For almost all purposes the differences are transparent. As an
example, under EBCDIC, instead of UTF-8, UTF-EBCDIC is used to encode Unicode
strings, and so whenever this documentation refers to "utf8" (and
variants of that name, including in function names), it also (essentially
transparently) means "UTF-EBCDIC". But the ordinals of characters
differ between ASCII, EBCDIC, and the UTF- encodings, and a string encoded in
UTF-EBCDIC may occupy more bytes than in UTF-8.
Also, on some EBCDIC machines, functions that are documented as operating on
US-ASCII (or Basic Latin in Unicode terminology) may in fact operate on all
256 characters in the EBCDIC range, not just the subset corresponding to
US-ASCII.
The listing below is alphabetical, case insensitive.
"Gimme" Values¶
- GIMME
- A backward-compatible version of "GIMME_V" which
can only return "G_SCALAR" or "G_ARRAY"; in a void
context, it returns "G_SCALAR". Deprecated. Use
"GIMME_V" instead.
U32 GIMME
- GIMME_V
- The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's
"wantarray". Returns "G_VOID", "G_SCALAR" or
"G_ARRAY" for void, scalar or list context, respectively. See
perlcall for a usage example.
U32 GIMME_V
- G_ARRAY
- Used to indicate list context. See "GIMME_V",
"GIMME" and perlcall.
- G_DISCARD
- Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be
discarded. See perlcall.
- G_EVAL
- Used to force a Perl "eval" wrapper around a
callback. See perlcall.
- G_NOARGS
- Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback.
See perlcall.
- G_SCALAR
- Used to indicate scalar context. See "GIMME_V",
"GIMME", and perlcall.
- G_VOID
- Used to indicate void context. See "GIMME_V" and
perlcall.
Array Manipulation Functions¶
- AvFILL
- Same as "av_len()". Deprecated, use
"av_len()" instead.
int AvFILL(AV* av)
- av_clear
- Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the memory
used by the array itself. Perl equivalent: "@myarray = ();".
void av_clear(AV *av)
- av_create_and_push
- Push an SV onto the end of the array, creating the array if
necessary. A small internal helper function to remove a commonly
duplicated idiom.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void av_create_and_push(AV **const avp, SV *const val)
- av_create_and_unshift_one
- Unshifts an SV onto the beginning of the array, creating
the array if necessary. A small internal helper function to remove a
commonly duplicated idiom.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
SV** av_create_and_unshift_one(AV **const avp, SV *const val)
- av_delete
- Deletes the element indexed by "key" from the
array, makes the element mortal, and returns it. If "flags"
equals "G_DISCARD", the element is freed and null is returned.
Perl equivalent: "my $elem = delete($myarray[$idx]);" for the
non-"G_DISCARD" version and a void-context
"delete($myarray[$idx]);" for the "G_DISCARD" version.
SV* av_delete(AV *av, I32 key, I32 flags)
- av_exists
- Returns true if the element indexed by "key" has
been initialized.
This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are set to
&PL_sv_undef.
Perl equivalent: "exists($myarray[$key])".
bool av_exists(AV *av, I32 key)
- av_extend
- Pre-extend an array. The "key" is the index to
which the array should be extended.
void av_extend(AV *av, I32 key)
- av_fetch
- Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The
"key" is the index. If lval is true, you are guaranteed to get a
real SV back (in case it wasn't real before), which you can then modify.
Check that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a
"SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
The rough perl equivalent is $myarray[$idx]. SV** av_fetch(AV *av, I32 key,
I32 lval)
- av_fill
- Set the highest index in the array to the given number,
equivalent to Perl's "$#array = $fill;".
The number of elements in the an array will be "fill + 1" after
av_fill() returns. If the array was previously shorter, then the
additional elements appended are set to "PL_sv_undef". If the
array was longer, then the excess elements are freed. "av_fill(av,
-1)" is the same as "av_clear(av)".
void av_fill(AV *av, I32 fill)
- av_len
- Returns the highest index in the array. The number of
elements in the array is "av_len(av) + 1". Returns -1 if the
array is empty.
The Perl equivalent for this is $#myarray.
I32 av_len(AV *av)
- av_make
- Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The
SVs are copied into the array, so they may be freed after the call to
av_make. The new AV will have a reference count of 1.
Perl equivalent: "my @new_array = ($scalar1, $scalar2,
$scalar3...);"
AV* av_make(I32 size, SV **strp)
- av_pop
- Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns
&PL_sv_undef if the array is empty.
SV* av_pop(AV *av)
- av_push
- Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow
automatically to accommodate the addition. This takes ownership of one
reference count.
void av_push(AV *av, SV *val)
- av_shift
- Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array. Returns
&PL_sv_undef if the array is empty.
SV* av_shift(AV *av)
- av_store
- Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as
"key". The return value will be NULL if the operation failed or
if the value did not need to be actually stored within the array (as in
the case of tied arrays). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the
original "SV*". Note that the caller is responsible for suitably
incrementing the reference count of "val" before the call, and
decrementing it if the function returned NULL.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
SV** av_store(AV *av, I32 key, SV *val)
- av_undef
- Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the array
itself.
void av_undef(AV *av)
- av_unshift
- Unshift the given number of "undef" values onto
the beginning of the array. The array will grow automatically to
accommodate the addition. You must then use "av_store" to assign
values to these new elements.
void av_unshift(AV *av, I32 num)
- get_av
- Returns the AV of the specified Perl array.
"flags" are passed to "gv_fetchpv". If
"GV_ADD" is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it
will be created. If "flags" is zero and the variable does not
exist then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
AV* get_av(const char *name, I32 flags)
- newAV
- Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1.
AV* newAV()
- sortsv
- Sort an array. Here is an example:
sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale);
Currently this always uses mergesort. See sortsv_flags for a more flexible
routine.
void sortsv(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)
- sortsv_flags
- Sort an array, with various options.
void sortsv_flags(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp, U32 flags)
Callback Functions¶
- call_argv
- Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See
perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
- call_method
- Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The
blessed object must be on the stack. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
- call_pv
- Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See
perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
- call_sv
- Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the
SV. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 call_sv(SV* sv, VOL I32 flags)
- ENTER
- Opening bracket on a callback. See "LEAVE" and
perlcall.
ENTER;
- eval_pv
- Tells Perl to "eval" the given string and return
an SV* result.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
- eval_sv
- Tells Perl to "eval" the string in the SV. It
supports the same flags as "call_sv", with the obvious exception
of G_EVAL. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
- FREETMPS
- Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See
"SAVETMPS" and perlcall.
FREETMPS;
- LEAVE
- Closing bracket on a callback. See "ENTER" and
perlcall.
LEAVE;
- SAVETMPS
- Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See
"FREETMPS" and perlcall.
SAVETMPS;
Character case changing¶
- toLOWER
- Converts the specified character to lowercase in the
platform's native character set, if possible; otherwise returns the input
character itself.
char toLOWER(char ch)
- toUPPER
- Converts the specified character to uppercase in the
platform's native character set, if possible; otherwise returns the input
character itself.
char toUPPER(char ch)
Character classes¶
There are three variants for all the functions in this section. The base ones
operate using the character set of the platform Perl is running on. The ones
with an "_A" suffix operate on the ASCII character set, and the ones
with an "_L1" suffix operate on the full Latin1 character set. All
are unaffected by locale
For ASCII platforms, the base function with no suffix and the one with the
"_A" suffix are identical. The function with the "_L1"
suffix imposes the Latin-1 character set onto the platform. That is, the code
points that are ASCII are unaffected, since ASCII is a subset of Latin-1. But
the non-ASCII code points are treated as if they are Latin-1 characters. For
example, "isSPACE_L1()" will return true when called with the code
point 0xA0, which is the Latin-1 NO-BREAK SPACE.
For EBCDIC platforms, the base function with no suffix and the one with the
"_L1" suffix should be identical, since, as of this writing, the
EBCDIC code pages that Perl knows about all are equivalent to Latin-1. The
function that ends in an "_A" suffix will not return true unless the
specified character also has an ASCII equivalent.
- isALPHA
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is an alphabetic character in the platform's native character
set. See the top of this section for an explanation of variants
"isALPHA_A" and "isALPHA_L1".
bool isALPHA(char ch)
- isASCII
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is one of the 128 characters in the ASCII character set. On
non-ASCII platforms, it is if this character corresponds to an ASCII
character. Variants "isASCII_A()" and "isASCII_L1()"
are identical to "isASCII()".
bool isASCII(char ch)
- isDIGIT
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is a digit in the platform's native character set. Variants
"isDIGIT_A" and "isDIGIT_L1" are identical to
"isDIGIT".
bool isDIGIT(char ch)
- isLOWER
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is a lowercase character in the platform's native character set.
See the top of this section for an explanation of variants
"isLOWER_A" and "isLOWER_L1".
bool isLOWER(char ch)
- isOCTAL
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is an octal digit, [0-7] in the platform's native character set.
Variants "isOCTAL_A" and "isOCTAL_L1" are identical to
"isOCTAL".
bool isOCTAL(char ch)
- isSPACE
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is a whitespace character in the platform's native character
set. This is the same as what "\s" matches in a regular
expression. See the top of this section for an explanation of variants
"isSPACE_A" and "isSPACE_L1".
bool isSPACE(char ch)
- isUPPER
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is an uppercase character in the platform's native character
set. See the top of this section for an explanation of variants
"isUPPER_A" and "isUPPER_L1".
bool isUPPER(char ch)
- isWORDCHAR
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is a character that is any of: alphabetic, numeric, or an
underscore. This is the same as what "\w" matches in a regular
expression. "isALNUM()" is a synonym provided for backward
compatibility. Note that it does not have the standard C language meaning
of alphanumeric, since it matches an underscore and the standard meaning
does not. See the top of this section for an explanation of variants
"isWORDCHAR_A" and "isWORDCHAR_L1".
bool isWORDCHAR(char ch)
- isXDIGIT
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
character is a hexadecimal digit, [0-9A-Fa-f]. Variants
"isXDIGIT_A()" and "isXDIGIT_L1()" are identical to
"isXDIGIT()".
bool isXDIGIT(char ch)
Cloning an interpreter¶
- perl_clone
- Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current
one.
perl_clone takes these flags as parameters:
CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also, without it we
only clone the data and zero the stacks, with it we copy the stacks and
the new perl interpreter is ready to run at the exact same point as the
previous one. The pseudo-fork code uses COPY_STACKS while the
threads->create doesn't.
CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE perl_clone keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the
old variable as a key and the new variable as a value, this allows it to
check if something has been cloned and not clone it again but rather just
use the value and increase the refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not set then
perl_clone will kill the ptr_table using the function
"ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;", reason to
keep it around is if you want to dup some of your own variable who are
outside the graph perl scans, example of this code is in threads.xs create
CLONEf_CLONE_HOST This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells
perls win32host code (which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on
win32 if you want to run two threads at the same time, if you just want to
do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter and then throw it away and
return to the original one, you don't need to do anything.
PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter *proto_perl, UV flags)
Compile-time scope hooks¶
- BhkDISABLE
- Temporarily disable an entry in this BHK structure, by
clearing the appropriate flag. which is a preprocessor token
indicating which entry to disable.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void BhkDISABLE(BHK *hk, which)
- BhkENABLE
- Re-enable an entry in this BHK structure, by setting the
appropriate flag. which is a preprocessor token indicating which
entry to enable. This will assert (under -DDEBUGGING) if the entry doesn't
contain a valid pointer.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void BhkENABLE(BHK *hk, which)
- BhkENTRY_set
- Set an entry in the BHK structure, and set the flags to
indicate it is valid. which is a preprocessing token indicating
which entry to set. The type of ptr depends on the entry.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void BhkENTRY_set(BHK *hk, which, void *ptr)
- blockhook_register
- Register a set of hooks to be called when the Perl lexical
scope changes at compile time. See "Compile-time scope hooks" in
perlguts.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
NOTE: this function must be explicitly called as Perl_blockhook_register
with an aTHX_ parameter.
void Perl_blockhook_register(pTHX_ BHK *hk)
COP Hint Hashes¶
- cophh_2hv
- Generates and returns a standard Perl hash representing the
full set of key/value pairs in the cop hints hash cophh.
flags is currently unused and must be zero.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
HV * cophh_2hv(const COPHH *cophh, U32 flags)
- cophh_copy
- Make and return a complete copy of the cop hints hash
cophh.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_copy(COPHH *cophh)
- cophh_delete_pv
- Like "cophh_delete_pvn", but takes a
nul-terminated string instead of a string/length pair.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_delete_pv(const COPHH *cophh, const char *key, U32 hash, U32 flags)
- cophh_delete_pvn
- Delete a key and its associated value from the cop hints
hash cophh, and returns the modified hash. The returned hash
pointer is in general not the same as the hash pointer that was passed in.
The input hash is consumed by the function, and the pointer to it must not
be subsequently used. Use "cophh_copy" if you need both hashes.
The key is specified by keypv and keylen. If flags has
the "COPHH_KEY_UTF8" bit set, the key octets are interpreted as
UTF-8, otherwise they are interpreted as Latin-1. hash is a
precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been
precomputed.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_delete_pvn(COPHH *cophh, const char *keypv, STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, U32 flags)
- cophh_delete_pvs
- Like "cophh_delete_pvn", but takes a literal
string instead of a string/length pair, and no precomputed hash.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_delete_pvs(const COPHH *cophh, const char *key, U32 flags)
- cophh_delete_sv
- Like "cophh_delete_pvn", but takes a Perl scalar
instead of a string/length pair.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_delete_sv(const COPHH *cophh, SV *key, U32 hash, U32 flags)
- cophh_fetch_pv
- Like "cophh_fetch_pvn", but takes a
nul-terminated string instead of a string/length pair.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
SV * cophh_fetch_pv(const COPHH *cophh, const char *key, U32 hash, U32 flags)
- cophh_fetch_pvn
- Look up the entry in the cop hints hash cophh with
the key specified by keypv and keylen. If flags has
the "COPHH_KEY_UTF8" bit set, the key octets are interpreted as
UTF-8, otherwise they are interpreted as Latin-1. hash is a
precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been
precomputed. Returns a mortal scalar copy of the value associated with the
key, or &PL_sv_placeholder if there is no value associated with the
key.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
SV * cophh_fetch_pvn(const COPHH *cophh, const char *keypv, STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, U32 flags)
- cophh_fetch_pvs
- Like "cophh_fetch_pvn", but takes a literal
string instead of a string/length pair, and no precomputed hash.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
SV * cophh_fetch_pvs(const COPHH *cophh, const char *key, U32 flags)
- cophh_fetch_sv
- Like "cophh_fetch_pvn", but takes a Perl scalar
instead of a string/length pair.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
SV * cophh_fetch_sv(const COPHH *cophh, SV *key, U32 hash, U32 flags)
- cophh_free
- Discard the cop hints hash cophh, freeing all
resources associated with it.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void cophh_free(COPHH *cophh)
- cophh_new_empty
- Generate and return a fresh cop hints hash containing no
entries.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_new_empty()
- cophh_store_pv
- Like "cophh_store_pvn", but takes a
nul-terminated string instead of a string/length pair.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_store_pv(const COPHH *cophh, const char *key, U32 hash, SV *value, U32 flags)
- cophh_store_pvn
- Stores a value, associated with a key, in the cop hints
hash cophh, and returns the modified hash. The returned hash
pointer is in general not the same as the hash pointer that was passed in.
The input hash is consumed by the function, and the pointer to it must not
be subsequently used. Use "cophh_copy" if you need both hashes.
The key is specified by keypv and keylen. If flags has
the "COPHH_KEY_UTF8" bit set, the key octets are interpreted as
UTF-8, otherwise they are interpreted as Latin-1. hash is a
precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been
precomputed.
value is the scalar value to store for this key. value is
copied by this function, which thus does not take ownership of any
reference to it, and later changes to the scalar will not be reflected in
the value visible in the cop hints hash. Complex types of scalar will not
be stored with referential integrity, but will be coerced to strings.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_store_pvn(COPHH *cophh, const char *keypv, STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, SV *value, U32 flags)
- cophh_store_pvs
- Like "cophh_store_pvn", but takes a literal
string instead of a string/length pair, and no precomputed hash.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_store_pvs(const COPHH *cophh, const char *key, SV *value, U32 flags)
- cophh_store_sv
- Like "cophh_store_pvn", but takes a Perl scalar
instead of a string/length pair.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
COPHH * cophh_store_sv(const COPHH *cophh, SV *key, U32 hash, SV *value, U32 flags)
COP Hint Reading¶
- cop_hints_2hv
- Generates and returns a standard Perl hash representing the
full set of hint entries in the cop cop. flags is currently
unused and must be zero.
HV * cop_hints_2hv(const COP *cop, U32 flags)
- cop_hints_fetch_pv
- Like "cop_hints_fetch_pvn", but takes a
nul-terminated string instead of a string/length pair.
SV * cop_hints_fetch_pv(const COP *cop, const char *key, U32 hash, U32 flags)
- cop_hints_fetch_pvn
- Look up the hint entry in the cop cop with the key
specified by keypv and keylen. If flags has the
"COPHH_KEY_UTF8" bit set, the key octets are interpreted as
UTF-8, otherwise they are interpreted as Latin-1. hash is a
precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been
precomputed. Returns a mortal scalar copy of the value associated with the
key, or &PL_sv_placeholder if there is no value associated with the
key.
SV * cop_hints_fetch_pvn(const COP *cop, const char *keypv, STRLEN keylen, U32 hash, U32 flags)
- cop_hints_fetch_pvs
- Like "cop_hints_fetch_pvn", but takes a literal
string instead of a string/length pair, and no precomputed hash.
SV * cop_hints_fetch_pvs(const COP *cop, const char *key, U32 flags)
- cop_hints_fetch_sv
- Like "cop_hints_fetch_pvn", but takes a Perl
scalar instead of a string/length pair.
SV * cop_hints_fetch_sv(const COP *cop, SV *key, U32 hash, U32 flags)
Custom Operators¶
- custom_op_register
- Register a custom op. See "Custom Operators" in
perlguts.
NOTE: this function must be explicitly called as Perl_custom_op_register
with an aTHX_ parameter.
void Perl_custom_op_register(pTHX_ Perl_ppaddr_t ppaddr, const XOP *xop)
- custom_op_xop
- Return the XOP structure for a given custom op. This
function should be considered internal to OP_NAME and the other access
macros: use them instead.
NOTE: this function must be explicitly called as Perl_custom_op_xop with an
aTHX_ parameter.
const XOP * Perl_custom_op_xop(pTHX_ const OP *o)
- XopDISABLE
- Temporarily disable a member of the XOP, by clearing the
appropriate flag.
void XopDISABLE(XOP *xop, which)
- XopENABLE
- Reenable a member of the XOP which has been disabled.
void XopENABLE(XOP *xop, which)
- XopENTRY
- Return a member of the XOP structure. which is a cpp
token indicating which entry to return. If the member is not set this will
return a default value. The return type depends on which.
XopENTRY(XOP *xop, which)
- XopENTRY_set
- Set a member of the XOP structure. which is a cpp
token indicating which entry to set. See "Custom Operators" in
perlguts for details about the available members and how they are used.
void XopENTRY_set(XOP *xop, which, value)
- XopFLAGS
- Return the XOP's flags.
U32 XopFLAGS(XOP *xop)
CV Manipulation Functions¶
- CvSTASH
- Returns the stash of the CV.
HV* CvSTASH(CV* cv)
- get_cv
- Uses "strlen" to get the length of
"name", then calls "get_cvn_flags".
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
CV* get_cv(const char* name, I32 flags)
- get_cvn_flags
- Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine.
"flags" are passed to "gv_fetchpvn_flags". If
"GV_ADD" is set and the Perl subroutine does not exist then it
will be declared (which has the same effect as saying "sub
name;"). If "GV_ADD" is not set and the subroutine does not
exist then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
CV* get_cvn_flags(const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
Embedding Functions¶
- cv_undef
- Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can
happen either by an explicit "undef &foo", or by the
reference count going to zero. In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE
pointer, so that any anonymous children can still follow the full lexical
scope chain.
void cv_undef(CV* cv)
- load_module
- Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string
part of name. Note that the actual module name, not its filename, should
be given. Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm".
flags can be any of PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or
PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS (or 0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides
version semantics similar to "use Foo::Bar VERSION". The
optional trailing SV* arguments can be used to specify arguments to the
module's import() method, similar to "use Foo::Bar VERSION
LIST". They must be terminated with a final NULL pointer. Note that
this list can only be omitted when the PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT flag has been
used. Otherwise at least a single NULL pointer to designate the default
import list is required.
void load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
- nothreadhook
- Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct when there
are no threads.
int nothreadhook()
- pad_findmy
- Given a lexical name, try to find its offset, first in the
current pad, or failing that, in the pads of any lexically enclosing subs
(including the complications introduced by eval). If the name is found in
an outer pad, then a fake entry is added to the current pad. Returns the
offset in the current pad, or NOT_IN_PAD on failure.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
PADOFFSET pad_findmy(const char* name, STRLEN len, U32 flags)
- pad_sv
- Get the value at offset po in the current pad. Use macro
PAD_SV instead of calling this function directly.
SV* pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)
- perl_alloc
- Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc()
- perl_construct
- Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter *my_perl)
- perl_destruct
- Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter *my_perl)
- perl_free
- Releases a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perl_free(PerlInterpreter *my_perl)
- perl_parse
- Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See
perlembed.
int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter *my_perl, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
- perl_run
- Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See perlembed.
int perl_run(PerlInterpreter *my_perl)
- require_pv
- Tells Perl to "require" the file named by the
string argument. It is analogous to the Perl code "eval "require
'$file'"". It's even implemented that way; consider using
load_module instead.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
void require_pv(const char* pv)
Functions in file dump.c¶
- pv_display
- Similar to
pv_escape(dsv,pv,cur,pvlim,PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE);
except that an additional "\0" will be appended to the string when
len > cur and pv[cur] is "\0".
Note that the final string may be up to 7 chars longer than pvlim.
char* pv_display(SV *dsv, const char *pv, STRLEN cur, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim)
- pv_escape
- Escapes at most the first "count" chars of pv and
puts the results into dsv such that the size of the escaped string will
not exceed "max" chars and will not contain any incomplete
escape sequences.
If flags contains PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE then any double quotes in the string
will also be escaped.
Normally the SV will be cleared before the escaped string is prepared, but
when PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOCLEAR is set this will not occur.
If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI is set then the input string is treated as Unicode, if
PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT is set then the input string is scanned using
"is_utf8_string()" to determine if it is Unicode.
If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_ALL is set then all input chars will be output using
"\x01F1" style escapes, otherwise if PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NONASCII is
set, only chars above 127 will be escaped using this style; otherwise,
only chars above 255 will be so escaped; other non printable chars will
use octal or common escaped patterns like "\n". Otherwise, if
PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOBACKSLASH then all chars below 255 will be treated as
printable and will be output as literals.
If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR is set then only the first char of the string
will be escaped, regardless of max. If the output is to be in hex, then it
will be returned as a plain hex sequence. Thus the output will either be a
single char, an octal escape sequence, a special escape like
"\n" or a hex value.
If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_RE is set then the escape char used will be a '%' and not
a '\\'. This is because regexes very often contain backslashed sequences,
whereas '%' is not a particularly common character in patterns.
Returns a pointer to the escaped text as held by dsv.
char* pv_escape(SV *dsv, char const * const str, const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max, STRLEN * const escaped, const U32 flags)
- pv_pretty
- Converts a string into something presentable, handling
escaping via pv_escape() and supporting quoting and ellipses.
If the PERL_PV_PRETTY_QUOTE flag is set then the result will be double
quoted with any double quotes in the string escaped. Otherwise if the
PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT flag is set then the result be wrapped in angle
brackets.
If the PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES flag is set and not all characters in string
were output then an ellipsis "..." will be appended to the
string. Note that this happens AFTER it has been quoted.
If start_color is non-null then it will be inserted after the opening quote
(if there is one) but before the escaped text. If end_color is non-null
then it will be inserted after the escaped text but before any quotes or
ellipses.
Returns a pointer to the prettified text as held by dsv.
char* pv_pretty(SV *dsv, char const * const str, const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max, char const * const start_color, char const * const end_color, const U32 flags)
Functions in file mathoms.c¶
- custom_op_desc
- Return the description of a given custom op. This was once
used by the OP_DESC macro, but is no longer: it has only been kept for
compatibility, and should not be used.
const char * custom_op_desc(const OP *o)
- custom_op_name
- Return the name for a given custom op. This was once used
by the OP_NAME macro, but is no longer: it has only been kept for
compatibility, and should not be used.
const char * custom_op_name(const OP *o)
- gv_fetchmethod
- See gv_fetchmethod_autoload.
GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
- pack_cat
- The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note:
parameters next_in_list and flags are not used. This call should not be
used; use packlist instead.
void pack_cat(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)
- sv_2pvbyte_nolen
- Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the
SV. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte_nolen" macro.
char* sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
- sv_2pvutf8_nolen
- Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the
SV. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro.
char* sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
- sv_2pv_nolen
- Like "sv_2pv()", but doesn't return the length
too. You should usually use the macro wrapper "SvPV_nolen(sv)"
instead. char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)
- sv_catpvn_mg
- Like "sv_catpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
- sv_catsv_mg
- Like "sv_catsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catsv_mg(SV *dsv, SV *ssv)
- sv_force_normal
- Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a
shared string, make a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're
a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. See also "sv_force_normal_flags".
void sv_force_normal(SV *sv)
- sv_iv
- A private implementation of the "SvIVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
IV sv_iv(SV* sv)
- sv_nolocking
- Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is
no locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function
pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of
strict-ness.
"Superseded" by sv_nosharing().
void sv_nolocking(SV *sv)
- sv_nounlocking
- Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is
no locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function
pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of
strict-ness.
"Superseded" by sv_nosharing().
void sv_nounlocking(SV *sv)
- sv_nv
- A private implementation of the "SvNVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
NV sv_nv(SV* sv)
- sv_pv
- Use the "SvPV_nolen" macro instead
char* sv_pv(SV *sv)
- sv_pvbyte
- Use "SvPVbyte_nolen" instead.
char* sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)
- sv_pvbyten
- A private implementation of the "SvPVbyte" macro
for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use
the macro instead.
char* sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *lp)
- sv_pvn
- A private implementation of the "SvPV" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
char* sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *lp)
- sv_pvutf8
- Use the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro instead
char* sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)
- sv_pvutf8n
- A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8" macro
for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use
the macro instead.
char* sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *lp)
- sv_taint
- Taint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_on" instead.
void sv_taint(SV* sv)
- sv_unref
- Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the
reference count of whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can
almost be thought of as a reversal of "newSVrv". This is
"sv_unref_flags" with the "flag" being zero. See
"SvROK_off".
void sv_unref(SV* sv)
- sv_usepvn
- Tells an SV to use "ptr" to find its string
value. Implemented by calling "sv_usepvn_flags" with
"flags" of 0, hence does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_usepvn_flags".
void sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
- sv_usepvn_mg
- Like "sv_usepvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
- sv_uv
- A private implementation of the "SvUVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the
macro instead.
UV sv_uv(SV* sv)
- unpack_str
- The engine implementing unpack() Perl function.
Note: parameters strbeg, new_s and ocnt are not used. This call should not
be used, use unpackstring instead.
I32 unpack_str(const char *pat, const char *patend, const char *s, const char *strbeg, const char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)
Functions in file op.c¶
- op_contextualize
- Applies a syntactic context to an op tree representing an
expression. o is the op tree, and context must be
"G_SCALAR", "G_ARRAY", or "G_VOID" to
specify the context to apply. The modified op tree is returned.
OP * op_contextualize(OP *o, I32 context)
Functions in file perl.h¶
- PERL_SYS_INIT
- Provides system-specific tune up of the C runtime
environment necessary to run Perl interpreters. This should be called only
once, before creating any Perl interpreters.
void PERL_SYS_INIT(int argc, char** argv)
- PERL_SYS_INIT3
- Provides system-specific tune up of the C runtime
environment necessary to run Perl interpreters. This should be called only
once, before creating any Perl interpreters.
void PERL_SYS_INIT3(int argc, char** argv, char** env)
- PERL_SYS_TERM
- Provides system-specific clean up of the C runtime
environment after running Perl interpreters. This should be called only
once, after freeing any remaining Perl interpreters.
void PERL_SYS_TERM()
Functions in file pp_ctl.c¶
- caller_cx
- The XSUB-writer's equivalent of caller(). The
returned "PERL_CONTEXT" structure can be interrogated to find
all the information returned to Perl by "caller". Note that
XSUBs don't get a stack frame, so "caller_cx(0, NULL)" will
return information for the immediately-surrounding Perl code.
This function skips over the automatic calls to &DB::sub made on the
behalf of the debugger. If the stack frame requested was a sub called by
"DB::sub", the return value will be the frame for the call to
"DB::sub", since that has the correct line number/etc. for the
call site. If dbcxp is non-"NULL", it will be set to a
pointer to the frame for the sub call itself.
const PERL_CONTEXT * caller_cx(I32 level, const PERL_CONTEXT **dbcxp)
- find_runcv
- Locate the CV corresponding to the currently executing sub
or eval. If db_seqp is non_null, skip CVs that are in the DB package and
populate *db_seqp with the cop sequence number at the point that the DB::
code was entered. (allows debuggers to eval in the scope of the breakpoint
rather than in the scope of the debugger itself).
CV* find_runcv(U32 *db_seqp)
Functions in file pp_pack.c¶
- packlist
- The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
void packlist(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
- unpackstring
- The engine implementing unpack() Perl function.
"unpackstring" puts the extracted list items on the stack and
returns the number of elements. Issue "PUTBACK" before and
"SPAGAIN" after the call to this function.
I32 unpackstring(const char *pat, const char *patend, const char *s, const char *strend, U32 flags)
Functions in file pp_sys.c¶
- setdefout
- Sets PL_defoutgv, the default file handle for output, to
the passed in typeglob. As PL_defoutgv "owns" a reference on its
typeglob, the reference count of the passed in typeglob is increased by
one, and the reference count of the typeglob that PL_defoutgv points to is
decreased by one.
void setdefout(GV* gv)
Functions in file utf8.h¶
- ibcmp_utf8
- This is a synonym for (! foldEQ_utf8())
I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char *s1, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char *s2, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
Functions in file util.h¶
- ibcmp
- This is a synonym for (! foldEQ())
I32 ibcmp(const char* a, const char* b, I32 len)
- ibcmp_locale
- This is a synonym for (! foldEQ_locale())
I32 ibcmp_locale(const char* a, const char* b, I32 len)
Global Variables¶
- PL_keyword_plugin
- Function pointer, pointing at a function used to handle
extended keywords. The function should be declared as
int keyword_plugin_function(pTHX_
char *keyword_ptr, STRLEN keyword_len,
OP **op_ptr)
The function is called from the tokeniser, whenever a possible keyword is
seen. "keyword_ptr" points at the word in the parser's input
buffer, and "keyword_len" gives its length; it is not
null-terminated. The function is expected to examine the word, and
possibly other state such as %^H, to decide whether it wants to handle it
as an extended keyword. If it does not, the function should return
"KEYWORD_PLUGIN_DECLINE", and the normal parser process will
continue.
If the function wants to handle the keyword, it first must parse anything
following the keyword that is part of the syntax introduced by the
keyword. See "Lexer interface" for details.
When a keyword is being handled, the plugin function must build a tree of
"OP" structures, representing the code that was parsed. The root
of the tree must be stored in *op_ptr. The function then returns a
constant indicating the syntactic role of the construct that it has
parsed: "KEYWORD_PLUGIN_STMT" if it is a complete statement, or
"KEYWORD_PLUGIN_EXPR" if it is an expression. Note that a
statement construct cannot be used inside an expression (except via
"do BLOCK" and similar), and an expression is not a complete
statement (it requires at least a terminating semicolon).
When a keyword is handled, the plugin function may also have (compile-time)
side effects. It may modify "%^H", define functions, and so on.
Typically, if side effects are the main purpose of a handler, it does not
wish to generate any ops to be included in the normal compilation. In this
case it is still required to supply an op tree, but it suffices to
generate a single null op.
That's how the *PL_keyword_plugin function needs to behave overall.
Conventionally, however, one does not completely replace the existing
handler function. Instead, take a copy of "PL_keyword_plugin"
before assigning your own function pointer to it. Your handler function
should look for keywords that it is interested in and handle those. Where
it is not interested, it should call the saved plugin function, passing on
the arguments it received. Thus "PL_keyword_plugin" actually
points at a chain of handler functions, all of which have an opportunity
to handle keywords, and only the last function in the chain (built into
the Perl core) will normally return "KEYWORD_PLUGIN_DECLINE".
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
GV Functions¶
- GvSV
- Return the SV from the GV.
SV* GvSV(GV* gv)
- gv_const_sv
- If "gv" is a typeglob whose subroutine entry is a
constant sub eligible for inlining, or "gv" is a placeholder
reference that would be promoted to such a typeglob, then returns the
value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns NULL.
SV* gv_const_sv(GV* gv)
- gv_fetchmeth
- Returns the glob with the given "name" and a
defined subroutine or "NULL". The glob lives in the given
"stash", or in the stashes accessible via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::.
The argument "level" should be either 0 or -1. If
"level==0", as a side-effect creates a glob with the given
"name" in the given "stash" which in the case of
success contains an alias for the subroutine, and sets up caching info for
this glob.
This function grants "SUPER" token as a postfix of the stash name.
The GV returned from "gv_fetchmeth" may be a method cache entry,
which is not visible to Perl code. So when calling "call_sv",
you should not use the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's
CV, which can be obtained from the GV with the "GvCV" macro.
GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
- gv_fetchmethod_autoload
- Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to
invoke the method on the "stash". In fact in the presence of
autoloading this may be the glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case
the corresponding variable $AUTOLOAD is already setup.
The third parameter of "gv_fetchmethod_autoload" determines
whether AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not present:
non-zero means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for
AUTOLOAD. Calling "gv_fetchmethod" is equivalent to calling
"gv_fetchmethod_autoload" with a non-zero "autoload"
parameter.
These functions grant "SUPER" token as a prefix of the method
name. Note that if you want to keep the returned glob for a long time, you
need to check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time
the call may load a different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its
value. Use the glob created via a side effect to do this.
These functions have the same side-effects and as "gv_fetchmeth"
with "level==0". "name" should be writable if contains
':' or ' ''. The warning against passing the GV returned by
"gv_fetchmeth" to "call_sv" apply equally to these
functions.
GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
- gv_fetchmeth_autoload
- Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded
subroutines too. Returns a glob for the subroutine.
For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even if
"level < 0". For an autoloaded subroutine without a stub,
GvCV() of the result may be zero.
GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
- gv_stashpv
- Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package.
Uses "strlen" to determine the length of "name", then
calls "gv_stashpvn()".
HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 flags)
- gv_stashpvn
- Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. The
"namelen" parameter indicates the length of the
"name", in bytes. "flags" is passed to
"gv_fetchpvn_flags()", so if set to "GV_ADD" then the
package will be created if it does not already exist. If the package does
not exist and "flags" is 0 (or any other setting that does not
create packages) then NULL is returned.
HV* gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 flags)
- gv_stashpvs
- Like "gv_stashpvn", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
HV* gv_stashpvs(const char* name, I32 create)
- gv_stashsv
- Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. See
"gv_stashpvn".
HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
Handy Values¶
- Nullav
- Null AV pointer.
(deprecated - use "(AV *)NULL" instead)
- Nullch
- Null character pointer. (No longer available when
"PERL_CORE" is defined.)
- Nullcv
- Null CV pointer.
(deprecated - use "(CV *)NULL" instead)
- Nullhv
- Null HV pointer.
(deprecated - use "(HV *)NULL" instead)
- Nullsv
- Null SV pointer. (No longer available when
"PERL_CORE" is defined.)
Hash Manipulation Functions¶
- get_hv
- Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash.
"flags" are passed to "gv_fetchpv". If
"GV_ADD" is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it
will be created. If "flags" is zero and the variable does not
exist then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
HV* get_hv(const char *name, I32 flags)
- HEf_SVKEY
- This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries and
magic structures, specifies the structure contains an "SV*"
pointer where a "char*" pointer is to be expected. (For
information only--not to be used).
- HeHASH
- Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.
U32 HeHASH(HE* he)
- HeKEY
- Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of the
hash entry. The pointer may be either "char*" or
"SV*", depending on the value of "HeKLEN()". Can be
assigned to. The "HePV()" or "HeSVKEY()" macros are
usually preferable for finding the value of a key.
void* HeKEY(HE* he)
- HeKLEN
- If this is negative, and amounts to "HEf_SVKEY",
it indicates the entry holds an "SV*" key. Otherwise, holds the
actual length of the key. Can be assigned to. The "HePV()" macro
is usually preferable for finding key lengths.
STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
- HePV
- Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a
"char*" value, doing any necessary dereferencing of possibly
"SV*" keys. The length of the string is placed in
"len" (this is a macro, so do not use &len). If you
do not care about what the length of the key is, you may use the global
variable "PL_na", though this is rather less efficient than
using a local variable. Remember though, that hash keys in perl are free
to contain embedded nulls, so using "strlen()" or similar is not
a good way to find the length of hash keys. This is very similar to the
"SvPV()" macro described elsewhere in this document. See also
"HeUTF8".
If you are using "HePV" to get values to pass to
"newSVpvn()" to create a new SV, you should consider using
"newSVhek(HeKEY_hek(he))" as it is more efficient.
char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
- HeSVKEY
- Returns the key as an "SV*", or "NULL"
if the hash entry does not contain an "SV*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY(HE* he)
- HeSVKEY_force
- Returns the key as an "SV*". Will create and
return a temporary mortal "SV*" if the hash entry contains only
a "char*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
- HeSVKEY_set
- Sets the key to a given "SV*", taking care to set
the appropriate flags to indicate the presence of an "SV*" key,
and returns the same "SV*".
SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
- HeUTF8
- Returns whether the "char *" value returned by
"HePV" is encoded in UTF-8, doing any necessary dereferencing of
possibly "SV*" keys. The value returned will be 0 or non-0, not
necessarily 1 (or even a value with any low bits set), so do not
blindly assign this to a "bool" variable, as "bool"
may be a typedef for "char".
char* HeUTF8(HE* he)
- HeVAL
- Returns the value slot (type "SV*") stored in the
hash entry.
SV* HeVAL(HE* he)
- HvENAME
- Returns the effective name of a stash, or NULL if there is
none. The effective name represents a location in the symbol table where
this stash resides. It is updated automatically when packages are aliased
or deleted. A stash that is no longer in the symbol table has no effective
name. This name is preferable to "HvNAME" for use in MRO
linearisations and isa caches.
char* HvENAME(HV* stash)
- HvNAME
- Returns the package name of a stash, or NULL if
"stash" isn't a stash. See "SvSTASH",
"CvSTASH".
char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
- hv_assert
- Check that a hash is in an internally consistent state.
void hv_assert(HV *hv)
- hv_clear
- Clears a hash, making it empty.
void hv_clear(HV *hv)
- hv_clear_placeholders
- Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a restricted hash
has any of its keys marked as readonly and the key is subsequently
deleted, the key is not actually deleted but is marked by assigning it a
value of &PL_sv_placeholder. This tags it so it will be ignored by
future operations such as iterating over the hash, but will still allow
the hash to have a value reassigned to the key at some future point. This
function clears any such placeholder keys from the hash. See
Hash::Util::lock_keys() for an example of its use.
void hv_clear_placeholders(HV *hv)
- hv_copy_hints_hv
- A specialised version of "newHVhv" for copying
"%^H". ohv must be a pointer to a hash (which may have
"%^H" magic, but should be generally non-magical), or
"NULL" (interpreted as an empty hash). The content of ohv
is copied to a new hash, which has the "%^H"-specific magic
added to it. A pointer to the new hash is returned.
HV * hv_copy_hints_hv(HV *ohv)
- hv_delete
- Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value's SV is
removed from the hash, made mortal, and returned to the caller. The
"klen" is the length of the key. The "flags" value
will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned.
NULL will also be returned if the key is not found.
SV* hv_delete(HV *hv, const char *key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
- hv_delete_ent
- Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is
removed from the hash, made mortal, and returned to the caller. The
"flags" value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then
NULL will be returned. NULL will also be returned if the key is not found.
"hash" can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it
to be computed.
SV* hv_delete_ent(HV *hv, SV *keysv, I32 flags, U32 hash)
- hv_exists
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key
exists. The "klen" is the length of the key.
bool hv_exists(HV *hv, const char *key, I32 klen)
- hv_exists_ent
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key
exists. "hash" can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to
ask for it to be computed.
bool hv_exists_ent(HV *hv, SV *keysv, U32 hash)
- hv_fetch
- Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in
the hash. The "klen" is the length of the key. If
"lval" is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check that
the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to an
"SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_fetch(HV *hv, const char *key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
- hv_fetchs
- Like "hv_fetch", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
SV** hv_fetchs(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 lval)
- hv_fetch_ent
- Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the specified
key in the hash. "hash" must be a valid precomputed hash number
for the given "key", or 0 if you want the function to compute
it. IF "lval" is set then the fetch will be part of a store.
Make sure the return value is non-null before accessing it. The return
value when "hv" is a tied hash is a pointer to a static
location, so be sure to make a copy of the structure if you need to store
it somewhere.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV *hv, SV *keysv, I32 lval, U32 hash)
- hv_fill
- Returns the number of hash buckets that happen to be in
use. This function is wrapped by the macro "HvFILL".
Previously this value was stored in the HV structure, rather than being
calculated on demand.
STRLEN hv_fill(HV const *const hv)
- hv_iterinit
- Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. Returns
the number of keys in the hash (i.e. the same as "HvKEYS(hv)").
The return value is currently only meaningful for hashes without tie
magic.
NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, "hv_iterinit" used to return the
number of hash buckets that happen to be in use. If you still need that
esoteric value, you can get it through the macro "HvFILL(hv)".
I32 hv_iterinit(HV *hv)
- hv_iterkey
- Returns the key from the current position of the hash
iterator. See "hv_iterinit".
char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
- hv_iterkeysv
- Returns the key as an "SV*" from the current
position of the hash iterator. The return value will always be a mortal
copy of the key. Also see "hv_iterinit".
SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
- hv_iternext
- Returns entries from a hash iterator. See
"hv_iterinit".
You may call "hv_delete" or "hv_delete_ent" on the hash
entry that the iterator currently points to, without losing your place or
invalidating your iterator. Note that in this case the current entry is
deleted from the hash with your iterator holding the last reference to it.
Your iterator is flagged to free the entry on the next call to
"hv_iternext", so you must not discard your iterator immediately
else the entry will leak - call "hv_iternext" to trigger the
resource deallocation.
HE* hv_iternext(HV *hv)
- hv_iternextsv
- Performs an "hv_iternext",
"hv_iterkey", and "hv_iterval" in one operation.
SV* hv_iternextsv(HV *hv, char **key, I32 *retlen)
- hv_iternext_flags
- Returns entries from a hash iterator. See
"hv_iterinit" and "hv_iternext". The "flags"
value will normally be zero; if HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS is set the
placeholders keys (for restricted hashes) will be returned in addition to
normal keys. By default placeholders are automatically skipped over.
Currently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is
&Perl_sv_placeholder. Note that the implementation of placeholders and
restricted hashes may change, and the implementation currently is
insufficiently abstracted for any change to be tidy.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV *hv, I32 flags)
- hv_iterval
- Returns the value from the current position of the hash
iterator. See "hv_iterkey".
SV* hv_iterval(HV *hv, HE *entry)
- hv_magic
- Adds magic to a hash. See "sv_magic".
void hv_magic(HV *hv, GV *gv, int how)
- hv_scalar
- Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns the
result. Handles magic when the hash is tied.
SV* hv_scalar(HV *hv)
- hv_store
- Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as
"key" and "klen" is the length of the key. The
"hash" parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero
then Perl will compute it. The return value will be NULL if the operation
failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the hash
(as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get
the original "SV*". Note that the caller is responsible for
suitably incrementing the reference count of "val" before the
call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a
successful hv_store takes ownership of one reference to "val".
This is usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of
one, so if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash,
hv_store will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't
need to do anything further to tidy up. hv_store is not implemented as a
call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so
if your key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference
to hv_store_ent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_store(HV *hv, const char *key, I32 klen, SV *val, U32 hash)
- hv_stores
- Like "hv_store", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair and omits the hash parameter.
SV** hv_stores(HV* tb, const char* key, NULLOK SV* val)
- hv_store_ent
- Stores "val" in a hash. The hash key is specified
as "key". The "hash" parameter is the precomputed hash
value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value is the
new hash entry so created. It will be NULL if the operation failed or if
the value did not need to be actually stored within the hash (as in the
case of tied hashes). Otherwise the contents of the return value can be
accessed using the "He?" macros described here. Note that the
caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of
"val" before the call, and decrementing it if the function
returned NULL. Effectively a successful hv_store_ent takes ownership of
one reference to "val". This is usually what you want; a newly
created SV has a reference count of one, so if all your code does is
create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store will own the only reference
to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything further to tidy
up. Note that hv_store_ent only reads the "key"; unlike
"val" it does not take ownership of it, so maintaining the
correct reference count on "key" is entirely the caller's
responsibility. hv_store is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and
does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is not
already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays" in
perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_store_ent(HV *hv, SV *key, SV *val, U32 hash)
- hv_undef
- Undefines the hash.
void hv_undef(HV *hv)
- newHV
- Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1.
HV* newHV()
Lexer interface¶
- lex_bufutf8
- Indicates whether the octets in the lexer buffer
("PL_parser->linestr") should be interpreted as the UTF-8
encoding of Unicode characters. If not, they should be interpreted as
Latin-1 characters. This is analogous to the "SvUTF8" flag for
scalars.
In UTF-8 mode, it is not guaranteed that the lexer buffer actually contains
valid UTF-8. Lexing code must be robust in the face of invalid encoding.
The actual "SvUTF8" flag of the "PL_parser->linestr"
scalar is significant, but not the whole story regarding the input
character encoding. Normally, when a file is being read, the scalar
contains octets and its "SvUTF8" flag is off, but the octets
should be interpreted as UTF-8 if the "use utf8" pragma is in
effect. During a string eval, however, the scalar may have the
"SvUTF8" flag on, and in this case its octets should be
interpreted as UTF-8 unless the "use bytes" pragma is in effect.
This logic may change in the future; use this function instead of
implementing the logic yourself.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
bool lex_bufutf8()
- lex_discard_to
- Discards the first part of the
"PL_parser->linestr" buffer, up to ptr. The remaining
content of the buffer will be moved, and all pointers into the buffer
updated appropriately. ptr must not be later in the buffer than the
position of "PL_parser->bufptr": it is not permitted to
discard text that has yet to be lexed.
Normally it is not necessarily to do this directly, because it suffices to
use the implicit discarding behaviour of "lex_next_chunk" and
things based on it. However, if a token stretches across multiple lines,
and the lexing code has kept multiple lines of text in the buffer for that
purpose, then after completion of the token it would be wise to explicitly
discard the now-unneeded earlier lines, to avoid future multi-line tokens
growing the buffer without bound.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_discard_to(char *ptr)
- lex_grow_linestr
- Reallocates the lexer buffer
("PL_parser->linestr") to accommodate at least len
octets (including terminating NUL). Returns a pointer to the reallocated
buffer. This is necessary before making any direct modification of the
buffer that would increase its length. "lex_stuff_pvn" provides
a more convenient way to insert text into the buffer.
Do not use "SvGROW" or "sv_grow" directly on
"PL_parser->linestr"; this function updates all of the
lexer's variables that point directly into the buffer.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
char * lex_grow_linestr(STRLEN len)
- lex_next_chunk
- Reads in the next chunk of text to be lexed, appending it
to "PL_parser->linestr". This should be called when lexing
code has looked to the end of the current chunk and wants to know more. It
is usual, but not necessary, for lexing to have consumed the entirety of
the current chunk at this time.
If "PL_parser->bufptr" is pointing to the very end of the
current chunk (i.e., the current chunk has been entirely consumed),
normally the current chunk will be discarded at the same time that the new
chunk is read in. If flags includes "LEX_KEEP_PREVIOUS",
the current chunk will not be discarded. If the current chunk has not been
entirely consumed, then it will not be discarded regardless of the flag.
Returns true if some new text was added to the buffer, or false if the
buffer has reached the end of the input text.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
bool lex_next_chunk(U32 flags)
- lex_peek_unichar
- Looks ahead one (Unicode) character in the text currently
being lexed. Returns the codepoint (unsigned integer value) of the next
character, or -1 if lexing has reached the end of the input text. To
consume the peeked character, use "lex_read_unichar".
If the next character is in (or extends into) the next chunk of input text,
the next chunk will be read in. Normally the current chunk will be
discarded at the same time, but if flags includes
"LEX_KEEP_PREVIOUS" then the current chunk will not be
discarded.
If the input is being interpreted as UTF-8 and a UTF-8 encoding error is
encountered, an exception is generated.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
I32 lex_peek_unichar(U32 flags)
- lex_read_space
- Reads optional spaces, in Perl style, in the text currently
being lexed. The spaces may include ordinary whitespace characters and
Perl-style comments. "#line" directives are processed if
encountered. "PL_parser->bufptr" is moved past the spaces, so
that it points at a non-space character (or the end of the input text).
If spaces extend into the next chunk of input text, the next chunk will be
read in. Normally the current chunk will be discarded at the same time,
but if flags includes "LEX_KEEP_PREVIOUS" then the
current chunk will not be discarded.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_read_space(U32 flags)
- lex_read_to
- Consume text in the lexer buffer, from
"PL_parser->bufptr" up to ptr. This advances
"PL_parser->bufptr" to match ptr, performing the
correct bookkeeping whenever a newline character is passed. This is the
normal way to consume lexed text.
Interpretation of the buffer's octets can be abstracted out by using the
slightly higher-level functions "lex_peek_unichar" and
"lex_read_unichar".
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_read_to(char *ptr)
- lex_read_unichar
- Reads the next (Unicode) character in the text currently
being lexed. Returns the codepoint (unsigned integer value) of the
character read, and moves "PL_parser->bufptr" past the
character, or returns -1 if lexing has reached the end of the input text.
To non-destructively examine the next character, use
"lex_peek_unichar" instead.
If the next character is in (or extends into) the next chunk of input text,
the next chunk will be read in. Normally the current chunk will be
discarded at the same time, but if flags includes
"LEX_KEEP_PREVIOUS" then the current chunk will not be
discarded.
If the input is being interpreted as UTF-8 and a UTF-8 encoding error is
encountered, an exception is generated.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
I32 lex_read_unichar(U32 flags)
- lex_start
- Creates and initialises a new lexer/parser state object,
supplying a context in which to lex and parse from a new source of Perl
code. A pointer to the new state object is placed in
"PL_parser". An entry is made on the save stack so that upon
unwinding the new state object will be destroyed and the former value of
"PL_parser" will be restored. Nothing else need be done to clean
up the parsing context.
The code to be parsed comes from line and rsfp. line,
if non-null, provides a string (in SV form) containing code to be parsed.
A copy of the string is made, so subsequent modification of line
does not affect parsing. rsfp, if non-null, provides an input
stream from which code will be read to be parsed. If both are non-null,
the code in line comes first and must consist of complete lines of
input, and rsfp supplies the remainder of the source.
The flags parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be
zero, except for one flag that is currently reserved for perl's internal
use.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_start(SV *line, PerlIO *rsfp, U32 flags)
- lex_stuff_pv
- Insert characters into the lexer buffer
("PL_parser->linestr"), immediately after the current lexing
point ("PL_parser->bufptr"), reallocating the buffer if
necessary. This means that lexing code that runs later will see the
characters as if they had appeared in the input. It is not recommended to
do this as part of normal parsing, and most uses of this facility run the
risk of the inserted characters being interpreted in an unintended manner.
The string to be inserted is represented by octets starting at pv and
continuing to the first nul. These octets are interpreted as either UTF-8
or Latin-1, according to whether the "LEX_STUFF_UTF8" flag is
set in flags. The characters are recoded for the lexer buffer,
according to how the buffer is currently being interpreted
("lex_bufutf8"). If it is not convenient to nul-terminate a
string to be inserted, the "lex_stuff_pvn" function is more
appropriate.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_stuff_pv(const char *pv, U32 flags)
- lex_stuff_pvn
- Insert characters into the lexer buffer
("PL_parser->linestr"), immediately after the current lexing
point ("PL_parser->bufptr"), reallocating the buffer if
necessary. This means that lexing code that runs later will see the
characters as if they had appeared in the input. It is not recommended to
do this as part of normal parsing, and most uses of this facility run the
risk of the inserted characters being interpreted in an unintended manner.
The string to be inserted is represented by len octets starting at
pv. These octets are interpreted as either UTF-8 or Latin-1,
according to whether the "LEX_STUFF_UTF8" flag is set in
flags. The characters are recoded for the lexer buffer, according
to how the buffer is currently being interpreted
("lex_bufutf8"). If a string to be inserted is available as a
Perl scalar, the "lex_stuff_sv" function is more convenient.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_stuff_pvn(const char *pv, STRLEN len, U32 flags)
- lex_stuff_pvs
- Like "lex_stuff_pvn", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_stuff_pvs(const char *pv, U32 flags)
- lex_stuff_sv
- Insert characters into the lexer buffer
("PL_parser->linestr"), immediately after the current lexing
point ("PL_parser->bufptr"), reallocating the buffer if
necessary. This means that lexing code that runs later will see the
characters as if they had appeared in the input. It is not recommended to
do this as part of normal parsing, and most uses of this facility run the
risk of the inserted characters being interpreted in an unintended manner.
The string to be inserted is the string value of sv. The characters
are recoded for the lexer buffer, according to how the buffer is currently
being interpreted ("lex_bufutf8"). If a string to be inserted is
not already a Perl scalar, the "lex_stuff_pvn" function avoids
the need to construct a scalar.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_stuff_sv(SV *sv, U32 flags)
- lex_unstuff
- Discards text about to be lexed, from
"PL_parser->bufptr" up to ptr. Text following
ptr will be moved, and the buffer shortened. This hides the
discarded text from any lexing code that runs later, as if the text had
never appeared.
This is not the normal way to consume lexed text. For that, use
"lex_read_to".
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
void lex_unstuff(char *ptr)
- parse_arithexpr
- Parse a Perl arithmetic expression. This may contain
operators of precedence down to the bit shift operators. The expression
must be followed (and thus terminated) either by a comparison or
lower-precedence operator or by something that would normally terminate an
expression such as semicolon. If flags includes
"PARSE_OPTIONAL" then the expression is optional, otherwise it
is mandatory. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser
state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source
of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the expression.
The op tree representing the expression is returned. If an optional
expression is absent, a null pointer is returned, otherwise the pointer
will be non-null.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree
is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally
resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers
all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors,
however, will throw an exception immediately.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * parse_arithexpr(U32 flags)
- parse_barestmt
- Parse a single unadorned Perl statement. This may be a
normal imperative statement or a declaration that has compile-time effect.
It does not include any label or other affixture. It is up to the caller
to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is
correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the
lexical context for the statement.
The op tree representing the statement is returned. This may be a null
pointer if the statement is null, for example if it was actually a
subroutine definition (which has compile-time side effects). If not null,
it will be ops directly implementing the statement, suitable to pass to
"newSTATEOP". It will not normally include a
"nextstate" or equivalent op (except for those embedded in a
scope contained entirely within the statement).
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree
(most likely null) is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the
parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of
parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some
compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
The flags parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be
zero.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * parse_barestmt(U32 flags)
- parse_block
- Parse a single complete Perl code block. This consists of
an opening brace, a sequence of statements, and a closing brace. The block
constitutes a lexical scope, so "my" variables and various
compile-time effects can be contained within it. It is up to the caller to
ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is
correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the
lexical context for the statement.
The op tree representing the code block is returned. This is always a real
op, never a null pointer. It will normally be a "lineseq" list,
including "nextstate" or equivalent ops. No ops to construct any
kind of runtime scope are included by virtue of it being a block.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree
(most likely null) is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the
parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of
parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some
compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
The flags parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be
zero.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * parse_block(U32 flags)
- parse_fullexpr
- Parse a single complete Perl expression. This allows the
full expression grammar, including the lowest-precedence operators such as
"or". The expression must be followed (and thus terminated) by a
token that an expression would normally be terminated by: end-of-file,
closing bracketing punctuation, semicolon, or one of the keywords that
signals a postfix expression-statement modifier. If flags includes
"PARSE_OPTIONAL" then the expression is optional, otherwise it
is mandatory. It is up to the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser
state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to reflect the source
of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for the expression.
The op tree representing the expression is returned. If an optional
expression is absent, a null pointer is returned, otherwise the pointer
will be non-null.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree
is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally
resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers
all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors,
however, will throw an exception immediately.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * parse_fullexpr(U32 flags)
- parse_fullstmt
- Parse a single complete Perl statement. This may be a
normal imperative statement or a declaration that has compile-time effect,
and may include optional labels. It is up to the caller to ensure that the
dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to
reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the lexical context for
the statement.
The op tree representing the statement is returned. This may be a null
pointer if the statement is null, for example if it was actually a
subroutine definition (which has compile-time side effects). If not null,
it will be the result of a "newSTATEOP" call, normally including
a "nextstate" or equivalent op.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree
(most likely null) is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the
parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of
parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred. Some
compilation errors, however, will throw an exception immediately.
The flags parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be
zero.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * parse_fullstmt(U32 flags)
- parse_label
- Parse a single label, possibly optional, of the type that
may prefix a Perl statement. It is up to the caller to ensure that the
dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is correctly set to
reflect the source of the code to be parsed. If flags includes
"PARSE_OPTIONAL" then the label is optional, otherwise it is
mandatory.
The name of the label is returned in the form of a fresh scalar. If an
optional label is absent, a null pointer is returned.
If an error occurs in parsing, which can only occur if the label is
mandatory, a valid label is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the
parser state, normally resulting in a single exception at the top level of
parsing which covers all the compilation errors that occurred.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
SV * parse_label(U32 flags)
- parse_listexpr
- Parse a Perl list expression. This may contain operators of
precedence down to the comma operator. The expression must be followed
(and thus terminated) either by a low-precedence logic operator such as
"or" or by something that would normally terminate an expression
such as semicolon. If flags includes "PARSE_OPTIONAL"
then the expression is optional, otherwise it is mandatory. It is up to
the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser"
et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and
the lexical context for the expression.
The op tree representing the expression is returned. If an optional
expression is absent, a null pointer is returned, otherwise the pointer
will be non-null.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree
is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally
resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers
all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors,
however, will throw an exception immediately.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * parse_listexpr(U32 flags)
- parse_stmtseq
- Parse a sequence of zero or more Perl statements. These may
be normal imperative statements, including optional labels, or
declarations that have compile-time effect, or any mixture thereof. The
statement sequence ends when a closing brace or end-of-file is encountered
in a place where a new statement could have validly started. It is up to
the caller to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser"
et al) is correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and
the lexical context for the statements.
The op tree representing the statement sequence is returned. This may be a
null pointer if the statements were all null, for example if there were no
statements or if there were only subroutine definitions (which have
compile-time side effects). If not null, it will be a "lineseq"
list, normally including "nextstate" or equivalent ops.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree
is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally
resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers
all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors,
however, will throw an exception immediately.
The flags parameter is reserved for future use, and must always be
zero.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * parse_stmtseq(U32 flags)
- parse_termexpr
- Parse a Perl term expression. This may contain operators of
precedence down to the assignment operators. The expression must be
followed (and thus terminated) either by a comma or lower-precedence
operator or by something that would normally terminate an expression such
as semicolon. If flags includes "PARSE_OPTIONAL" then the
expression is optional, otherwise it is mandatory. It is up to the caller
to ensure that the dynamic parser state ("PL_parser" et al) is
correctly set to reflect the source of the code to be parsed and the
lexical context for the expression.
The op tree representing the expression is returned. If an optional
expression is absent, a null pointer is returned, otherwise the pointer
will be non-null.
If an error occurs in parsing or compilation, in most cases a valid op tree
is returned anyway. The error is reflected in the parser state, normally
resulting in a single exception at the top level of parsing which covers
all the compilation errors that occurred. Some compilation errors,
however, will throw an exception immediately.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * parse_termexpr(U32 flags)
- PL_parser
- Pointer to a structure encapsulating the state of the
parsing operation currently in progress. The pointer can be locally
changed to perform a nested parse without interfering with the state of an
outer parse. Individual members of "PL_parser" have their own
documentation.
- PL_parser->bufend
- Direct pointer to the end of the chunk of text currently
being lexed, the end of the lexer buffer. This is equal to
"SvPVX(PL_parser->linestr) + SvCUR(PL_parser->linestr)". A
NUL character (zero octet) is always located at the end of the buffer, and
does not count as part of the buffer's contents.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
- PL_parser->bufptr
- Points to the current position of lexing inside the lexer
buffer. Characters around this point may be freely examined, within the
range delimited by "SvPVX("PL_parser->linestr")"
and "PL_parser->bufend". The octets of the buffer may be
intended to be interpreted as either UTF-8 or Latin-1, as indicated by
"lex_bufutf8".
Lexing code (whether in the Perl core or not) moves this pointer past the
characters that it consumes. It is also expected to perform some
bookkeeping whenever a newline character is consumed. This movement can be
more conveniently performed by the function "lex_read_to", which
handles newlines appropriately.
Interpretation of the buffer's octets can be abstracted out by using the
slightly higher-level functions "lex_peek_unichar" and
"lex_read_unichar".
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
- PL_parser->linestart
- Points to the start of the current line inside the lexer
buffer. This is useful for indicating at which column an error occurred,
and not much else. This must be updated by any lexing code that consumes a
newline; the function "lex_read_to" handles this detail.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
- PL_parser->linestr
- Buffer scalar containing the chunk currently under
consideration of the text currently being lexed. This is always a plain
string scalar (for which "SvPOK" is true). It is not intended to
be used as a scalar by normal scalar means; instead refer to the buffer
directly by the pointer variables described below.
The lexer maintains various "char*" pointers to things in the
"PL_parser->linestr" buffer. If
"PL_parser->linestr" is ever reallocated, all of these
pointers must be updated. Don't attempt to do this manually, but rather
use "lex_grow_linestr" if you need to reallocate the buffer.
The content of the text chunk in the buffer is commonly exactly one complete
line of input, up to and including a newline terminator, but there are
situations where it is otherwise. The octets of the buffer may be intended
to be interpreted as either UTF-8 or Latin-1. The function
"lex_bufutf8" tells you which. Do not use the "SvUTF8"
flag on this scalar, which may disagree with it.
For direct examination of the buffer, the variable
"PL_parser->bufend" points to the end of the buffer. The
current lexing position is pointed to by "PL_parser->bufptr".
Direct use of these pointers is usually preferable to examination of the
scalar through normal scalar means.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
Magical Functions¶
- mg_clear
- Clear something magical that the SV represents. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_clear(SV* sv)
- mg_copy
- Copies the magic from one SV to another. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_copy(SV *sv, SV *nsv, const char *key, I32 klen)
- mg_find
- Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See
"sv_magic".
MAGIC* mg_find(const SV* sv, int type)
- mg_findext
- Finds the magic pointer of "type" with the given
"vtbl" for the "SV". See "sv_magicext".
MAGIC* mg_findext(const SV* sv, int type, const MGVTBL *vtbl)
- mg_free
- Free any magic storage used by the SV. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_free(SV* sv)
- mg_free_type
- Remove any magic of type how from the SV sv.
See "sv_magic".
void mg_free_type(SV *sv, int how)
- mg_get
- Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_get(SV* sv)
- mg_length
- Report on the SV's length. See "sv_magic".
U32 mg_length(SV* sv)
- mg_magical
- Turns on the magical status of an SV. See
"sv_magic".
void mg_magical(SV* sv)
- mg_set
- Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_set(SV* sv)
- SvGETMAGIC
- Invokes "mg_get" on an SV if it has 'get' magic.
This macro evaluates its argument more than once.
void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
- SvLOCK
- Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained on sv
if a suitable module has been loaded.
void SvLOCK(SV* sv)
- SvSETMAGIC
- Invokes "mg_set" on an SV if it has 'set' magic.
This macro evaluates its argument more than once.
void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
- SvSetMagicSV
- Like "SvSetSV", but does any set magic required
afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
- SvSetMagicSV_nosteal
- Like "SvSetSV_nosteal", but does any set magic
required afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
- SvSetSV
- Calls "sv_setsv" if dsv is not the same as ssv.
May evaluate arguments more than once.
void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
- SvSetSV_nosteal
- Calls a non-destructive version of "sv_setsv" if
dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once.
void SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
- SvSHARE
- Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a suitable
module has been loaded.
void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
- SvUNLOCK
- Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable module
has been loaded.
void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
Memory Management¶
- Copy
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memcpy"
function. The "src" is the source, "dest" is the
destination, "nitems" is the number of items, and
"type" is the type. May fail on overlapping copies. See also
"Move".
void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
- CopyD
- Like "Copy" but returns dest. Useful for
encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
- Move
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memmove"
function. The "src" is the source, "dest" is the
destination, "nitems" is the number of items, and
"type" is the type. Can do overlapping moves. See also
"Copy".
void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
- MoveD
- Like "Move" but returns dest. Useful for
encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
- Newx
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc"
function.
In 5.9.3, Newx() and friends replace the older New() API, and
drops the first parameter, x, a debug aid which allowed callers to
identify themselves. This aid has been superseded by a new build option,
PERL_MEM_LOG (see "PERL_MEM_LOG" in perlhack). The older API is
still there for use in XS modules supporting older perls.
void Newx(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
- Newxc
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc"
function, with cast. See also "Newx".
void Newxc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
- Newxz
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc"
function. The allocated memory is zeroed with "memzero". See
also "Newx".
void Newxz(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
- Poison
- PoisonWith(0xEF) for catching access to freed memory.
void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
- PoisonFree
- PoisonWith(0xEF) for catching access to freed memory.
void PoisonFree(void* dest, int nitems, type)
- PoisonNew
- PoisonWith(0xAB) for catching access to allocated but
uninitialized memory.
void PoisonNew(void* dest, int nitems, type)
- PoisonWith
- Fill up memory with a byte pattern (a byte repeated over
and over again) that hopefully catches attempts to access uninitialized
memory.
void PoisonWith(void* dest, int nitems, type, U8 byte)
- Renew
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc"
function.
void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
- Renewc
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc"
function, with cast.
void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
- Safefree
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "free"
function.
void Safefree(void* ptr)
- savepv
- Perl's version of "strdup()". Returns a pointer
to a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of "pv". The
size of the string is determined by "strlen()". The memory
allocated for the new string can be freed with the "Safefree()"
function.
char* savepv(const char* pv)
- savepvn
- Perl's version of what "strndup()" would be if it
existed. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated string which is a
duplicate of the first "len" bytes from "pv", plus a
trailing NUL byte. The memory allocated for the new string can be freed
with the "Safefree()" function.
char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)
- savepvs
- Like "savepvn", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
char* savepvs(const char* s)
- savesharedpv
- A version of "savepv()" which allocates the
duplicate string in memory which is shared between threads.
char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
- savesharedpvn
- A version of "savepvn()" which allocates the
duplicate string in memory which is shared between threads. (With the
specific difference that a NULL pointer is not acceptable)
char* savesharedpvn(const char *const pv, const STRLEN len)
- savesharedpvs
- A version of "savepvs()" which allocates the
duplicate string in memory which is shared between threads.
char* savesharedpvs(const char* s)
- savesharedsvpv
- A version of "savesharedpv()" which allocates the
duplicate string in memory which is shared between threads.
char* savesharedsvpv(SV *sv)
- savesvpv
- A version of "savepv()"/"savepvn()"
which gets the string to duplicate from the passed in SV using
"SvPV()"
char* savesvpv(SV* sv)
- StructCopy
- This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one
structure to another.
void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
- Zero
- The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memzero"
function. The "dest" is the destination, "nitems" is
the number of items, and "type" is the type.
void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
- ZeroD
- Like "Zero" but returns dest. Useful for
encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
Miscellaneous Functions¶
- fbm_compile
- Analyses the string in order to make fast searches on it
using fbm_instr() -- the Boyer-Moore algorithm.
void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
- fbm_instr
- Returns the location of the SV in the string delimited by
"str" and "strend". It returns "NULL" if the
string can't be found. The "sv" does not have to be
fbm_compiled, but the search will not be as fast then.
char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlestr, U32 flags)
- foldEQ
- Returns true if the leading len bytes of the strings s1 and
s2 are the same case-insensitively; false otherwise. Uppercase and
lowercase ASCII range bytes match themselves and their opposite case
counterparts. Non-cased and non-ASCII range bytes match only themselves.
I32 foldEQ(const char* a, const char* b, I32 len)
- foldEQ_locale
- Returns true if the leading len bytes of the strings s1 and
s2 are the same case-insensitively in the current locale; false otherwise.
I32 foldEQ_locale(const char* a, const char* b, I32 len)
- form
- Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conventional
(non-SV) arguments and returns the formatted string.
(char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)
can be used any place a string (char *) is required:
char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);
Uses a single private buffer so if you want to format several strings you
must explicitly copy the earlier strings away (and free the copies when
you are done).
char* form(const char* pat, ...)
- getcwd_sv
- Fill the sv with current working directory
int getcwd_sv(SV* sv)
- mess
- Take a sprintf-style format pattern and argument list.
These are used to generate a string message. If the message does not end
with a newline, then it will be extended with some indication of the
current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
Normally, the resulting message is returned in a new mortal SV. During
global destruction a single SV may be shared between uses of this
function.
SV * mess(const char *pat, ...)
- mess_sv
- Expands a message, intended for the user, to include an
indication of the current location in the code, if the message does not
already appear to be complete.
"basemsg" is the initial message or object. If it is a reference,
it will be used as-is and will be the result of this function. Otherwise
it is used as a string, and if it already ends with a newline, it is taken
to be complete, and the result of this function will be the same string.
If the message does not end with a newline, then a segment such as
"at foo.pl line 37" will be appended, and possibly other clauses
indicating the current state of execution. The resulting message will end
with a dot and a newline.
Normally, the resulting message is returned in a new mortal SV. During
global destruction a single SV may be shared between uses of this
function. If "consume" is true, then the function is permitted
(but not required) to modify and return "basemsg" instead of
allocating a new SV.
SV * mess_sv(SV *basemsg, bool consume)
- my_snprintf
- The C library "snprintf" functionality, if
available and standards-compliant (uses "vsnprintf", actually).
However, if the "vsnprintf" is not available, will unfortunately
use the unsafe "vsprintf" which can overrun the buffer (there is
an overrun check, but that may be too late). Consider using
"sv_vcatpvf" instead, or getting "vsnprintf".
int my_snprintf(char *buffer, const Size_t len, const char *format, ...)
- my_sprintf
- The C library "sprintf", wrapped if necessary, to
ensure that it will return the length of the string written to the buffer.
Only rare pre-ANSI systems need the wrapper function - usually this is a
direct call to "sprintf".
int my_sprintf(char *buffer, const char *pat, ...)
- my_vsnprintf
- The C library "vsnprintf" if available and
standards-compliant. However, if if the "vsnprintf" is not
available, will unfortunately use the unsafe "vsprintf" which
can overrun the buffer (there is an overrun check, but that may be too
late). Consider using "sv_vcatpvf" instead, or getting
"vsnprintf".
int my_vsnprintf(char *buffer, const Size_t len, const char *format, va_list ap)
- new_version
- Returns a new version object based on the passed in SV:
SV *sv = new_version(SV *ver);
Does not alter the passed in ver SV. See "upg_version" if you want
to upgrade the SV.
SV* new_version(SV *ver)
- prescan_version
- Validate that a given string can be parsed as a version
object, but doesn't actually perform the parsing. Can use either strict or
lax validation rules. Can optionally set a number of hint variables to
save the parsing code some time when tokenizing.
const char* prescan_version(const char *s, bool strict, const char** errstr, bool *sqv, int *ssaw_decimal, int *swidth, bool *salpha)
- scan_version
- Returns a pointer to the next character after the parsed
version string, as well as upgrading the passed in SV to an RV.
Function must be called with an already existing SV like
sv = newSV(0);
s = scan_version(s, SV *sv, bool qv);
Performs some preprocessing to the string to ensure that it has the correct
characteristics of a version. Flags the object if it contains an
underscore (which denotes this is an alpha version). The boolean qv
denotes that the version should be interpreted as if it had multiple
decimals, even if it doesn't.
const char* scan_version(const char *s, SV *rv, bool qv)
- strEQ
- Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or
false.
bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
- strGE
- Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
greater than or equal to the second, "s2". Returns true or
false.
bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
- strGT
- Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
greater than the second, "s2". Returns true or false.
bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
- strLE
- Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
less than or equal to the second, "s2". Returns true or false.
bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
- strLT
- Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
less than the second, "s2". Returns true or false.
bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
- strNE
- Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true
or false.
bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
- strnEQ
- Test two strings to see if they are equal. The
"len" parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare.
Returns true or false. (A wrapper for "strncmp").
bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
- strnNE
- Test two strings to see if they are different. The
"len" parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare.
Returns true or false. (A wrapper for "strncmp").
bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
- sv_destroyable
- Dummy routine which reports that object can be destroyed
when there is no sharing module present. It ignores its single SV
argument, and returns 'true'. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function
pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of
strict-ness.
bool sv_destroyable(SV *sv)
- sv_nosharing
- Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is
no sharing module present. Or "locks" it. Or "unlocks"
it. In other words, ignores its single SV argument. Exists to avoid test
for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under
some level of strict-ness.
void sv_nosharing(SV *sv)
- upg_version
- In-place upgrade of the supplied SV to a version object.
SV *sv = upg_version(SV *sv, bool qv);
Returns a pointer to the upgraded SV. Set the boolean qv if you want to
force this SV to be interpreted as an "extended" version.
SV* upg_version(SV *ver, bool qv)
- vcmp
- Version object aware cmp. Both operands must already have
been converted into version objects.
int vcmp(SV *lhv, SV *rhv)
- vmess
- "pat" and "args" are a sprintf-style
format pattern and encapsulated argument list. These are used to generate
a string message. If the message does not end with a newline, then it will
be extended with some indication of the current location in the code, as
described for "mess_sv".
Normally, the resulting message is returned in a new mortal SV. During
global destruction a single SV may be shared between uses of this
function.
SV * vmess(const char *pat, va_list *args)
- vnormal
- Accepts a version object and returns the normalized string
representation. Call like:
sv = vnormal(rv);
NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV contained within the
RV.
The SV returned has a refcount of 1.
SV* vnormal(SV *vs)
- vnumify
- Accepts a version object and returns the normalized
floating point representation. Call like:
sv = vnumify(rv);
NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV contained within the
RV.
The SV returned has a refcount of 1.
SV* vnumify(SV *vs)
- vstringify
- In order to maintain maximum compatibility with earlier
versions of Perl, this function will return either the floating point
notation or the multiple dotted notation, depending on whether the
original version contained 1 or more dots, respectively.
The SV returned has a refcount of 1.
SV* vstringify(SV *vs)
- vverify
- Validates that the SV contains valid internal structure for
a version object. It may be passed either the version object (RV) or the
hash itself (HV). If the structure is valid, it returns the HV. If the
structure is invalid, it returns NULL.
SV *hv = vverify(sv);
Note that it only confirms the bare minimum structure (so as not to get
confused by derived classes which may contain additional hash entries):
SV* vverify(SV *vs)
MRO Functions¶
- mro_get_linear_isa
- Returns either "mro_get_linear_isa_c3" or
"mro_get_linear_isa_dfs" for the given stash, dependant upon
which MRO is in effect for that stash. The return value is a read-only
AV*.
You are responsible for "SvREFCNT_inc()" on the return value if
you plan to store it anywhere semi-permanently (otherwise it might be
deleted out from under you the next time the cache is invalidated).
AV* mro_get_linear_isa(HV* stash)
- mro_method_changed_in
- Invalidates method caching on any child classes of the
given stash, so that they might notice the changes in this one.
Ideally, all instances of "PL_sub_generation++" in perl source
outside of "mro.c" should be replaced by calls to this.
Perl automatically handles most of the common ways a method might be
redefined. However, there are a few ways you could change a method in a
stash without the cache code noticing, in which case you need to call this
method afterwards:
1) Directly manipulating the stash HV entries from XS code.
2) Assigning a reference to a readonly scalar constant into a stash entry in
order to create a constant subroutine (like constant.pm does).
This same method is available from pure perl via,
"mro::method_changed_in(classname)".
void mro_method_changed_in(HV* stash)
Multicall Functions¶
- dMULTICALL
- Declare local variables for a multicall. See
"Lightweight Callbacks" in perlcall.
dMULTICALL;
- MULTICALL
- Make a lightweight callback. See "Lightweight
Callbacks" in perlcall.
MULTICALL;
- POP_MULTICALL
- Closing bracket for a lightweight callback. See
"Lightweight Callbacks" in perlcall.
POP_MULTICALL;
- PUSH_MULTICALL
- Opening bracket for a lightweight callback. See
"Lightweight Callbacks" in perlcall.
PUSH_MULTICALL;
Numeric functions¶
- grok_bin
- converts a string representing a binary number to numeric
form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags
gives conversion flags, and result should be NULL or a pointer to
an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid
character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in
*flags, encountering an invalid character will also trigger a
warning. On return *len is set to the length of the scanned string,
and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= "UV_MAX" it is returned as a UV, the output
flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is
> UV_MAX "grok_bin" returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes
the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is
NULL).
The binary number may optionally be prefixed with "0b" or
"b" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" is set in
*flags on entry. If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set
in *flags then the binary number may use '_' characters to separate
digits.
UV grok_bin(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
- grok_hex
- converts a string representing a hex number to numeric
form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags
gives conversion flags, and result should be NULL or a pointer to
an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid
character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in
*flags, encountering an invalid character will also trigger a
warning. On return *len is set to the length of the scanned string,
and *flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are
clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is >
UV_MAX "grok_hex" returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes
the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is
NULL).
The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x" or
"x" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" is set in
*flags on entry. If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set
in *flags then the hex number may use '_' characters to separate
digits.
UV grok_hex(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
- grok_number
- Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number is
returned (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it is a bit-ORed combination of
IS_NUMBER_IN_UV, IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT,
IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN (defined in perl.h).
If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is returned in the *valuep
IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set to indicate that *valuep is valid,
IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will never be set unless *valuep is valid, but *valuep may
have been assigned to during processing even though IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not
set on return. If valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set for the same
cases as when valuep is non-NULL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will
occur.
IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV if trailing decimals were
seen (in which case *valuep gives the true value truncated to an integer),
and IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number is negative (in which case *valuep holds
the absolute value). IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if e notation was used or
the number is larger than a UV.
int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
- grok_numeric_radix
- Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator (radix).
bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)
- grok_oct
- converts a string representing an octal number to numeric
form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags
gives conversion flags, and result should be NULL or a pointer to
an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid
character. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set in
*flags, encountering an 8 or 9 will also trigger a warning. On
return *len is set to the length of the scanned string, and
*flags gives output flags.
If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are
clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is >
UV_MAX "grok_oct" returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output flags, and writes
the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is
NULL).
If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags then the
octal number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
UV grok_oct(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
- Perl_signbit
- Return a non-zero integer if the sign bit on an NV is set,
and 0 if it is not.
If Configure detects this system has a signbit() that will work with
our NVs, then we just use it via the #define in perl.h. Otherwise, fall
back on this implementation. As a first pass, this gets everything right
except -0.0. Alas, catching -0.0 is the main use for this function, so
this is not too helpful yet. Still, at least we have the scaffolding in
place to support other systems, should that prove useful.
Configure notes: This function is called 'Perl_signbit' instead of a plain
'signbit' because it is easy to imagine a system having a signbit()
function or macro that doesn't happen to work with our particular choice
of NVs. We shouldn't just re-#define signbit as Perl_signbit and expect
the standard system headers to be happy. Also, this is a no-context
function (no pTHX_) because Perl_signbit() is usually re-#defined
in perl.h as a simple macro call to the system's signbit(). Users
should just always call Perl_signbit().
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
int Perl_signbit(NV f)
- scan_bin
- For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_bin"
instead.
NV scan_bin(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
- scan_hex
- For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_hex"
instead.
NV scan_hex(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
- scan_oct
- For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_oct"
instead.
NV scan_oct(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
Optree construction¶
- newASSIGNOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an assignment op.
left and right supply the parameters of the assignment; they
are consumed by this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
If optype is "OP_ANDASSIGN", "OP_ORASSIGN", or
"OP_DORASSIGN", then a suitable conditional optree is
constructed. If optype is the opcode of a binary operator, such as
"OP_BIT_OR", then an op is constructed that performs the binary
operation and assigns the result to the left argument. Either way, if
optype is non-zero then flags has no effect.
If optype is zero, then a plain scalar or list assignment is
constructed. Which type of assignment it is is automatically determined.
flags gives the eight bits of "op_flags", except that
"OPf_KIDS" will be set automatically, and, shifted up eight
bits, the eight bits of "op_private", except that the bit with
value 1 or 2 is automatically set as required.
OP * newASSIGNOP(I32 flags, OP *left, I32 optype, OP *right)
- newBINOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any binary type.
type is the opcode. flags gives the eight bits of
"op_flags", except that "OPf_KIDS" will be set
automatically, and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of
"op_private", except that the bit with value 1 or 2 is
automatically set as required. first and last supply up to
two ops to be the direct children of the binary op; they are consumed by
this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
OP * newBINOP(I32 type, I32 flags, OP *first, OP *last)
- newCONDOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns a conditional-expression
("cond_expr") op. flags gives the eight bits of
"op_flags", except that "OPf_KIDS" will be set
automatically, and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of
"op_private", except that the bit with value 1 is automatically
set. first supplies the expression selecting between the two
branches, and trueop and falseop supply the branches; they
are consumed by this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
OP * newCONDOP(I32 flags, OP *first, OP *trueop, OP *falseop)
- newFOROP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op tree expressing a
"foreach" loop (iteration through a list of values). This is a
heavyweight loop, with structure that allows exiting the loop by
"last" and suchlike.
sv optionally supplies the variable that will be aliased to each
item in turn; if null, it defaults to $_ (either lexical or global).
expr supplies the list of values to iterate over. block
supplies the main body of the loop, and cont optionally supplies a
"continue" block that operates as a second half of the body. All
of these optree inputs are consumed by this function and become part of
the constructed op tree.
flags gives the eight bits of "op_flags" for the
"leaveloop" op and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of
"op_private" for the "leaveloop" op, except that (in
both cases) some bits will be set automatically.
OP * newFOROP(I32 flags, OP *sv, OP *expr, OP *block, OP *cont)
- newGIVENOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op tree expressing a
"given" block. cond supplies the expression that will be
locally assigned to a lexical variable, and block supplies the body
of the "given" construct; they are consumed by this function and
become part of the constructed op tree. defsv_off is the pad offset
of the scalar lexical variable that will be affected.
OP * newGIVENOP(OP *cond, OP *block, PADOFFSET defsv_off)
- newGVOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any type that
involves an embedded reference to a GV. type is the opcode.
flags gives the eight bits of "op_flags". gv
identifies the GV that the op should reference; calling this function does
not transfer ownership of any reference to it.
OP * newGVOP(I32 type, I32 flags, GV *gv)
- newLISTOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any list type.
type is the opcode. flags gives the eight bits of
"op_flags", except that "OPf_KIDS" will be set
automatically if required. first and last supply up to two
ops to be direct children of the list op; they are consumed by this
function and become part of the constructed op tree.
OP * newLISTOP(I32 type, I32 flags, OP *first, OP *last)
- newLOGOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns a logical (flow control)
op. type is the opcode. flags gives the eight bits of
"op_flags", except that "OPf_KIDS" will be set
automatically, and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of
"op_private", except that the bit with value 1 is automatically
set. first supplies the expression controlling the flow, and
other supplies the side (alternate) chain of ops; they are consumed
by this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
OP * newLOGOP(I32 type, I32 flags, OP *first, OP *other)
- newLOOPEX
- Constructs, checks, and returns a loop-exiting op (such as
"goto" or "last"). type is the opcode.
label supplies the parameter determining the target of the op; it
is consumed by this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
OP * newLOOPEX(I32 type, OP *label)
- newLOOPOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op tree expressing a
loop. This is only a loop in the control flow through the op tree; it does
not have the heavyweight loop structure that allows exiting the loop by
"last" and suchlike. flags gives the eight bits of
"op_flags" for the top-level op, except that some bits will be
set automatically as required. expr supplies the expression
controlling loop iteration, and block supplies the body of the
loop; they are consumed by this function and become part of the
constructed op tree. debuggable is currently unused and should
always be 1.
OP * newLOOPOP(I32 flags, I32 debuggable, OP *expr, OP *block)
- newNULLLIST
- Constructs, checks, and returns a new "stub" op,
which represents an empty list expression.
OP * newNULLLIST()
- newOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any base type (any
type that has no extra fields). type is the opcode. flags
gives the eight bits of "op_flags", and, shifted up eight bits,
the eight bits of "op_private".
OP * newOP(I32 type, I32 flags)
- newPADOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any type that
involves a reference to a pad element. type is the opcode.
flags gives the eight bits of "op_flags". A pad slot is
automatically allocated, and is populated with sv; this function
takes ownership of one reference to it.
This function only exists if Perl has been compiled to use ithreads.
OP * newPADOP(I32 type, I32 flags, SV *sv)
- newPMOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any pattern
matching type. type is the opcode. flags gives the eight
bits of "op_flags" and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of
"op_private".
OP * newPMOP(I32 type, I32 flags)
- newPVOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any type that
involves an embedded C-level pointer (PV). type is the opcode.
flags gives the eight bits of "op_flags". pv
supplies the C-level pointer, which must have been allocated using
"PerlMemShared_malloc"; the memory will be freed when the op is
destroyed.
OP * newPVOP(I32 type, I32 flags, char *pv)
- newRANGE
- Constructs and returns a "range" op, with
subordinate "flip" and "flop" ops. flags gives
the eight bits of "op_flags" for the "flip" op and,
shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of "op_private" for both
the "flip" and "range" ops, except that the bit with
value 1 is automatically set. left and right supply the
expressions controlling the endpoints of the range; they are consumed by
this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
OP * newRANGE(I32 flags, OP *left, OP *right)
- newSLICEOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an "lslice" (list
slice) op. flags gives the eight bits of "op_flags",
except that "OPf_KIDS" will be set automatically, and, shifted
up eight bits, the eight bits of "op_private", except that the
bit with value 1 or 2 is automatically set as required. listval and
subscript supply the parameters of the slice; they are consumed by
this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
OP * newSLICEOP(I32 flags, OP *subscript, OP *listval)
- newSTATEOP
- Constructs a state op (COP). The state op is normally a
"nextstate" op, but will be a "dbstate" op if
debugging is enabled for currently-compiled code. The state op is
populated from "PL_curcop" (or "PL_compiling"). If
label is non-null, it supplies the name of a label to attach to the
state op; this function takes ownership of the memory pointed at by
label, and will free it. flags gives the eight bits of
"op_flags" for the state op.
If o is null, the state op is returned. Otherwise the state op is
combined with o into a "lineseq" list op, which is
returned. o is consumed by this function and becomes part of the
returned op tree.
OP * newSTATEOP(I32 flags, char *label, OP *o)
- newSVOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any type that
involves an embedded SV. type is the opcode. flags gives the
eight bits of "op_flags". sv gives the SV to embed in the
op; this function takes ownership of one reference to it.
OP * newSVOP(I32 type, I32 flags, SV *sv)
- newUNOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any unary type.
type is the opcode. flags gives the eight bits of
"op_flags", except that "OPf_KIDS" will be set
automatically if required, and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of
"op_private", except that the bit with value 1 is automatically
set. first supplies an optional op to be the direct child of the
unary op; it is consumed by this function and become part of the
constructed op tree.
OP * newUNOP(I32 type, I32 flags, OP *first)
- newWHENOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op tree expressing a
"when" block. cond supplies the test expression, and
block supplies the block that will be executed if the test
evaluates to true; they are consumed by this function and become part of
the constructed op tree. cond will be interpreted DWIMically, often
as a comparison against $_, and may be null to generate a
"default" block.
OP * newWHENOP(OP *cond, OP *block)
- newWHILEOP
- Constructs, checks, and returns an op tree expressing a
"while" loop. This is a heavyweight loop, with structure that
allows exiting the loop by "last" and suchlike.
loop is an optional preconstructed "enterloop" op to use
in the loop; if it is null then a suitable op will be constructed
automatically. expr supplies the loop's controlling expression.
block supplies the main body of the loop, and cont
optionally supplies a "continue" block that operates as a second
half of the body. All of these optree inputs are consumed by this function
and become part of the constructed op tree.
flags gives the eight bits of "op_flags" for the
"leaveloop" op and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of
"op_private" for the "leaveloop" op, except that (in
both cases) some bits will be set automatically. debuggable is
currently unused and should always be 1. has_my can be supplied as
true to force the loop body to be enclosed in its own scope.
OP * newWHILEOP(I32 flags, I32 debuggable, LOOP *loop, OP *expr, OP *block, OP *cont, I32 has_my)
Optree Manipulation Functions¶
- ck_entersub_args_list
- Performs the default fixup of the arguments part of an
"entersub" op tree. This consists of applying list context to
each of the argument ops. This is the standard treatment used on a call
marked with "&", or a method call, or a call through a
subroutine reference, or any other call where the callee can't be
identified at compile time, or a call where the callee has no prototype.
OP * ck_entersub_args_list(OP *entersubop)
- ck_entersub_args_proto
- Performs the fixup of the arguments part of an
"entersub" op tree based on a subroutine prototype. This makes
various modifications to the argument ops, from applying context up to
inserting "refgen" ops, and checking the number and syntactic
types of arguments, as directed by the prototype. This is the standard
treatment used on a subroutine call, not marked with "&",
where the callee can be identified at compile time and has a prototype.
protosv supplies the subroutine prototype to be applied to the call.
It may be a normal defined scalar, of which the string value will be used.
Alternatively, for convenience, it may be a subroutine object (a
"CV*" that has been cast to "SV*") which has a
prototype. The prototype supplied, in whichever form, does not need to
match the actual callee referenced by the op tree.
If the argument ops disagree with the prototype, for example by having an
unacceptable number of arguments, a valid op tree is returned anyway. The
error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single
exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation
errors that occurred. In the error message, the callee is referred to by
the name defined by the namegv parameter.
OP * ck_entersub_args_proto(OP *entersubop, GV *namegv, SV *protosv)
- ck_entersub_args_proto_or_list
- Performs the fixup of the arguments part of an
"entersub" op tree either based on a subroutine prototype or
using default list-context processing. This is the standard treatment used
on a subroutine call, not marked with "&", where the callee
can be identified at compile time.
protosv supplies the subroutine prototype to be applied to the call,
or indicates that there is no prototype. It may be a normal scalar, in
which case if it is defined then the string value will be used as a
prototype, and if it is undefined then there is no prototype.
Alternatively, for convenience, it may be a subroutine object (a
"CV*" that has been cast to "SV*"), of which the
prototype will be used if it has one. The prototype (or lack thereof)
supplied, in whichever form, does not need to match the actual callee
referenced by the op tree.
If the argument ops disagree with the prototype, for example by having an
unacceptable number of arguments, a valid op tree is returned anyway. The
error is reflected in the parser state, normally resulting in a single
exception at the top level of parsing which covers all the compilation
errors that occurred. In the error message, the callee is referred to by
the name defined by the namegv parameter.
OP * ck_entersub_args_proto_or_list(OP *entersubop, GV *namegv, SV *protosv)
- cv_const_sv
- If "cv" is a constant sub eligible for inlining.
returns the constant value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns NULL.
Constant subs can be created with "newCONSTSUB" or as described in
"Constant Functions" in perlsub.
SV* cv_const_sv(const CV *const cv)
- cv_get_call_checker
- Retrieves the function that will be used to fix up a call
to cv. Specifically, the function is applied to an
"entersub" op tree for a subroutine call, not marked with
"&", where the callee can be identified at compile time as
cv.
The C-level function pointer is returned in *ckfun_p, and an SV
argument for it is returned in *ckobj_p. The function is intended
to be called in this manner:
entersubop = (*ckfun_p)(aTHX_ entersubop, namegv, (*ckobj_p));
In this call, entersubop is a pointer to the "entersub" op,
which may be replaced by the check function, and namegv is a GV
supplying the name that should be used by the check function to refer to
the callee of the "entersub" op if it needs to emit any
diagnostics. It is permitted to apply the check function in non-standard
situations, such as to a call to a different subroutine or to a method
call.
By default, the function is Perl_ck_entersub_args_proto_or_list, and the SV
parameter is cv itself. This implements standard prototype
processing. It can be changed, for a particular subroutine, by
"cv_set_call_checker".
void cv_get_call_checker(CV *cv, Perl_call_checker *ckfun_p, SV **ckobj_p)
- cv_set_call_checker
- Sets the function that will be used to fix up a call to
cv. Specifically, the function is applied to an
"entersub" op tree for a subroutine call, not marked with
"&", where the callee can be identified at compile time as
cv.
The C-level function pointer is supplied in ckfun, and an SV argument
for it is supplied in ckobj. The function is intended to be called
in this manner:
entersubop = ckfun(aTHX_ entersubop, namegv, ckobj);
In this call, entersubop is a pointer to the "entersub" op,
which may be replaced by the check function, and namegv is a GV
supplying the name that should be used by the check function to refer to
the callee of the "entersub" op if it needs to emit any
diagnostics. It is permitted to apply the check function in non-standard
situations, such as to a call to a different subroutine or to a method
call.
The current setting for a particular CV can be retrieved by
"cv_get_call_checker".
void cv_set_call_checker(CV *cv, Perl_call_checker ckfun, SV *ckobj)
- LINKLIST
- Given the root of an optree, link the tree in execution
order using the "op_next" pointers and return the first op
executed. If this has already been done, it will not be redone, and
"o->op_next" will be returned. If "o->op_next"
is not already set, o should be at least an "UNOP".
OP* LINKLIST(OP *o)
- newCONSTSUB
- Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl "sub FOO ()
{ 123 }" which is eligible for inlining at compile-time.
Passing NULL for SV creates a constant sub equivalent to "sub BAR ()
{}", which won't be called if used as a destructor, but will suppress
the overhead of a call to "AUTOLOAD". (This form, however, isn't
eligible for inlining at compile time.)
CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, const char* name, SV* sv)
- newXS
- Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
filename needs to be static storage, as it is used directly as
CvFILE(), without a copy being made.
- op_append_elem
- Append an item to the list of ops contained directly within
a list-type op, returning the lengthened list. first is the
list-type op, and last is the op to append to the list.
optype specifies the intended opcode for the list. If first
is not already a list of the right type, it will be upgraded into one. If
either first or last is null, the other is returned
unchanged.
OP * op_append_elem(I32 optype, OP *first, OP *last)
- op_append_list
- Concatenate the lists of ops contained directly within two
list-type ops, returning the combined list. first and last
are the list-type ops to concatenate. optype specifies the intended
opcode for the list. If either first or last is not already
a list of the right type, it will be upgraded into one. If either
first or last is null, the other is returned unchanged.
OP * op_append_list(I32 optype, OP *first, OP *last)
- OP_CLASS
- Return the class of the provided OP: that is, which of the
*OP structures it uses. For core ops this currently gets the information
out of PL_opargs, which does not always accurately reflect the type used.
For custom ops the type is returned from the registration, and it is up to
the registree to ensure it is accurate. The value returned will be one of
the OA_* constants from op.h.
U32 OP_CLASS(OP *o)
- OP_DESC
- Return a short description of the provided OP.
const char * OP_DESC(OP *o)
- op_linklist
- This function is the implementation of the
"LINKLIST" macro. It should not be called directly.
OP* op_linklist(OP *o)
- op_lvalue
- Propagate lvalue ("modifiable") context to an op
and its children. type represents the context type, roughly based
on the type of op that would do the modifying, although
"local()" is represented by OP_NULL, because it has no op type
of its own (it is signalled by a flag on the lvalue op).
This function detects things that can't be modified, such as
"$x+1", and generates errors for them. For example, "$x+1 =
2" would cause it to be called with an op of type OP_ADD and a
"type" argument of OP_SASSIGN.
It also flags things that need to behave specially in an lvalue context,
such as "$$x = 5" which might have to vivify a reference in $x.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * op_lvalue(OP *o, I32 type)
- OP_NAME
- Return the name of the provided OP. For core ops this looks
up the name from the op_type; for custom ops from the op_ppaddr.
const char * OP_NAME(OP *o)
- op_prepend_elem
- Prepend an item to the list of ops contained directly
within a list-type op, returning the lengthened list. first is the
op to prepend to the list, and last is the list-type op.
optype specifies the intended opcode for the list. If last
is not already a list of the right type, it will be upgraded into one. If
either first or last is null, the other is returned
unchanged.
OP * op_prepend_elem(I32 optype, OP *first, OP *last)
- op_scope
- Wraps up an op tree with some additional ops so that at
runtime a dynamic scope will be created. The original ops run in the new
dynamic scope, and then, provided that they exit normally, the scope will
be unwound. The additional ops used to create and unwind the dynamic scope
will normally be an "enter"/"leave" pair, but a
"scope" op may be used instead if the ops are simple enough to
not need the full dynamic scope structure.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
OP * op_scope(OP *o)
- rv2cv_op_cv
- Examines an op, which is expected to identify a subroutine
at runtime, and attempts to determine at compile time which subroutine it
identifies. This is normally used during Perl compilation to determine
whether a prototype can be applied to a function call. cvop is the
op being considered, normally an "rv2cv" op. A pointer to the
identified subroutine is returned, if it could be determined statically,
and a null pointer is returned if it was not possible to determine
statically.
Currently, the subroutine can be identified statically if the RV that the
"rv2cv" is to operate on is provided by a suitable
"gv" or "const" op. A "gv" op is suitable if
the GV's CV slot is populated. A "const" op is suitable if the
constant value must be an RV pointing to a CV. Details of this process may
change in future versions of Perl. If the "rv2cv" op has the
"OPpENTERSUB_AMPER" flag set then no attempt is made to identify
the subroutine statically: this flag is used to suppress compile-time
magic on a subroutine call, forcing it to use default runtime behaviour.
If flags has the bit "RV2CVOPCV_MARK_EARLY" set, then the
handling of a GV reference is modified. If a GV was examined and its CV
slot was found to be empty, then the "gv" op has the
"OPpEARLY_CV" flag set. If the op is not optimised away, and the
CV slot is later populated with a subroutine having a prototype, that flag
eventually triggers the warning "called too early to check
prototype".
If flags has the bit "RV2CVOPCV_RETURN_NAME_GV" set, then
instead of returning a pointer to the subroutine it returns a pointer to
the GV giving the most appropriate name for the subroutine in this
context. Normally this is just the "CvGV" of the subroutine, but
for an anonymous ("CvANON") subroutine that is referenced
through a GV it will be the referencing GV. The resulting "GV*"
is cast to "CV*" to be returned. A null pointer is returned as
usual if there is no statically-determinable subroutine.
CV * rv2cv_op_cv(OP *cvop, U32 flags)
Per-Interpreter Variables¶
- PL_modglobal
- "PL_modglobal" is a general purpose, interpreter
global HV for use by extensions that need to keep information on a
per-interpreter basis. In a pinch, it can also be used as a symbol table
for extensions to share data among each other. It is a good idea to use
keys prefixed by the package name of the extension that owns the data.
HV* PL_modglobal
- PL_na
- A convenience variable which is typically used with
"SvPV" when one doesn't care about the length of the string. It
is usually more efficient to either declare a local variable and use that
instead or to use the "SvPV_nolen" macro.
STRLEN PL_na
- PL_opfreehook
- When non-"NULL", the function pointed by this
variable will be called each time an OP is freed with the corresponding OP
as the argument. This allows extensions to free any extra attribute they
have locally attached to an OP. It is also assured to first fire for the
parent OP and then for its kids.
When you replace this variable, it is considered a good practice to store
the possibly previously installed hook and that you recall it inside your
own.
Perl_ophook_t PL_opfreehook
- PL_peepp
- Pointer to the per-subroutine peephole optimiser. This is a
function that gets called at the end of compilation of a Perl subroutine
(or equivalently independent piece of Perl code) to perform fixups of some
ops and to perform small-scale optimisations. The function is called once
for each subroutine that is compiled, and is passed, as sole parameter, a
pointer to the op that is the entry point to the subroutine. It modifies
the op tree in place.
The peephole optimiser should never be completely replaced. Rather, add code
to it by wrapping the existing optimiser. The basic way to do this can be
seen in "Compile pass 3: peephole optimization" in perlguts. If
the new code wishes to operate on ops throughout the subroutine's
structure, rather than just at the top level, it is likely to be more
convenient to wrap the "PL_rpeepp" hook.
peep_t PL_peepp
- PL_rpeepp
- Pointer to the recursive peephole optimiser. This is a
function that gets called at the end of compilation of a Perl subroutine
(or equivalently independent piece of Perl code) to perform fixups of some
ops and to perform small-scale optimisations. The function is called once
for each chain of ops linked through their "op_next" fields; it
is recursively called to handle each side chain. It is passed, as sole
parameter, a pointer to the op that is at the head of the chain. It
modifies the op tree in place.
The peephole optimiser should never be completely replaced. Rather, add code
to it by wrapping the existing optimiser. The basic way to do this can be
seen in "Compile pass 3: peephole optimization" in perlguts. If
the new code wishes to operate only on ops at a subroutine's top level,
rather than throughout the structure, it is likely to be more convenient
to wrap the "PL_peepp" hook.
peep_t PL_rpeepp
- PL_sv_no
- This is the "false" SV. See
"PL_sv_yes". Always refer to this as &PL_sv_no.
SV PL_sv_no
- PL_sv_undef
- This is the "undef" SV. Always refer to this as
&PL_sv_undef.
SV PL_sv_undef
- PL_sv_yes
- This is the "true" SV. See "PL_sv_no".
Always refer to this as &PL_sv_yes.
SV PL_sv_yes
REGEXP Functions¶
- SvRX
- Convenience macro to get the REGEXP from a SV. This is
approximately equivalent to the following snippet:
if (SvMAGICAL(sv))
mg_get(sv);
if (SvROK(sv))
sv = MUTABLE_SV(SvRV(sv));
if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_REGEXP)
return (REGEXP*) sv;
NULL will be returned if a REGEXP* is not found.
REGEXP * SvRX(SV *sv)
- SvRXOK
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV (or the one it
references) is a REGEXP.
If you want to do something with the REGEXP* later use SvRX instead and
check for NULL.
bool SvRXOK(SV* sv)
Simple Exception Handling Macros¶
- dXCPT
- Set up necessary local variables for exception handling.
See "Exception Handling" in perlguts.
dXCPT;
- XCPT_CATCH
- Introduces a catch block. See "Exception
Handling" in perlguts.
- XCPT_RETHROW
- Rethrows a previously caught exception. See "Exception
Handling" in perlguts.
XCPT_RETHROW;
- XCPT_TRY_END
- Ends a try block. See "Exception Handling" in
perlguts.
- XCPT_TRY_START
- Starts a try block. See "Exception Handling" in
perlguts.
Stack Manipulation Macros¶
- dMARK
- Declare a stack marker variable, "mark", for the
XSUB. See "MARK" and "dORIGMARK".
dMARK;
- dORIGMARK
- Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See
"ORIGMARK".
dORIGMARK;
- dSP
- Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for the XSUB,
available via the "SP" macro. See "SP".
dSP;
- EXTEND
- Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return
values. Once used, guarantees that there is room for at least
"nitems" to be pushed onto the stack.
void EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
- MARK
- Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See
"dMARK".
- mPUSHi
- Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room
for this element. Does not use "TARG". See also
"PUSHi", "mXPUSHi" and "XPUSHi".
void mPUSHi(IV iv)
- mPUSHn
- Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHn",
"mXPUSHn" and "XPUSHn".
void mPUSHn(NV nv)
- mPUSHp
- Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. The "len" indicates the length of the string. Does
not use "TARG". See also "PUSHp", "mXPUSHp"
and "XPUSHp".
void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
- mPUSHs
- Push an SV onto the stack and mortalizes the SV. The stack
must have room for this element. Does not use "TARG". See also
"PUSHs" and "mXPUSHs".
void mPUSHs(SV* sv)
- mPUSHu
- Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must
have room for this element. Does not use "TARG". See also
"PUSHu", "mXPUSHu" and "XPUSHu".
void mPUSHu(UV uv)
- mXPUSHi
- Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHi",
"mPUSHi" and "PUSHi".
void mXPUSHi(IV iv)
- mXPUSHn
- Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHn",
"mPUSHn" and "PUSHn".
void mXPUSHn(NV nv)
- mXPUSHp
- Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. The "len" indicates the length of the string. Does
not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHp", "mPUSHp"
and "PUSHp".
void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
- mXPUSHs
- Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary
and mortalizes the SV. Does not use "TARG". See also
"XPUSHs" and "mPUSHs".
void mXPUSHs(SV* sv)
- mXPUSHu
- Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the
stack if necessary. Does not use "TARG". See also
"XPUSHu", "mPUSHu" and "PUSHu".
void mXPUSHu(UV uv)
- ORIGMARK
- The original stack mark for the XSUB. See
"dORIGMARK".
- POPi
- Pops an integer off the stack.
IV POPi
- POPl
- Pops a long off the stack.
long POPl
- POPn
- Pops a double off the stack.
NV POPn
- POPp
- Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code should
use POPpx.
char* POPp
- POPpbytex
- Pops a string off the stack which must consist of bytes
i.e. characters < 256.
char* POPpbytex
- POPpx
- Pops a string off the stack.
char* POPpx
- POPs
- Pops an SV off the stack.
SV* POPs
- PUSHi
- Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room
for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it.
Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mPUSHi" instead. See also "XPUSHi" and
"mXPUSHi".
void PUSHi(IV iv)
- PUSHMARK
- Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See
"PUTBACK" and perlcall.
void PUSHMARK(SP)
- PUSHmortal
- Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Does not use "TARG". See also
"PUSHs", "XPUSHmortal" and "XPUSHs".
void PUSHmortal()
- PUSHn
- Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it.
Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mPUSHn" instead. See also "XPUSHn" and
"mXPUSHn".
void PUSHn(NV nv)
- PUSHp
- Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. The "len" indicates the length of the string.
Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or
"dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mPUSHp" instead. See also "XPUSHp" and
"mXPUSHp".
void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
- PUSHs
- Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for
this element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG".
See also "PUSHmortal", "XPUSHs" and
"XPUSHmortal".
void PUSHs(SV* sv)
- PUSHu
- Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must
have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it.
Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mPUSHu" instead. See also "XPUSHu" and
"mXPUSHu".
void PUSHu(UV uv)
- PUTBACK
- Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled
by "xsubpp". See "PUSHMARK" and perlcall for other
uses.
PUTBACK;
- SP
- Stack pointer. This is usually handled by
"xsubpp". See "dSP" and "SPAGAIN".
- SPAGAIN
- Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See
perlcall.
SPAGAIN;
- XPUSHi
- Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it.
Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mXPUSHi" instead. See also "PUSHi" and
"mPUSHi".
void XPUSHi(IV iv)
- XPUSHmortal
- Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHs",
"PUSHmortal" and "PUSHs".
void XPUSHmortal()
- XPUSHn
- Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it.
Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mXPUSHn" instead. See also "PUSHn" and
"mPUSHn".
void XPUSHn(NV nv)
- XPUSHp
- Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. The "len" indicates the length of the string. Handles
'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or
"dXSTARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mXPUSHp" instead. See also "PUSHp" and
"mPUSHp".
void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
- XPUSHs
- Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See
also "XPUSHmortal", "PUSHs" and
"PUSHmortal".
void XPUSHs(SV* sv)
- XPUSHu
- Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the
stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare it.
Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from
XSUB's - see "mXPUSHu" instead. See also "PUSHu" and
"mPUSHu".
void XPUSHu(UV uv)
- XSRETURN
- Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack.
This is usually handled by "xsubpp".
void XSRETURN(int nitems)
- XSRETURN_EMPTY
- Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURN_EMPTY;
- XSRETURN_IV
- Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mIV".
void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
- XSRETURN_NO
- Return &PL_sv_no from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mNO".
XSRETURN_NO;
- XSRETURN_NV
- Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mNV".
void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
- XSRETURN_PV
- Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mPV".
void XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
- XSRETURN_UNDEF
- Return &PL_sv_undef from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mUNDEF".
XSRETURN_UNDEF;
- XSRETURN_UV
- Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mUV".
void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)
- XSRETURN_YES
- Return &PL_sv_yes from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mYES".
XSRETURN_YES;
- XST_mIV
- Place an integer into the specified position
"pos" on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
- XST_mNO
- Place &PL_sv_no into the specified position
"pos" on the stack.
void XST_mNO(int pos)
- XST_mNV
- Place a double into the specified position "pos"
on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
- XST_mPV
- Place a copy of a string into the specified position
"pos" on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
- XST_mUNDEF
- Place &PL_sv_undef into the specified position
"pos" on the stack.
void XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
- XST_mYES
- Place &PL_sv_yes into the specified position
"pos" on the stack.
void XST_mYES(int pos)
SV Flags¶
- svtype
- An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the
file sv.h in the "svtype" enum. Test these flags with the
"SvTYPE" macro.
- SVt_IV
- Integer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
- SVt_NV
- Double type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
- SVt_PV
- Pointer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
- SVt_PVAV
- Type flag for arrays. See "svtype".
- SVt_PVCV
- Type flag for code refs. See "svtype".
- SVt_PVHV
- Type flag for hashes. See "svtype".
- SVt_PVMG
- Type flag for blessed scalars. See "svtype".
SV Manipulation Functions¶
- croak_xs_usage
- A specialised variant of "croak()" for emitting
the usage message for xsubs
croak_xs_usage(cv, "eee_yow");
works out the package name and subroutine name from "cv", and then
calls "croak()". Hence if "cv" is &ouch::awk, it
would call "croak" as:
Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Usage: %s::%s(%s)", "ouch" "awk", "eee_yow");
void croak_xs_usage(const CV *const cv, const char *const params)
- get_sv
- Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar.
"flags" are passed to "gv_fetchpv". If
"GV_ADD" is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it
will be created. If "flags" is zero and the variable does not
exist then NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
SV* get_sv(const char *name, I32 flags)
- newRV_inc
- Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for
the original SV is incremented.
SV* newRV_inc(SV* sv)
- newSVpvn_utf8
- Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. If utf8 is
true, calls "SvUTF8_on" on the new SV. Implemented as a wrapper
around "newSVpvn_flags".
SV* newSVpvn_utf8(NULLOK const char* s, STRLEN len, U32 utf8)
- SvCUR
- Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See
"SvLEN".
STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
- SvCUR_set
- Set the current length of the string which is in the SV.
See "SvCUR" and "SvIV_set".
void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvEND
- Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which
is in the SV. See "SvCUR". Access the character as *(SvEND(sv)).
char* SvEND(SV* sv)
- SvGAMAGIC
- Returns true if the SV has get magic or overloading. If
either is true then the scalar is active data, and has the potential to
return a new value every time it is accessed. Hence you must be careful to
only read it once per user logical operation and work with that returned
value. If neither is true then the scalar's value cannot change unless
written to.
U32 SvGAMAGIC(SV* sv)
- SvGROW
- Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it has room
for the indicated number of bytes (remember to reserve space for an extra
trailing NUL character). Calls "sv_grow" to perform the
expansion if necessary. Returns a pointer to the character buffer.
char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvIOK
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains an
integer.
U32 SvIOK(SV* sv)
- SvIOKp
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains an
integer. Checks the private setting. Use "SvIOK" instead.
U32 SvIOKp(SV* sv)
- SvIOK_notUV
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a
signed integer.
bool SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)
- SvIOK_off
- Unsets the IV status of an SV.
void SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
- SvIOK_on
- Tells an SV that it is an integer.
void SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
- SvIOK_only
- Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK
bits.
void SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
- SvIOK_only_UV
- Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and disables
all other OK bits.
void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)
- SvIOK_UV
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an
unsigned integer.
bool SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)
- SvIsCOW
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
Copy-On-Write. (either shared hash key scalars, or full Copy On Write
scalars if 5.9.0 is configured for COW)
bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
- SvIsCOW_shared_hash
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
Copy-On-Write shared hash key scalar.
bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)
- SvIV
- Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. See
"SvIVx" for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
IV SvIV(SV* sv)
- SvIVX
- Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without checks
or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also
"SvIV()".
IV SvIVX(SV* sv)
- SvIVx
- Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it.
Guarantees to evaluate "sv" only once. Only use this if
"sv" is an expression with side effects, otherwise use the more
efficient "SvIV".
IV SvIVx(SV* sv)
- SvIV_nomg
- Like "SvIV" but doesn't process magic.
IV SvIV_nomg(SV* sv)
- SvIV_set
- Set the value of the IV pointer in sv to val. It is
possible to perform the same function of this macro with an lvalue
assignment to "SvIVX". With future Perls, however, it will be
more efficient to use "SvIV_set" instead of the lvalue
assignment to "SvIVX".
void SvIV_set(SV* sv, IV val)
- SvLEN
- Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not
including any part attributable to "SvOOK". See
"SvCUR".
STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
- SvLEN_set
- Set the actual length of the string which is in the SV. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvLEN_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvMAGIC_set
- Set the value of the MAGIC pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvMAGIC_set(SV* sv, MAGIC* val)
- SvNIOK
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a
number, integer or double.
U32 SvNIOK(SV* sv)
- SvNIOKp
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a
number, integer or double. Checks the private setting. Use
"SvNIOK" instead.
U32 SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
- SvNIOK_off
- Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
- SvNOK
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a
double.
U32 SvNOK(SV* sv)
- SvNOKp
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a
double. Checks the private setting. Use "SvNOK" instead.
U32 SvNOKp(SV* sv)
- SvNOK_off
- Unsets the NV status of an SV.
void SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
- SvNOK_on
- Tells an SV that it is a double.
void SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
- SvNOK_only
- Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK
bits.
void SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
- SvNV
- Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See
"SvNVx" for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
NV SvNV(SV* sv)
- SvNVX
- Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without checks
or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvNOK is true. See also
"SvNV()".
NV SvNVX(SV* sv)
- SvNVx
- Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it. Guarantees
to evaluate "sv" only once. Only use this if "sv" is
an expression with side effects, otherwise use the more efficient
"SvNV".
NV SvNVx(SV* sv)
- SvNV_nomg
- Like "SvNV" but doesn't process magic.
NV SvNV_nomg(SV* sv)
- SvNV_set
- Set the value of the NV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvNV_set(SV* sv, NV val)
- SvOK
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the value is
defined. This is only meaningful for scalars.
U32 SvOK(SV* sv)
- SvOOK
- Returns a U32 indicating whether the pointer to the string
buffer is offset. This hack is used internally to speed up removal of
characters from the beginning of a SvPV. When SvOOK is true, then the
start of the allocated string buffer is actually
"SvOOK_offset()" bytes before SvPVX. This offset used to be
stored in SvIVX, but is now stored within the spare part of the buffer.
U32 SvOOK(SV* sv)
- SvOOK_offset
- Reads into len the offset from SvPVX back to the
true start of the allocated buffer, which will be non-zero if
"sv_chop" has been used to efficiently remove characters from
start of the buffer. Implemented as a macro, which takes the address of
len, which must be of type "STRLEN". Evaluates sv
more than once. Sets len to 0 if "SvOOK(sv)" is false.
void SvOOK_offset(NN SV*sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPOK
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a
character string.
U32 SvPOK(SV* sv)
- SvPOKp
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a
character string. Checks the private setting. Use "SvPOK"
instead.
U32 SvPOKp(SV* sv)
- SvPOK_off
- Unsets the PV status of an SV.
void SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
- SvPOK_on
- Tells an SV that it is a string.
void SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
- SvPOK_only
- Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK
bits. Will also turn off the UTF-8 status.
void SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
- SvPOK_only_UTF8
- Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK
bits, and leaves the UTF-8 status as it was.
void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)
- SvPV
- Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified
form of the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the
stringified version becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get' magic. See
also "SvPVx" for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only
once.
char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVbyte
- Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte
representation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVbytex
- Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte
representation first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once;
use the more efficient "SvPVbyte" otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVbytex_force
- Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to byte
representation first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once;
use the more efficient "SvPVbyte_force" otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVbyte_force
- Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to byte
representation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVbyte_nolen
- Like "SvPV_nolen", but converts sv to byte
representation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
- SvPVutf8
- Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if
necessary.
char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVutf8x
- Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if
necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient
"SvPVutf8" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVutf8x_force
- Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to utf8 first
if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient
"SvPVutf8_force" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVutf8_force
- Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to utf8 first
if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPVutf8_nolen
- Like "SvPV_nolen", but converts sv to utf8 first
if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
- SvPVX
- Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV. The SV
must contain a string.
char* SvPVX(SV* sv)
- SvPVx
- A version of "SvPV" which guarantees to evaluate
"sv" only once. Only use this if "sv" is an expression
with side effects, otherwise use the more efficient "SvPVX".
char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPV_force
- Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing
just a string ("SvPOK_only"). You want force if you are going to
update the "SvPVX" directly.
char* SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPV_force_nomg
- Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing
just a string ("SvPOK_only"). You want force if you are going to
update the "SvPVX" directly. Doesn't process magic.
char* SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPV_nolen
- Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified
form of the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the
stringified form becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get' magic.
char* SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)
- SvPV_nomg
- Like "SvPV" but doesn't process magic.
char* SvPV_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
- SvPV_nomg_nolen
- Like "SvPV_nolen" but doesn't process magic.
char* SvPV_nomg_nolen(SV* sv)
- SvPV_set
- Set the value of the PV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvPV_set(SV* sv, char* val)
- SvREFCNT
- Returns the value of the object's reference count.
U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_dec
- Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_inc
- Increments the reference count of the given SV.
All of the following SvREFCNT_inc* macros are optimized versions of
SvREFCNT_inc, and can be replaced with SvREFCNT_inc.
SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_inc_NN
- Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you know
sv is not NULL. Since we don't have to check the NULLness, it's
faster and smaller.
SV* SvREFCNT_inc_NN(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_inc_simple
- Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used with expressions
without side effects. Since we don't have to store a temporary value, it's
faster.
SV* SvREFCNT_inc_simple(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN
- Same as SvREFCNT_inc_simple, but can only be used if you
know sv is not NULL. Since we don't have to check the NULLness,
it's faster and smaller.
SV* SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void
- Same as SvREFCNT_inc_simple, but can only be used if you
don't need the return value. The macro doesn't need to return a meaningful
value.
void SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN
- Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't
need the return value, and you know that sv is not NULL. The macro
doesn't need to return a meaningful value, or check for NULLness, so it's
smaller and faster.
void SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_inc_void
- Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't
need the return value. The macro doesn't need to return a meaningful
value.
void SvREFCNT_inc_void(SV* sv)
- SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN
- Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't
need the return value, and you know that sv is not NULL. The macro
doesn't need to return a meaningful value, or check for NULLness, so it's
smaller and faster.
void SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN(SV* sv)
- SvROK
- Tests if the SV is an RV.
U32 SvROK(SV* sv)
- SvROK_off
- Unsets the RV status of an SV.
void SvROK_off(SV* sv)
- SvROK_on
- Tells an SV that it is an RV.
void SvROK_on(SV* sv)
- SvRV
- Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
SV* SvRV(SV* sv)
- SvRV_set
- Set the value of the RV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvRV_set(SV* sv, SV* val)
- SvSTASH
- Returns the stash of the SV.
HV* SvSTASH(SV* sv)
- SvSTASH_set
- Set the value of the STASH pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvSTASH_set(SV* sv, HV* val)
- SvTAINT
- Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
- SvTAINTED
- Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if it is,
FALSE if not.
bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
- SvTAINTED_off
- Untaints an SV. Be very careful with this routine,
as it short-circuits some of Perl's fundamental security features. XS
module authors should not use this function unless they fully understand
all the implications of unconditionally untainting the value. Untainting
should be done in the standard perl fashion, via a carefully crafted
regexp, rather than directly untainting variables.
void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
- SvTAINTED_on
- Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
- SvTRUE
- Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate
the SV as true or false. See SvOK() for a defined/undefined test.
Handles 'get' magic unless the scalar is already SvPOK, SvIOK or SvNOK
(the public, not the private flags).
bool SvTRUE(SV* sv)
- SvTRUE_nomg
- Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate
the SV as true or false. See SvOK() for a defined/undefined test.
Does not handle 'get' magic.
bool SvTRUE_nomg(SV* sv)
- SvTYPE
- Returns the type of the SV. See "svtype".
svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
- SvUOK
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an
unsigned integer.
bool SvUOK(SV* sv)
- SvUPGRADE
- Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses
"sv_upgrade" to perform the upgrade if necessary. See
"svtype".
void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
- SvUTF8
- Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains
UTF-8 encoded data. Call this after SvPV() in case any call to
string overloading updates the internal flag.
U32 SvUTF8(SV* sv)
- SvUTF8_off
- Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.
void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)
- SvUTF8_on
- Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not changed,
just the flag). Do not use frivolously.
void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)
- SvUV
- Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it.
See "SvUVx" for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only
once.
UV SvUV(SV* sv)
- SvUVX
- Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without checks
or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also
"SvUV()".
UV SvUVX(SV* sv)
- SvUVx
- Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it.
Guarantees to "sv" only once. Only use this if "sv" is
an expression with side effects, otherwise use the more efficient
"SvUV".
UV SvUVx(SV* sv)
- SvUV_nomg
- Like "SvUV" but doesn't process magic.
UV SvUV_nomg(SV* sv)
- SvUV_set
- Set the value of the UV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvUV_set(SV* sv, UV val)
- SvVOK
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a
v-string.
bool SvVOK(SV* sv)
- sv_catpvn_nomg
- Like "sv_catpvn" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catpvn_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
- sv_catpv_nomg
- Like "sv_catpv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catpv_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
- sv_catsv_nomg
- Like "sv_catsv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
- sv_derived_from
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is derived from
the specified class at the C level. To check derivation at the Perl
level, call "isa()" as a normal Perl method.
bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char *const name)
- sv_does
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV performs a
specific, named role. The SV can be a Perl object or the name of a Perl
class.
bool sv_does(SV* sv, const char *const name)
- sv_report_used
- Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debugging
aid).
void sv_report_used()
- sv_setsv_nomg
- Like "sv_setsv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_setsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
- sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg
- Like sv_utf8_upgrade, but doesn't do magic on
"sv"
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg(NN SV *sv)
SV-Body Allocation¶
- looks_like_number
- Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or is a
number). "Inf" and "Infinity" are treated as numbers
(so will not issue a non-numeric warning), even if your atof()
doesn't grok them.
I32 looks_like_number(SV *const sv)
- newRV_noinc
- Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for
the original SV is not incremented.
SV* newRV_noinc(SV *const sv)
- newSV
- Creates a new SV. A non-zero "len" parameter
indicates the number of bytes of preallocated string space the SV should
have. An extra byte for a trailing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK is not set
for the SV even if string space is allocated.) The reference count for the
new SV is set to 1.
In 5.9.3, newSV() replaces the older NEWSV() API, and drops
the first parameter, x, a debug aid which allowed callers to
identify themselves. This aid has been superseded by a new build option,
PERL_MEM_LOG (see "PERL_MEM_LOG" in perlhack). The older API is
still there for use in XS modules supporting older perls.
SV* newSV(const STRLEN len)
- newSVhek
- Creates a new SV from the hash key structure. It will
generate scalars that point to the shared string table where possible.
Returns a new (undefined) SV if the hek is NULL.
SV* newSVhek(const HEK *const hek)
- newSViv
- Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The
reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSViv(const IV i)
- newSVnv
- Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value into it.
The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSVnv(const NV n)
- newSVpv
- Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference
count for the SV is set to 1. If "len" is zero, Perl will
compute the length using strlen(). For efficiency, consider using
"newSVpvn" instead.
SV* newSVpv(const char *const s, const STRLEN len)
- newSVpvf
- Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string
formatted like "sprintf".
SV* newSVpvf(const char *const pat, ...)
- newSVpvn
- Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference
count for the SV is set to 1. Note that if "len" is zero, Perl
will create a zero length string. You are responsible for ensuring that
the source string is at least "len" bytes long. If the
"s" argument is NULL the new SV will be undefined.
SV* newSVpvn(const char *const s, const STRLEN len)
- newSVpvn_flags
- Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference
count for the SV is set to 1. Note that if "len" is zero, Perl
will create a zero length string. You are responsible for ensuring that
the source string is at least "len" bytes long. If the
"s" argument is NULL the new SV will be undefined. Currently the
only flag bits accepted are "SVf_UTF8" and "SVs_TEMP".
If "SVs_TEMP" is set, then "sv_2mortal()" is called on
the result before returning. If "SVf_UTF8" is set, "s"
is considered to be in UTF-8 and the "SVf_UTF8" flag will be set
on the new SV. "newSVpvn_utf8()" is a convenience wrapper for
this function, defined as
#define newSVpvn_utf8(s, len, u) \
newSVpvn_flags((s), (len), (u) ? SVf_UTF8 : 0)
SV* newSVpvn_flags(const char *const s, const STRLEN len, const U32 flags)
- newSVpvn_share
- Creates a new SV with its SvPVX_const pointing to a shared
string in the string table. If the string does not already exist in the
table, it is created first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. If the
"hash" parameter is non-zero, that value is used; otherwise the
hash is computed. The string's hash can be later be retrieved from the SV
with the "SvSHARED_HASH()" macro. The idea here is that as the
string table is used for shared hash keys these strings will have
SvPVX_const == HeKEY and hash lookup will avoid string compare.
SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
- newSVpvs
- Like "newSVpvn", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
SV* newSVpvs(const char* s)
- newSVpvs_flags
- Like "newSVpvn_flags", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
SV* newSVpvs_flags(const char* s, U32 flags)
- newSVpvs_share
- Like "newSVpvn_share", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair and omits the hash parameter.
SV* newSVpvs_share(const char* s)
- newSVpv_share
- Like "newSVpvn_share", but takes a nul-terminated
string instead of a string/length pair.
SV* newSVpv_share(const char* s, U32 hash)
- newSVrv
- Creates a new SV for the RV, "rv", to point to.
If "rv" is not an RV then it will be upgraded to one. If
"classname" is non-null then the new SV will be blessed in the
specified package. The new SV is returned and its reference count is 1.
SV* newSVrv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname)
- newSVsv
- Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the
original SV. (Uses "sv_setsv").
SV* newSVsv(SV *const old)
- newSVuv
- Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into it.
The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSVuv(const UV u)
- newSV_type
- Creates a new SV, of the type specified. The reference
count for the new SV is set to 1.
SV* newSV_type(const svtype type)
- sv_2bool
- This macro is only used by sv_true() or its macro
equivalent, and only if the latter's argument is neither SvPOK, SvIOK nor
SvNOK. It calls sv_2bool_flags with the SV_GMAGIC flag.
bool sv_2bool(SV *const sv)
- sv_2bool_flags
- This function is only used by sv_true() and friends,
and only if the latter's argument is neither SvPOK, SvIOK nor SvNOK. If
the flags contain SV_GMAGIC, then it does an mg_get() first.
bool sv_2bool_flags(SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
- sv_2cv
- Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in
addition, try if possible to set *st and *gvp to the stash and GV
associated with it. The flags in "lref" are passed to
gv_fetchsv.
CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV **const st, GV **const gvp, const I32 lref)
- sv_2io
- Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV: the IO
slot if its a GV; or the recursive result if we're an RV; or the IO slot
of the symbol named after the PV if we're a string.
IO* sv_2io(SV *const sv)
- sv_2iv_flags
- Return the integer value of an SV, doing any necessary
string conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get()
first. Normally used via the "SvIV(sv)" and
"SvIVx(sv)" macros.
IV sv_2iv_flags(SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
- sv_2mortal
- Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed
"soon", either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an
implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. SvTEMP() is
turned on which means that the SV's string buffer can be
"stolen" if this SV is copied. See also "sv_newmortal"
and "sv_mortalcopy".
SV* sv_2mortal(SV *const sv)
- sv_2nv_flags
- Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary string
or integer conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an
mg_get() first. Normally used via the "SvNV(sv)" and
"SvNVx(sv)" macros.
NV sv_2nv_flags(SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
- sv_2pvbyte
- Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the
SV, and set *lp to its length. May cause the SV to be downgraded from
UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte" macro.
char* sv_2pvbyte(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const lp)
- sv_2pvutf8
- Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the
SV, and set *lp to its length. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as
a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8" macro.
char* sv_2pvutf8(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const lp)
- sv_2pv_flags
- Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and sets
*lp to its length. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get()
first. Coerces sv to a string if necessary. Normally invoked via the
"SvPV_flags" macro. "sv_2pv()" and
"sv_2pv_nomg" usually end up here too.
char* sv_2pv_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const lp, const I32 flags)
- sv_2uv_flags
- Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing any
necessary string conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an
mg_get() first. Normally used via the "SvUV(sv)" and
"SvUVx(sv)" macros.
UV sv_2uv_flags(SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
- sv_backoff
- Remove any string offset. You should normally use the
"SvOOK_off" macro wrapper instead.
int sv_backoff(SV *const sv)
- sv_bless
- Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an
RV. The package must be designated by its stash (see
"gv_stashpv()"). The reference count of the SV is unaffected.
SV* sv_bless(SV *const sv, HV *const stash)
- sv_catpv
- Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is
in the SV. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended
should be valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
"sv_catpv_mg".
void sv_catpv(SV *const sv, const char* ptr)
- sv_catpvf
- Processes its arguments like "sprintf" and
appends the formatted output to an SV. If the appended data contains
"wide" characters (including, but not limited to, SVs with a
UTF-8 PV formatted with %s, and characters >255 formatted with %c), the
original SV might get upgraded to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not
'set' magic. See "sv_catpvf_mg". If the original SV was UTF-8,
the pattern should be valid UTF-8; if the original SV was bytes, the
pattern should be too.
void sv_catpvf(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, ...)
- sv_catpvf_mg
- Like "sv_catpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpvf_mg(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, ...)
- sv_catpvn
- Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is
in the SV. The "len" indicates number of bytes to copy. If the
SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid
UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
"sv_catpvn_mg".
void sv_catpvn(SV *dsv, const char *sstr, STRLEN len)
- sv_catpvn_flags
- Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is
in the SV. The "len" indicates number of bytes to copy. If the
SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid
UTF-8. If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will
"mg_get" on "dsv" if appropriate, else not.
"sv_catpvn" and "sv_catpvn_nomg" are implemented in
terms of this function.
void sv_catpvn_flags(SV *const dstr, const char *sstr, const STRLEN len, const I32 flags)
- sv_catpvs
- Like "sv_catpvn", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
void sv_catpvs(SV* sv, const char* s)
- sv_catpvs_flags
- Like "sv_catpvn_flags", but takes a literal
string instead of a string/length pair.
void sv_catpvs_flags(SV* sv, const char* s, I32 flags)
- sv_catpvs_mg
- Like "sv_catpvn_mg", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
void sv_catpvs_mg(SV* sv, const char* s)
- sv_catpvs_nomg
- Like "sv_catpvn_nomg", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
void sv_catpvs_nomg(SV* sv, const char* s)
- sv_catpv_flags
- Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is
in the SV. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended
should be valid UTF-8. If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit
set, will "mg_get" on the SVs if appropriate, else not.
void sv_catpv_flags(SV *dstr, const char *sstr, const I32 flags)
- sv_catpv_mg
- Like "sv_catpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpv_mg(SV *const sv, const char *const ptr)
- sv_catsv
- Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the
end of the string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv" but not
"ssv". Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
"sv_catsv_mg".
void sv_catsv(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
- sv_catsv_flags
- Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the
end of the string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv" but not
"ssv". If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set,
will "mg_get" on the SVs if appropriate, else not.
"sv_catsv" and "sv_catsv_nomg" are implemented in
terms of this function.
void sv_catsv_flags(SV *const dsv, SV *const ssv, const I32 flags)
- sv_chop
- Efficient removal of characters from the beginning of the
string buffer. SvPOK(sv) must be true and the "ptr" must be a
pointer to somewhere inside the string buffer. The "ptr" becomes
the first character of the adjusted string. Uses the "OOK hack".
Beware: after this function returns, "ptr" and SvPVX_const(sv)
may no longer refer to the same chunk of data.
void sv_chop(SV *const sv, const char *const ptr)
- sv_clear
- Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any memory used
by the body, and free the body itself. The SV's head is not freed,
although its type is set to all 1's so that it won't inadvertently be
assumed to be live during global destruction etc. This function should
only be called when REFCNT is zero. Most of the time you'll want to call
"sv_free()" (or its macro wrapper "SvREFCNT_dec")
instead.
void sv_clear(SV *const orig_sv)
- sv_cmp
- Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1
indicating whether the string in "sv1" is less than, equal to,
or greater than the string in "sv2". Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes'
aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if
necessary. See also "sv_cmp_locale".
I32 sv_cmp(SV *const sv1, SV *const sv2)
- sv_cmp_flags
- Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1
indicating whether the string in "sv1" is less than, equal to,
or greater than the string in "sv2". Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes'
aware and will coerce its args to strings if necessary. If the flags
include SV_GMAGIC, it handles get magic. See also
"sv_cmp_locale_flags".
I32 sv_cmp_flags(SV *const sv1, SV *const sv2, const U32 flags)
- sv_cmp_locale
- Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner.
Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its
args to strings if necessary. See also "sv_cmp".
I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV *const sv1, SV *const sv2)
- sv_cmp_locale_flags
- Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner.
Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware and will coerce its args to strings if
necessary. If the flags contain SV_GMAGIC, it handles get magic. See also
"sv_cmp_flags".
I32 sv_cmp_locale_flags(SV *const sv1, SV *const sv2, const U32 flags)
- sv_collxfrm
- This calls "sv_collxfrm_flags" with the SV_GMAGIC
flag. See "sv_collxfrm_flags".
char* sv_collxfrm(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const nxp)
- sv_collxfrm_flags
- Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't already
have it. If the flags contain SV_GMAGIC, it handles get-magic.
Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm magic that contains the
scalar data of the variable, but transformed to such a format that a
normal memory comparison can be used to compare the data according to the
locale settings.
char* sv_collxfrm_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const nxp, I32 const flags)
- sv_copypv
- Copies a stringified representation of the source SV into
the destination SV. Automatically performs any necessary mg_get and
coercion of numeric values into strings. Guaranteed to preserve UTF8 flag
even from overloaded objects. Similar in nature to sv_2pv[_flags] but
operates directly on an SV instead of just the string. Mostly uses
sv_2pv_flags to do its work, except when that would lose the UTF-8'ness of
the PV.
void sv_copypv(SV *const dsv, SV *const ssv)
- sv_dec
- Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to
numeric conversion if necessary. Handles 'get' magic and operator
overloading.
void sv_dec(SV *const sv)
- sv_dec_nomg
- Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to
numeric conversion if necessary. Handles operator overloading. Skips
handling 'get' magic.
void sv_dec_nomg(SV *const sv)
- sv_eq
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two
SVs are identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and
will coerce its args to strings if necessary.
I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
- sv_eq_flags
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two
SVs are identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware and coerces its args to
strings if necessary. If the flags include SV_GMAGIC, it handles
get-magic, too.
I32 sv_eq_flags(SV* sv1, SV* sv2, const U32 flags)
- sv_force_normal_flags
- Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a
shared string, make a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're
a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg; if we're a copy-on-write scalar, this is
the on-write time when we do the copy, and is also used locally. If
"SV_COW_DROP_PV" is set then a copy-on-write scalar drops its PV
buffer (if any) and becomes SvPOK_off rather than making a copy. (Used
where this scalar is about to be set to some other value.) In addition,
the "flags" parameter gets passed to
"sv_unref_flags()" when unreffing. "sv_force_normal"
calls this function with flags set to 0.
void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *const sv, const U32 flags)
- sv_free
- Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops to zero,
call "sv_clear" to invoke destructors and free up any memory
used by the body; finally, deallocate the SV's head itself. Normally
called via a wrapper macro "SvREFCNT_dec".
void sv_free(SV *const sv)
- sv_gets
- Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the SV,
optionally appending to the currently-stored string.
char* sv_gets(SV *const sv, PerlIO *const fp, I32 append)
- sv_grow
- Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses
"sv_unref" and upgrades the SV to "SVt_PV". Returns a
pointer to the character buffer. Use the "SvGROW" wrapper
instead.
char* sv_grow(SV *const sv, STRLEN newlen)
- sv_inc
- Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to
numeric conversion if necessary. Handles 'get' magic and operator
overloading.
void sv_inc(SV *const sv)
- sv_inc_nomg
- Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to
numeric conversion if necessary. Handles operator overloading. Skips
handling 'get' magic.
void sv_inc_nomg(SV *const sv)
- sv_insert
- Inserts a string at the specified offset/length within the
SV. Similar to the Perl substr() function. Handles get magic.
void sv_insert(SV *const bigstr, const STRLEN offset, const STRLEN len, const char *const little, const STRLEN littlelen)
- sv_insert_flags
- Same as "sv_insert", but the extra
"flags" are passed the "SvPV_force_flags" that applies
to "bigstr".
void sv_insert_flags(SV *const bigstr, const STRLEN offset, const STRLEN len, const char *const little, const STRLEN littlelen, const U32 flags)
- sv_isa
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into
the specified class. This does not check for subtypes; use
"sv_derived_from" to verify an inheritance relationship.
int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char *const name)
- sv_isobject
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV
pointing to a blessed object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object is
not blessed, then this will return false.
int sv_isobject(SV* sv)
- sv_len
- Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles magic
and type coercion. See also "SvCUR", which gives raw access to
the xpv_cur slot.
STRLEN sv_len(SV *const sv)
- sv_len_utf8
- Returns the number of characters in the string in an SV,
counting wide UTF-8 bytes as a single character. Handles magic and type
coercion.
STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV *const sv)
- sv_magic
- Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades "sv" to type
"SVt_PVMG" if necessary, then adds a new magic item of type
"how" to the head of the magic list.
See "sv_magicext" (which "sv_magic" now calls) for a
description of the handling of the "name" and "namlen"
arguments.
You need to use "sv_magicext" to add magic to SvREADONLY SVs and
also to add more than one instance of the same 'how'.
void sv_magic(SV *const sv, SV *const obj, const int how, const char *const name, const I32 namlen)
- sv_magicext
- Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary. Applies the
supplied vtable and returns a pointer to the magic added.
Note that "sv_magicext" will allow things that
"sv_magic" will not. In particular, you can add magic to
SvREADONLY SVs, and add more than one instance of the same 'how'.
If "namlen" is greater than zero then a "savepvn"
copy of "name" is stored, if "namlen" is zero
then "name" is stored as-is and - as another special case - if
"(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY)" then "name" is
assumed to contain an "SV*" and is stored as-is with its REFCNT
incremented.
(This is now used as a subroutine by "sv_magic".)
MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV *const sv, SV *const obj, const int how, const MGVTBL *const vtbl, const char *const name, const I32 namlen)
- sv_mortalcopy
- Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV (using
"sv_setsv"). The new SV is marked as mortal. It will be
destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by
an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. See also
"sv_newmortal" and "sv_2mortal".
SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV *const oldsv)
- sv_newmortal
- Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The reference count
of the SV is set to 1. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an
explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
statement boundaries. See also "sv_mortalcopy" and
"sv_2mortal".
SV* sv_newmortal()
- sv_newref
- Increment an SV's reference count. Use the
"SvREFCNT_inc()" wrapper instead.
SV* sv_newref(SV *const sv)
- sv_pos_b2u
- Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of
bytes from the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of
UTF-8 chars. Handles magic and type coercion.
void sv_pos_b2u(SV *const sv, I32 *const offsetp)
- sv_pos_u2b
- Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of
UTF-8 chars from the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent
number of bytes; if lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but this
time starting from the offset, rather than from the start of the string.
Handles magic and type coercion.
Use "sv_pos_u2b_flags" in preference, which correctly handles
strings longer than 2Gb.
void sv_pos_u2b(SV *const sv, I32 *const offsetp, I32 *const lenp)
- sv_pos_u2b_flags
- Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of
UTF-8 chars from the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent
number of bytes; if lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but this
time starting from the offset, rather than from the start of the string.
Handles type coercion. flags is passed to "SvPV_flags",
and usually should be "SV_GMAGIC|SV_CONST_RETURN" to handle
magic.
STRLEN sv_pos_u2b_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN uoffset, STRLEN *const lenp, U32 flags)
- sv_pvbyten_force
- The backend for the "SvPVbytex_force" macro.
Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvbyten_force(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const lp)
- sv_pvn_force
- Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. A private
implementation of the "SvPV_force" macro for compilers which
can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
- sv_pvn_force_flags
- Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. If
"flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will
"mg_get" on "sv" if appropriate, else not.
"sv_pvn_force" and "sv_pvn_force_nomg" are implemented
in terms of this function. You normally want to use the various wrapper
macros instead: see "SvPV_force" and "SvPV_force_nomg"
char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const lp, const I32 flags)
- sv_pvutf8n_force
- The backend for the "SvPVutf8x_force" macro.
Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvutf8n_force(SV *const sv, STRLEN *const lp)
- sv_reftype
- Returns a string describing what the SV is a reference to.
const char* sv_reftype(const SV *const sv, const int ob)
- sv_replace
- Make the first argument a copy of the second, then delete
the original. The target SV physically takes over ownership of the body of
the source SV and inherits its flags; however, the target keeps any magic
it owns, and any magic in the source is discarded. Note that this is a
rather specialist SV copying operation; most of the time you'll want to
use "sv_setsv" or one of its many macro front-ends.
void sv_replace(SV *const sv, SV *const nsv)
- sv_reset
- Underlying implementation for the "reset" Perl
function. Note that the perl-level function is vaguely deprecated.
void sv_reset(const char* s, HV *const stash)
- sv_rvweaken
- Weaken a reference: set the "SvWEAKREF" flag on
this RV; give the referred-to SV "PERL_MAGIC_backref" magic if
it hasn't already; and push a back-reference to this RV onto the array of
backreferences associated with that magic. If the RV is magical, set magic
will be called after the RV is cleared.
SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *const sv)
- sv_setiv
- Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first if
necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also "sv_setiv_mg".
void sv_setiv(SV *const sv, const IV num)
- sv_setiv_mg
- Like "sv_setiv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setiv_mg(SV *const sv, const IV i)
- sv_setnv
- Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first if
necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also "sv_setnv_mg".
void sv_setnv(SV *const sv, const NV num)
- sv_setnv_mg
- Like "sv_setnv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setnv_mg(SV *const sv, const NV num)
- sv_setpv
- Copies a string into an SV. The string must be
null-terminated. Does not handle 'set' magic. See "sv_setpv_mg".
void sv_setpv(SV *const sv, const char *const ptr)
- sv_setpvf
- Works like "sv_catpvf" but copies the text into
the SV instead of appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_setpvf(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, ...)
- sv_setpvf_mg
- Like "sv_setpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpvf_mg(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, ...)
- sv_setpviv
- Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating its
string value. Does not handle 'set' magic. See "sv_setpviv_mg".
void sv_setpviv(SV *const sv, const IV num)
- sv_setpviv_mg
- Like "sv_setpviv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *const sv, const IV iv)
- sv_setpvn
- Copies a string into an SV. The "len" parameter
indicates the number of bytes to be copied. If the "ptr"
argument is NULL the SV will become undefined. Does not handle 'set'
magic. See "sv_setpvn_mg".
void sv_setpvn(SV *const sv, const char *const ptr, const STRLEN len)
- sv_setpvn_mg
- Like "sv_setpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpvn_mg(SV *const sv, const char *const ptr, const STRLEN len)
- sv_setpvs
- Like "sv_setpvn", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
void sv_setpvs(SV* sv, const char* s)
- sv_setpvs_mg
- Like "sv_setpvn_mg", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
void sv_setpvs_mg(SV* sv, const char* s)
- sv_setpv_mg
- Like "sv_setpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpv_mg(SV *const sv, const char *const ptr)
- sv_setref_iv
- Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the
SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be
modified to point to the new SV. The "classname" argument
indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to
"NULL" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference
count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_iv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname, const IV iv)
- sv_setref_nv
- Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV.
The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be
modified to point to the new SV. The "classname" argument
indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to
"NULL" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference
count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_nv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname, const NV nv)
- sv_setref_pv
- Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV.
The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be
modified to point to the new SV. If the "pv" argument is NULL
then "PL_sv_undef" will be placed into the SV. The
"classname" argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set
"classname" to "NULL" to avoid the blessing. The new
SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those
objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process.
Note that "sv_setref_pvn" copies the string while this copies the
pointer.
SV* sv_setref_pv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname, void *const pv)
- sv_setref_pvn
- Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV.
The length of the string must be specified with "n". The
"rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be
modified to point to the new SV. The "classname" argument
indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to
"NULL" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference
count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
Note that "sv_setref_pv" copies the pointer while this copies the
string.
SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV *const rv, const char *const classname, const char *const pv, const STRLEN n)
- sv_setref_pvs
- Like "sv_setref_pvn", but takes a literal string
instead of a string/length pair.
SV * sv_setref_pvs(const char* s)
- sv_setref_uv
- Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally
blessing the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an RV.
That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The "classname"
argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set "classname"
to "NULL" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a
reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_uv(SV *const rv, const char *const classname, const UV uv)
- sv_setsv
- Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into
the destination SV "dsv". The source SV may be destroyed if it
is mortal, so don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused.
Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a
copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of the destination.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as
"SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nosteal", "SvSetMagicSV"
and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
void sv_setsv(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
- sv_setsv_flags
- Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into
the destination SV "dsv". The source SV may be destroyed if it
is mortal, so don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused.
Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a
copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of the destination. If
the "flags" parameter has the "SV_GMAGIC" bit set,
will "mg_get" on "ssv" if appropriate, else not. If
the "flags" parameter has the "NOSTEAL" bit set then
the buffers of temps will not be stolen. <sv_setsv> and
"sv_setsv_nomg" are implemented in terms of this function.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as
"SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nosteal", "SvSetMagicSV"
and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
This is the primary function for copying scalars, and most other copy-ish
functions and macros use this underneath.
void sv_setsv_flags(SV *dstr, SV *sstr, const I32 flags)
- sv_setsv_mg
- Like "sv_setsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setsv_mg(SV *const dstr, SV *const sstr)
- sv_setuv
- Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV, upgrading
first if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also
"sv_setuv_mg".
void sv_setuv(SV *const sv, const UV num)
- sv_setuv_mg
- Like "sv_setuv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setuv_mg(SV *const sv, const UV u)
- sv_tainted
- Test an SV for taintedness. Use "SvTAINTED"
instead. bool sv_tainted(SV *const sv)
- sv_true
- Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules.
Use the "SvTRUE" macro instead, which may call
"sv_true()" or may instead use an in-line version.
I32 sv_true(SV *const sv)
- sv_unmagic
- Removes all magic of type "type" from an SV.
int sv_unmagic(SV *const sv, const int type)
- sv_unmagicext
- Removes all magic of type "type" with the
specified "vtbl" from an SV.
int sv_unmagicext(SV *const sv, const int type, MGVTBL *vtbl)
- sv_unref_flags
- Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the
reference count of whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can
almost be thought of as a reversal of "newSVrv". The
"cflags" argument can contain "SV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF" to
force the reference count to be decremented (otherwise the decrementing is
conditional on the reference count being different from one or the
reference being a readonly SV). See "SvROK_off".
void sv_unref_flags(SV *const ref, const U32 flags)
- sv_untaint
- Untaint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_off" instead.
void sv_untaint(SV *const sv)
- sv_upgrade
- Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally adds a new
body type to the SV, then copies across as much information as possible
from the old body. You generally want to use the "SvUPGRADE"
macro wrapper. See also "svtype".
void sv_upgrade(SV *const sv, svtype new_type)
- sv_usepvn_flags
- Tells an SV to use "ptr" to find its string
value. Normally the string is stored inside the SV but sv_usepvn allows
the SV to use an outside string. The "ptr" should point to
memory that was allocated by "malloc". The string length,
"len", must be supplied. By default this function will realloc
(i.e. move) the memory pointed to by "ptr", so that pointer
should not be freed or used by the programmer after giving it to
sv_usepvn, and neither should any pointers from "behind" that
pointer (e.g. ptr + 1) be used.
If "flags" & SV_SMAGIC is true, will call SvSETMAGIC. If
"flags" & SV_HAS_TRAILING_NUL is true, then
"ptr[len]" must be NUL, and the realloc will be skipped. (i.e.
the buffer is actually at least 1 byte longer than "len", and
already meets the requirements for storing in "SvPVX")
void sv_usepvn_flags(SV *const sv, char* ptr, const STRLEN len, const U32 flags)
- sv_utf8_decode
- If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8 and
contains a multiple-byte character, the "SvUTF8" flag is turned
on so that it looks like a character. If the PV contains only single-byte
characters, the "SvUTF8" flag stays being off. Scans PV for
validity and returns false if the PV is invalid UTF-8.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *const sv)
- sv_utf8_downgrade
- Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from characters to
bytes. If the PV contains a character that cannot fit in a byte, this
conversion will fail; in this case, either returns false or, if
"fail_ok" is not true, croaks.
This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding interface: use the
Encode extension for that.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
bool sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *const sv, const bool fail_ok)
- sv_utf8_encode
- Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns the
"SvUTF8" flag off so that it looks like octets again.
void sv_utf8_encode(SV *const sv)
- sv_utf8_upgrade
- Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces
the SV to string form if it is not already. Will "mg_get" on
"sv" if appropriate. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future
validity checks even if the whole string is the same in UTF-8 as not.
Returns the number of bytes in the converted string
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the
Encode extension for that.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv)
- sv_utf8_upgrade_flags
- Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces
the SV to string form if it is not already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to
avoid future validity checks even if all the bytes are invariant in UTF-8.
If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will
"mg_get" on "sv" if appropriate, else not. Returns the
number of bytes in the converted string "sv_utf8_upgrade" and
"sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg" are implemented in terms of this
function.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the
Encode extension for that.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *const sv, const I32 flags)
- sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg
- Like sv_utf8_upgrade, but doesn't do magic on
"sv"
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg(SV *sv)
- sv_vcatpvf
- Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and
appends the formatted output to an SV. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_vcatpvf_mg".
Usually used via its frontend "sv_catpvf".
void sv_vcatpvf(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, va_list *const args)
- sv_vcatpvfn
- Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and
appends the formatted output to an SV. Uses an array of SVs if the C style
variable argument list is missing (NULL). When running with taint checks
enabled, indicates via "maybe_tainted" if results are
untrustworthy (often due to the use of locales).
Usually used via one of its frontends "sv_vcatpvf" and
"sv_vcatpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvfn(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, const STRLEN patlen, va_list *const args, SV **const svargs, const I32 svmax, bool *const maybe_tainted)
- sv_vcatpvf_mg
- Like "sv_vcatpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "sv_catpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvf_mg(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, va_list *const args)
- sv_vsetpvf
- Works like "sv_vcatpvf" but copies the text into
the SV instead of appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_vsetpvf_mg".
Usually used via its frontend "sv_setpvf".
void sv_vsetpvf(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, va_list *const args)
- sv_vsetpvfn
- Works like "sv_vcatpvfn" but copies the text into
the SV instead of appending it.
Usually used via one of its frontends "sv_vsetpvf" and
"sv_vsetpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvfn(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, const STRLEN patlen, va_list *const args, SV **const svargs, const I32 svmax, bool *const maybe_tainted)
- sv_vsetpvf_mg
- Like "sv_vsetpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvf_mg(SV *const sv, const char *const pat, va_list *const args)
Unicode Support¶
- bytes_cmp_utf8
- Compares the sequence of characters (stored as octets) in
b, blen with the sequence of characters (stored as UTF-8) in u, ulen.
Returns 0 if they are equal, -1 or -2 if the first string is less than the
second string, +1 or +2 if the first string is greater than the second
string.
-1 or +1 is returned if the shorter string was identical to the start of the
longer string. -2 or +2 is returned if the was a difference between
characters within the strings.
int bytes_cmp_utf8(const U8 *b, STRLEN blen, const U8 *u, STRLEN ulen)
- bytes_from_utf8
- Converts a string "s" of length "len"
from UTF-8 into native byte encoding. Unlike "utf8_to_bytes" but
like "bytes_to_utf8", returns a pointer to the newly-created
string, and updates "len" to contain the new length. Returns the
original string if no conversion occurs, "len" is unchanged. Do
nothing if "is_utf8" points to 0. Sets "is_utf8" to 0
if "s" is converted or consisted entirely of characters that are
invariant in utf8 (i.e., US-ASCII on non-EBCDIC machines).
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
U8* bytes_from_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
- bytes_to_utf8
- Converts a string "s" of length "len"
bytes from the native encoding into UTF-8. Returns a pointer to the
newly-created string, and sets "len" to reflect the new length
in bytes.
A NUL character will be written after the end of the string.
If you want to convert to UTF-8 from encodings other than the native (Latin1
or EBCDIC), see sv_recode_to_utf8().
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
U8* bytes_to_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
- foldEQ_utf8
- Returns true if the leading portions of the strings s1 and
s2 (either or both of which may be in UTF-8) are the same
case-insensitively; false otherwise. How far into the strings to compare
is determined by other input parameters.
If u1 is true, the string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode;
otherwise it is assumed to be in native 8-bit encoding. Correspondingly
for u2 with respect to s2.
If the byte length l1 is non-zero, it says how far into s1 to check for fold
equality. In other words, s1+l1 will be used as a goal to reach. The scan
will not be considered to be a match unless the goal is reached, and
scanning won't continue past that goal. Correspondingly for l2 with
respect to s2.
If pe1 is non-NULL and the pointer it points to is not NULL, that pointer is
considered an end pointer beyond which scanning of s1 will not continue
under any circumstances. This means that if both l1 and pe1 are specified,
and pe1 is less than s1+l1, the match will never be successful because it
can never get as far as its goal (and in fact is asserted against).
Correspondingly for pe2 with respect to s2.
At least one of s1 and s2 must have a goal (at least one of l1 and l2 must
be non-zero), and if both do, both have to be reached for a successful
match. Also, if the fold of a character is multiple characters, all of
them must be matched (see tr21 reference below for 'folding').
Upon a successful match, if pe1 is non-NULL, it will be set to point to the
beginning of the next character of s1 beyond what was matched.
Correspondingly for pe2 and s2.
For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used
instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
I32 foldEQ_utf8(const char *s1, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char *s2, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
- is_ascii_string
- Returns true if the first "len" bytes of the
given string are the same whether or not the string is encoded in UTF-8
(or UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC machines). That is, if they are invariant. On
ASCII-ish machines, only ASCII characters fit this definition, hence the
function's name.
If "len" is 0, it will be calculated using strlen(s).
See also is_utf8_string(), is_utf8_string_loclen(), and
is_utf8_string_loc().
bool is_ascii_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
- is_utf8_char
- Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid
UTF-8 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII on non-EBCDIC
machines) character is a valid UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes
in the UTF-8 character will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
STRLEN is_utf8_char(const U8 *s)
- is_utf8_string
- Returns true if first "len" bytes of the given
string form a valid UTF-8 string, false otherwise. If "len" is
0, it will be calculated using strlen(s). Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string'
does not mean 'a string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded in
UTF-8' because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string.
See also is_ascii_string(), is_utf8_string_loclen(), and
is_utf8_string_loc().
bool is_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
- is_utf8_string_loc
- Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the
failure (in the case of "utf8ness failure") or the location
s+len (in the case of "utf8ness success") in the "ep".
See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string().
bool is_utf8_string_loc(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **p)
- is_utf8_string_loclen
- Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the
failure (in the case of "utf8ness failure") or the location
s+len (in the case of "utf8ness success") in the "ep",
and the number of UTF-8 encoded characters in the "el".
See also is_utf8_string_loc() and is_utf8_string().
bool is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
- pv_uni_display
- Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string
spv, length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
(if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display
isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH to
display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like '\n')
(UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\).
UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both
UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on.
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, const U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
- sv_cat_decode
- The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the PV of
the ssv is assumed to be octets in that encoding and decoding the input
starts from the position which (PV + *offset) pointed to. The dsv will be
concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv. Decoding will terminate
when the string tstr appears in decoding output or the input ends on the
PV of the ssv. The value which the offset points will be modified to the
last input position on the ssv.
Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE.
bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)
- sv_recode_to_utf8
- The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on entry
the PV of the sv is assumed to be octets in that encoding, and the sv will
be converted into Unicode (and UTF-8).
If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or if the encoding is not
a reference, nothing is done to the sv. If the encoding is not an
"Encode::XS" Encoding object, bad things will happen. (See
lib/encoding.pm and Encode).
The PV of the sv is returned.
char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
- sv_uni_display
- Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar
sv, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the
rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
- to_utf8_case
- The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string
encoding the character that is being converted.
The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the
conversion result to. The "lenp" is a pointer to the length of
the result.
The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
Both the special and normal mappings are stored in lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl,
and loaded by SWASHNEW, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually, but
not always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first.
The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower",
which means the hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through
Perl_to_utf8_case().
The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the
swash %utf8::ToLower.
UV to_utf8_case(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swashp, const char *normal, const char *special)
- to_utf8_fold
- Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase
version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp.
Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
the foldcase version may be longer than the original character (up to
three characters).
The first character of the foldcased version is returned (but note, as
explained above, that there may be more.)
UV to_utf8_fold(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
- to_utf8_lower
- Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase
version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp.
Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
the lowercase version may be longer than the original character.
The first character of the lowercased version is returned (but note, as
explained above, that there may be more.)
UV to_utf8_lower(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
- to_utf8_title
- Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase
version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp.
Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
the titlecase version may be longer than the original character.
The first character of the titlecased version is returned (but note, as
explained above, that there may be more.)
UV to_utf8_title(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
- to_utf8_upper
- Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase
version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp.
Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
the uppercase version may be longer than the original character.
The first character of the uppercased version is returned (but note, as
explained above, that there may be more.)
UV to_utf8_upper(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
- utf8n_to_uvchr
- Returns the native character value of the first character
in the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding;
"retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
length and flags are the same as utf8n_to_uvuni().
UV utf8n_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
- utf8n_to_uvuni
- Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine. Returns the code point
value of the first character in the string "s" which is assumed
to be in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) encoding and no longer than
"curlen" bytes; "retlen" will be set to the length, in
bytes, of that character.
The value of "flags" determines the behavior when "s"
does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character. If "flags" is
0, when a malformation is found, "retlen" is set to the expected
length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, zero is returned, and if UTF-8
warnings haven't been lexically disabled, a warning is raised.
Various ALLOW flags can be set in "flags" to allow (and not warn
on) individual types of malformations, such as the sequence being overlong
(that is, when there is a shorter sequence that can express the same code
point; overlong sequences are expressly forbidden in the UTF-8 standard
due to potential security issues). Another malformation example is the
first byte of a character not being a legal first byte. See utf8.h
for the list of such flags. Of course, the value returned by this function
under such conditions is not reliable.
The UTF8_CHECK_ONLY flag overrides the behavior when a non-allowed (by other
flags) malformation is found. If this flag is set, the routine assumes
that the caller will raise a warning, and this function will silently just
set "retlen" to "-1" and return zero.
Certain code points are considered problematic. These are Unicode
surrogates, Unicode non-characters, and code points above the Unicode
maximum of 0x10FFF. By default these are considered regular code points,
but certain situations warrant special handling for them. if
"flags" contains UTF8_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE, all three
classes are treated as malformations and handled as such. The flags
UTF8_DISALLOW_SURROGATE, UTF8_DISALLOW_NONCHAR, and UTF8_DISALLOW_SUPER
(meaning above the legal Unicode maximum) can be set to disallow these
categories individually.
The flags UTF8_WARN_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE, UTF8_WARN_SURROGATE,
UTF8_WARN_NONCHAR, and UTF8_WARN_SUPER will cause warning messages to be
raised for their respective categories, but otherwise the code points are
considered valid (not malformations). To get a category to both be treated
as a malformation and raise a warning, specify both the WARN and DISALLOW
flags. (But note that warnings are not raised if lexically disabled nor if
UTF8_CHECK_ONLY is also specified.)
Very large code points (above 0x7FFF_FFFF) are considered more problematic
than the others that are above the Unicode legal maximum. There are
several reasons, one of which is that the original UTF-8 specification
never went above this number (the current 0x10FFF limit was imposed
later). The UTF-8 encoding on ASCII platforms for these large code point
begins with a byte containing 0xFE or 0xFF. The UTF8_DISALLOW_FE_FF flag
will cause them to be treated as malformations, while allowing smaller
above-Unicode code points. (Of course UTF8_DISALLOW_SUPER will treat all
above-Unicode code points, including these, as malformations.) Similarly,
UTF8_WARN_FE_FF acts just like the other WARN flags, but applies just to
these code points.
All other code points corresponding to Unicode characters, including private
use and those yet to be assigned, are never considered malformed and never
warn.
Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly.
UV utf8n_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
- utf8_distance
- Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8
pointers "a" and "b".
WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the same
UTF-8 buffer.
IV utf8_distance(const U8 *a, const U8 *b)
- utf8_hop
- Return the UTF-8 pointer "s" displaced by
"off" characters, either forward or backward.
WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* "off" is
within the UTF-8 data pointed to by "s" *and* that on entry
"s" is aligned on the first byte of character or just after the
last byte of a character.
U8* utf8_hop(const U8 *s, I32 off)
- utf8_length
- Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string
"s" in characters. Stops at "e" (inclusive). If
"e < s" or if the scan would end up past "e",
croaks.
STRLEN utf8_length(const U8* s, const U8 *e)
- utf8_to_bytes
- Converts a string "s" of length "len"
from UTF-8 into native byte encoding. Unlike "bytes_to_utf8",
this over-writes the original string, and updates len to contain the new
length. Returns zero on failure, setting "len" to -1.
If you need a copy of the string, see "bytes_from_utf8".
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without
notice.
U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
- utf8_to_uvchr
- Returns the native code point of the first character in the
string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding;
"retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
UV utf8_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
- utf8_to_uvuni
- Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in
the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding;
"retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
This function should only be used when the returned UV is considered an
index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes).
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
UV utf8_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
- uvchr_to_utf8
- Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native code point
"uv" to the end of the string "d"; "d"
should be have at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES+1" free bytes available.
The return value is the pointer to the byte after the end of the new
character. In other words,
d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
*(d++) = uv;
U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
- uvuni_to_utf8_flags
- Adds the UTF-8 representation of the code point
"uv" to the end of the string "d"; "d"
should have at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES+1" free bytes available. The
return value is the pointer to the byte after the end of the new
character. In other words,
d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
or, in most cases,
d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
(which is equivalent to)
d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
This is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
*(d++) = uv;
This function will convert to UTF-8 (and not warn) even code points that
aren't legal Unicode or are problematic, unless "flags" contains
one or more of the following flags. If "uv" is a Unicode
surrogate code point and UNICODE_WARN_SURROGATE is set, the function will
raise a warning, provided UTF8 warnings are enabled. If instead
UNICODE_DISALLOW_SURROGATE is set, the function will fail and return NULL.
If both flags are set, the function will both warn and return NULL.
The UNICODE_WARN_NONCHAR and UNICODE_DISALLOW_NONCHAR flags correspondingly
affect how the function handles a Unicode non-character. And, likewise for
the UNICODE_WARN_SUPER and UNICODE_DISALLOW_SUPER flags, and code points
that are above the Unicode maximum of 0x10FFFF. Code points above
0x7FFF_FFFF (which are even less portable) can be warned and/or disallowed
even if other above-Unicode code points are accepted by the
UNICODE_WARN_FE_FF and UNICODE_DISALLOW_FE_FF flags.
And finally, the flag UNICODE_WARN_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE selects all four of
the above WARN flags; and UNICODE_DISALLOW_ILLEGAL_INTERCHANGE selects all
four DISALLOW flags.
U8* uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
Variables created by "xsubpp" and "xsubpp"
internal functions¶
- ax
- Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
the stack base offset, used by the "ST", "XSprePUSH"
and "XSRETURN" macros. The "dMARK" macro must be
called prior to setup the "MARK" variable.
I32 ax
- CLASS
- Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
the class name for a C++ XS constructor. This is always a
"char*". See "THIS".
char* CLASS
- dAX
- Sets up the "ax" variable. This is usually
handled automatically by "xsubpp" by calling
"dXSARGS".
dAX;
- dAXMARK
- Sets up the "ax" variable and stack marker
variable "mark". This is usually handled automatically by
"xsubpp" by calling "dXSARGS".
dAXMARK;
- dITEMS
- Sets up the "items" variable. This is usually
handled automatically by "xsubpp" by calling
"dXSARGS".
dITEMS;
- dUNDERBAR
- Sets up any variable needed by the "UNDERBAR"
macro. It used to define "padoff_du", but it is currently a
noop. However, it is strongly advised to still use it for ensuring past
and future compatibility.
dUNDERBAR;
- dXSARGS
- Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP
and dMARK. Sets up the "ax" and "items" variables by
calling "dAX" and "dITEMS". This is usually handled
automatically by "xsubpp".
dXSARGS;
- dXSI32
- Sets up the "ix" variable for an XSUB which has
aliases. This is usually handled automatically by "xsubpp".
dXSI32;
- items
- Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
the number of items on the stack. See "Variable-length Parameter
Lists" in perlxs.
I32 items
- ix
- Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
which of an XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it. See "The ALIAS:
Keyword" in perlxs.
I32 ix
- newXSproto
- Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
Adds Perl prototypes to the subs.
- RETVAL
- Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to hold the
return value for an XSUB. This is always the proper type for the XSUB. See
"The RETVAL Variable" in perlxs.
(whatever) RETVAL
- ST
- Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
SV* ST(int ix)
- THIS
- Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to designate
the object in a C++ XSUB. This is always the proper type for the C++
object. See "CLASS" and "Using XS With C++" in perlxs.
(whatever) THIS
- UNDERBAR
- The SV* corresponding to the $_ variable. Works even if
there is a lexical $_ in scope.
- XS
- Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is
handled by "xsubpp".
- XS_APIVERSION_BOOTCHECK
- Macro to verify that the perl api version an XS module has
been compiled against matches the api version of the perl interpreter it's
being loaded into.
XS_APIVERSION_BOOTCHECK;
- XS_VERSION
- The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually
handled automatically by "ExtUtils::MakeMaker". See
"XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK".
- XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
- Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable
matches the XS module's "XS_VERSION" variable. This is usually
handled automatically by "xsubpp". See "The VERSIONCHECK:
Keyword" in perlxs.
XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
Warning and Dieing¶
- croak
- This is an XS interface to Perl's "die" function.
Take a sprintf-style format pattern and argument list. These are used to
generate a string message. If the message does not end with a newline,
then it will be extended with some indication of the current location in
the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message will be used as an exception, by default returning control
to the nearest enclosing "eval", but subject to modification by
a $SIG{__DIE__} handler. In any case, the "croak" function never
returns normally.
For historical reasons, if "pat" is null then the contents of
"ERRSV" ($@) will be used as an error message or object instead
of building an error message from arguments. If you want to throw a
non-string object, or build an error message in an SV yourself, it is
preferable to use the "croak_sv" function, which does not
involve clobbering "ERRSV".
void croak(const char *pat, ...)
- croak_no_modify
- Exactly equivalent to "Perl_croak(aTHX_
"%s", PL_no_modify)", but generates terser object code than
using "Perl_croak". Less code used on exception code paths
reduces CPU cache pressure.
void croak_no_modify()
- croak_sv
- This is an XS interface to Perl's "die" function.
"baseex" is the error message or object. If it is a reference, it
will be used as-is. Otherwise it is used as a string, and if it does not
end with a newline then it will be extended with some indication of the
current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message or object will be used as an exception, by default
returning control to the nearest enclosing "eval", but subject
to modification by a $SIG{__DIE__} handler. In any case, the
"croak_sv" function never returns normally.
To die with a simple string message, the "croak" function may be
more convenient.
void croak_sv(SV *baseex)
- die
- Behaves the same as "croak", except for the
return type. It should be used only where the "OP *" return type
is required. The function never actually returns.
OP * die(const char *pat, ...)
- die_sv
- Behaves the same as "croak_sv", except for the
return type. It should be used only where the "OP *" return type
is required. The function never actually returns.
OP * die_sv(SV *baseex)
- vcroak
- This is an XS interface to Perl's "die" function.
"pat" and "args" are a sprintf-style format pattern and
encapsulated argument list. These are used to generate a string message.
If the message does not end with a newline, then it will be extended with
some indication of the current location in the code, as described for
"mess_sv".
The error message will be used as an exception, by default returning control
to the nearest enclosing "eval", but subject to modification by
a $SIG{__DIE__} handler. In any case, the "croak" function never
returns normally.
For historical reasons, if "pat" is null then the contents of
"ERRSV" ($@) will be used as an error message or object instead
of building an error message from arguments. If you want to throw a
non-string object, or build an error message in an SV yourself, it is
preferable to use the "croak_sv" function, which does not
involve clobbering "ERRSV".
void vcroak(const char *pat, va_list *args)
- vwarn
- This is an XS interface to Perl's "warn"
function.
"pat" and "args" are a sprintf-style format pattern and
encapsulated argument list. These are used to generate a string message.
If the message does not end with a newline, then it will be extended with
some indication of the current location in the code, as described for
"mess_sv".
The error message or object will by default be written to standard error,
but this is subject to modification by a $SIG{__WARN__} handler.
Unlike with "vcroak", "pat" is not permitted to be null.
void vwarn(const char *pat, va_list *args)
- warn
- This is an XS interface to Perl's "warn"
function.
Take a sprintf-style format pattern and argument list. These are used to
generate a string message. If the message does not end with a newline,
then it will be extended with some indication of the current location in
the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message or object will by default be written to standard error,
but this is subject to modification by a $SIG{__WARN__} handler.
Unlike with "croak", "pat" is not permitted to be null.
void warn(const char *pat, ...)
- warn_sv
- This is an XS interface to Perl's "warn"
function.
"baseex" is the error message or object. If it is a reference, it
will be used as-is. Otherwise it is used as a string, and if it does not
end with a newline then it will be extended with some indication of the
current location in the code, as described for "mess_sv".
The error message or object will by default be written to standard error,
but this is subject to modification by a $SIG{__WARN__} handler.
To warn with a simple string message, the "warn" function may be
more convenient.
void warn_sv(SV *baseex)
Undocumented functions¶
The following functions have been flagged as part of the public API, but are
currently undocumented. Use them at your own risk, as the interfaces are
subject to change.
If you use one of them, you may wish to consider creating and submitting
documentation for it. If your patch is accepted, this will indicate that the
interface is stable (unless it is explicitly marked otherwise).
- GetVars
- Gv_AMupdate
- PerlIO_clearerr
- PerlIO_close
- PerlIO_context_layers
- PerlIO_eof
- PerlIO_error
- PerlIO_fileno
- PerlIO_fill
- PerlIO_flush
- PerlIO_get_base
- PerlIO_get_bufsiz
- PerlIO_get_cnt
- PerlIO_get_ptr
- PerlIO_read
- PerlIO_seek
- PerlIO_set_cnt
- PerlIO_set_ptrcnt
- PerlIO_setlinebuf
- PerlIO_stderr
- PerlIO_stdin
- PerlIO_stdout
- PerlIO_tell
- PerlIO_unread
- PerlIO_write
- Slab_Alloc
- Slab_Free
- _to_uni_fold_flags
- _to_utf8_fold_flags
- amagic_call
- amagic_deref_call
- any_dup
- apply_attrs_string
- atfork_lock
- atfork_unlock
- av_arylen_p
- av_iter_p
- block_gimme
- call_atexit
- call_list
- calloc
- cast_i32
- cast_iv
- cast_ulong
- cast_uv
- ck_warner
- ck_warner_d
- ckwarn
- ckwarn_d
- clone_params_del
- clone_params_new
- croak_nocontext
- csighandler
- cx_dump
- cx_dup
- cxinc
- deb
- deb_nocontext
- debop
- debprofdump
- debstack
- debstackptrs
- delimcpy
- despatch_signals
- die_nocontext
- dirp_dup
- do_aspawn
- do_binmode
- do_close
- do_gv_dump
- do_gvgv_dump
- do_hv_dump
- do_join
- do_magic_dump
- do_op_dump
- do_open
- do_open9
- do_openn
- do_pmop_dump
- do_spawn
- do_spawn_nowait
- do_sprintf
- do_sv_dump
- doing_taint
- doref
- dounwind
- dowantarray
- dump_all
- dump_eval
- dump_fds
- dump_form
- dump_indent
- dump_mstats
- dump_packsubs
- dump_sub
- dump_vindent
- fetch_cop_label
- filter_add
- filter_del
- filter_read
- find_rundefsv
- find_rundefsvoffset
- foldEQ_latin1
- foldEQ_utf8_flags
- form_nocontext
- fp_dup
- fprintf_nocontext
- free_global_struct
- free_tmps
- get_context
- get_mstats
- get_op_descs
- get_op_names
- get_ppaddr
- get_vtbl
- gp_dup
- gp_free
- gp_ref
- gv_AVadd
- gv_HVadd
- gv_IOadd
- gv_SVadd
- gv_add_by_type
- gv_autoload4
- gv_check
- gv_dump
- gv_efullname
- gv_efullname3
- gv_efullname4
- gv_fetchfile
- gv_fetchfile_flags
- gv_fetchmethod_flags
- gv_fetchpv
- gv_fetchpvn_flags
- gv_fetchsv
- gv_fullname
- gv_fullname3
- gv_fullname4
- gv_handler
- gv_init
- gv_name_set
- he_dup
- hek_dup
- hv_common
- hv_common_key_len
- hv_delayfree_ent
- hv_eiter_p
- hv_eiter_set
- hv_free_ent
- hv_ksplit
- hv_name_set
- hv_placeholders_get
- hv_placeholders_p
- hv_placeholders_set
- hv_riter_p
- hv_riter_set
- hv_store_flags
- init_global_struct
- init_i18nl10n
- init_i18nl14n
- init_stacks
- init_tm
- instr
- is_lvalue_sub
- is_uni_alnum
- is_uni_alnum_lc
- is_uni_alpha
- is_uni_alpha_lc
- is_uni_ascii
- is_uni_ascii_lc
- is_uni_cntrl
- is_uni_cntrl_lc
- is_uni_digit
- is_uni_digit_lc
- is_uni_graph
- is_uni_graph_lc
- is_uni_idfirst
- is_uni_idfirst_lc
- is_uni_lower
- is_uni_lower_lc
- is_uni_print
- is_uni_print_lc
- is_uni_punct
- is_uni_punct_lc
- is_uni_space
- is_uni_space_lc
- is_uni_upper
- is_uni_upper_lc
- is_uni_xdigit
- is_uni_xdigit_lc
- is_utf8_alnum
- is_utf8_alpha
- is_utf8_ascii
- is_utf8_cntrl
- is_utf8_digit
- is_utf8_graph
- is_utf8_idcont
- is_utf8_idfirst
- is_utf8_lower
- is_utf8_mark
- is_utf8_perl_space
- is_utf8_perl_word
- is_utf8_posix_digit
- is_utf8_print
- is_utf8_punct
- is_utf8_space
- is_utf8_upper
- is_utf8_xdigit
- is_utf8_xidcont
- is_utf8_xidfirst
- leave_scope
- load_module_nocontext
- magic_dump
- malloc
- markstack_grow
- mess_nocontext
- mfree
- mg_dup
- mg_size
- mini_mktime
- moreswitches
- mro_get_from_name
- mro_get_private_data
- mro_register
- mro_set_mro
- mro_set_private_data
- my_atof
- my_atof2
- my_bcopy
- my_bzero
- my_chsize
- my_cxt_index
- my_cxt_init
- my_dirfd
- my_exit
- my_failure_exit
- my_fflush_all
- my_fork
- my_htonl
- my_lstat
- my_memcmp
- my_memset
- my_ntohl
- my_pclose
- my_popen
- my_popen_list
- my_setenv
- my_socketpair
- my_stat
- my_strftime
- my_strlcat
- my_strlcpy
- my_swap
- newANONATTRSUB
- newANONHASH
- newANONLIST
- newANONSUB
- newATTRSUB
- newAVREF
- newCVREF
- newFORM
- newGVREF
- newGVgen
- newHVREF
- newHVhv
- newIO
- newMYSUB
- newPROG
- newRV
- newSUB
- newSVREF
- newSVpvf_nocontext
- newXS_flags
- new_collate
- new_ctype
- new_numeric
- new_stackinfo
- ninstr
- op_dump
- op_free
- op_null
- op_refcnt_lock
- op_refcnt_unlock
- parser_dup
- perl_alloc_using
- perl_clone_using
- pmop_dump
- pop_scope
- pregcomp
- pregexec
- pregfree
- pregfree2
- printf_nocontext
- ptr_table_clear
- ptr_table_fetch
- ptr_table_free
- ptr_table_new
- ptr_table_split
- ptr_table_store
- push_scope
- re_compile
- re_dup_guts
- re_intuit_start
- re_intuit_string
- realloc
- reentrant_free
- reentrant_init
- reentrant_retry
- reentrant_size
- ref
- reg_named_buff_all
- reg_named_buff_exists
- reg_named_buff_fetch
- reg_named_buff_firstkey
- reg_named_buff_nextkey
- reg_named_buff_scalar
- regclass_swash
- regdump
- regdupe_internal
- regexec_flags
- regfree_internal
- reginitcolors
- regnext
- repeatcpy
- rninstr
- rsignal
- rsignal_state
- runops_debug
- runops_standard
- rvpv_dup
- safesyscalloc
- safesysfree
- safesysmalloc
- safesysrealloc
- save_I16
- save_I32
- save_I8
- save_adelete
- save_aelem
- save_aelem_flags
- save_alloc
- save_aptr
- save_ary
- save_bool
- save_clearsv
- save_delete
- save_destructor
- save_destructor_x
- save_freeop
- save_freepv
- save_freesv
- save_generic_pvref
- save_generic_svref
- save_gp
- save_hash
- save_hdelete
- save_helem
- save_helem_flags
- save_hints
- save_hptr
- save_int
- save_item
- save_iv
- save_list
- save_long
- save_mortalizesv
- save_nogv
- save_op
- save_padsv_and_mortalize
- save_pptr
- save_pushi32ptr
- save_pushptr
- save_pushptrptr
- save_re_context
- save_scalar
- save_set_svflags
- save_shared_pvref
- save_sptr
- save_svref
- save_vptr
- savestack_grow
- savestack_grow_cnt
- scan_num
- scan_vstring
- screaminstr
- seed
- set_context
- set_numeric_local
- set_numeric_radix
- set_numeric_standard
- share_hek
- si_dup
- ss_dup
- stack_grow
- start_subparse
- stashpv_hvname_match
- str_to_version
- sv_2iv
- sv_2pv
- sv_2uv
- sv_catpvf_mg_nocontext
- sv_catpvf_nocontext
- sv_compile_2op
- sv_dump
- sv_dup
- sv_dup_inc
- sv_peek
- sv_pvn_nomg
- sv_setpvf_mg_nocontext
- sv_setpvf_nocontext
- sv_utf8_upgrade_flags_grow
- swash_fetch
- swash_init
- sys_init
- sys_init3
- sys_intern_clear
- sys_intern_dup
- sys_intern_init
- sys_term
- taint_env
- taint_proper
- tmps_grow
- to_uni_fold
- to_uni_lower
- to_uni_lower_lc
- to_uni_title
- to_uni_title_lc
- to_uni_upper
- to_uni_upper_lc
- unlnk
- unsharepvn
- utf16_to_utf8
- utf16_to_utf8_reversed
- uvchr_to_utf8_flags
- uvuni_to_utf8
- vdeb
- vform
- vload_module
- vnewSVpvf
- vwarner
- warn_nocontext
- warner
- warner_nocontext
- whichsig
AUTHORS¶
Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto
<okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now maintained as part of Perl itself.
With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie, Andreas
Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil Bowers, Matthew
Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer, Stephen McCamant, and
Gurusamy Sarathy.
API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin Stuhl.
SEE ALSO¶
perlguts, perlxs, perlxstut, perlintern