NAME¶

SYNOPSIS¶

DESCRIPTION¶

mount --make-shared mountpoint
mount --make-slave mountpoint
mount --make-private mountpoint
mount --make-unbindable mountpoint

mount --make-rshared mountpoint
mount --make-rslave mountpoint
mount --make-rprivate mountpoint
mount --make-runbindable mountpoint

COMMAND LINE OPTIONS¶

-V, --version

Output version.

-h, --help

Print a help message.

-v, --verbose

Verbose mode.

-a, --all

Mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab.

-F, --fork

(Used in conjunction with -a.) Fork off a new incarnation of mount for each device. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFS servers in parallel. This has the advantage that it is faster; also NFS timeouts go in parallel. A disadvantage is that the mounts are done in undefined order. Thus, you cannot use this option if you want to mount both /usr and /usr/spool.

-f, --fake

Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it's not obvious, this ``fakes'' mounting the filesystem. This option is useful in conjunction with the -v flag to determine what the mount command is trying to do. It can also be used to add entries for devices that were mounted earlier with the -n option. The -f option checks for existing record in /etc/mtab and fails when the record already exists (with regular non-fake mount, this check is done by kernel).

-i, --internal-only

Don't call the /sbin/mount.<filesystem> helper even if it exists.

-l

Add the labels in the mount output. Mount must have permission to read the disk device (e.g. be suid root) for this to work. One can set such a label for ext2, ext3 or ext4 using the e2label(8) utility, or for XFS using xfs_admin(8), or for reiserfs using reiserfstune(8).

-n, --no-mtab

Mount without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only filesystem.

--no-canonicalize

Don't canonicalize paths. The mount command canonicalizes all paths (from command line or fstab) and stores canonicalized paths to the /etc/mtab file. This option can be used together with the -f flag for already canonicalized absolut paths.

-p, --pass-fd num

In case of a loop mount with encryption, read the passphrase from file descriptor num instead of from the terminal.

-s

Tolerate sloppy mount options rather than failing. This will ignore mount options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support this option. This option exists for support of the Linux autofs-based automounter.

-r, --read-only

Mount the filesystem read-only. A synonym is -o ro.

 

Note that, depending on the filesystem type, state and kernel behavior, the system may still write to the device. For example, Ext3 or ext4 will replay its journal if the filesystem is dirty. To prevent this kind of write access, you may want to mount ext3 or ext4 filesystem with "ro,noload" mount options or set the block device to read-only mode, see command blockdev(8).

-w, --rw

Mount the filesystem read/write. This is the default. A synonym is -o rw.

-L label

Mount the partition that has the specified label.

-U uuid

Mount the partition that has the specified uuid. These two options require the file /proc/partitions (present since Linux 2.1.116) to exist.

-t, --types vfstype

The argument following the -t is used to indicate the filesystem type. The filesystem types which are currently supported include: adfs, affs, autofs, cifs, coda, coherent, cramfs, debugfs, devpts, efs, ext, ext2, ext3, ext4, hfs, hfsplus, hpfs, iso9660, jfs, minix, msdos, ncpfs, nfs, nfs4, ntfs, proc, qnx4, ramfs, reiserfs, romfs, squashfs, smbfs, sysv, tmpfs, ubifs, udf, ufs, umsdos, usbfs, vfat, xenix, xfs, xiafs. Note that coherent, sysv and xenix are equivalent and that xenix and coherent will be removed at some point in the future — use sysv instead. Since kernel version 2.1.21 the types ext and xiafs do not exist anymore. Earlier, usbfs was known as usbdevfs. Note, the real list of all supported filesystems depends on your kernel.

 

The programs mount and umount support filesystem subtypes. The subtype is defined by '.subtype' suffix. For example 'fuse.sshfs'. It's recommended to use subtype notation rather than add any prefix to the mount source (for example 'sshfs#example.com' is depreacated).

 

For most types all the mount program has to do is issue a simple mount(2) system call, and no detailed knowledge of the filesystem type is required. For a few types however (like nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) ad hoc code is necessary. The nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, and ncpfs filesystems have a separate mount program. In order to make it possible to treat all types in a uniform way, mount will execute the program /sbin/mount.TYPE (if that exists) when called with type TYPE. Since various versions of the smbmount program have different calling conventions, /sbin/mount.smbfs may have to be a shell script that sets up the desired call.

 

If no -t option is given, or if the auto type is specified, mount will try to guess the desired type. Mount uses the blkid library for guessing the filesystem type; if that does not turn up anything that looks familiar, mount will try to read the file /etc/filesystems, or, if that does not exist, /proc/filesystems. All of the filesystem types listed there will be tried, except for those that are labeled "nodev" (e.g., devpts, proc and nfs). If /etc/filesystems ends in a line with a single * only, mount will read /proc/filesystems afterwards.

 

The auto type may be useful for user-mounted floppies. Creating a file /etc/filesystems can be useful to change the probe order (e.g., to try vfat before msdos or ext3 before ext2) or if you use a kernel module autoloader.

 

More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of filesystem types can be prefixed with no to specify the filesystem types on which no action should be taken. (This can be meaningful with the -a option.) For example, the command:

-O, --test-opts opts

Used in conjunction with -a, to limit the set of filesystems to which the -a is applied. Like -t in this regard except that it is useless except in the context of -a. For example, the command:

-o, --options opts

Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options. For example:

-B, --bind

Remount a subtree somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above.

-R, --rbind

Remount a subtree and all possible submounts somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above.

-M, --move

Move a subtree to some other place. See above.

 

FILESYSTEM INDEPENDENT MOUNT OPTIONS¶

async

All I/O to the filesystem should be done asynchronously. (See also the sync option.)

atime

Do not use noatime feature, then the inode access time is controlled by kernel defaults. See also the description for strictatime and reatime mount options.

noatime

Do not update inode access times on this filesystem (e.g., for faster access on the news spool to speed up news servers).

auto

Can be mounted with the -a option.

noauto

Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option will not cause the filesystem to be mounted).

context=context, fscontext=context, defcontext=context and rootcontext= context

The context= option is useful when mounting filesystems that do not support extended attributes, such as a floppy or hard disk formatted with VFAT, or systems that are not normally running under SELinux, such as an ext3 formatted disk from a non-SELinux workstation. You can also use context= on filesystems you do not trust, such as a floppy. It also helps in compatibility with xattr-supporting filesystems on earlier 2.4.<x> kernel versions. Even where xattrs are supported, you can save time not having to label every file by assigning the entire disk one security context.

 

A commonly used option for removable media is context=system_u:object_r:removable_t.

 

Two other options are fscontext= and defcontext=, both of which are mutually exclusive of the context option. This means you can use fscontext and defcontext with each other, but neither can be used with context.

 

The fscontext= option works for all filesystems, regardless of their xattr support. The fscontext option sets the overarching filesystem label to a specific security context. This filesystem label is separate from the individual labels on the files. It represents the entire filesystem for certain kinds of permission checks, such as during mount or file creation. Individual file labels are still obtained from the xattrs on the files themselves. The context option actually sets the aggregate context that fscontext provides, in addition to supplying the same label for individual files.

 

You can set the default security context for unlabeled files using defcontext= option. This overrides the value set for unlabeled files in the policy and requires a filesystem that supports xattr labeling.

 

The rootcontext= option allows you to explicitly label the root inode of a FS being mounted before that FS or inode because visable to userspace. This was found to be useful for things like stateless linux.

 

Note that kernel rejects any remount request that includes the context option even if unchanged from the current context.

 

For more details, see selinux(8)

 

defaults

Use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.

dev

Interpret character or block special devices on the filesystem.

nodev

Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.

diratime

Update directory inode access times on this filesystem. This is the default.

nodiratime

Do not update directory inode access times on this filesystem.

dirsync

All directory updates within the filesystem should be done synchronously. This affects the following system calls: creat, link, unlink, symlink, mkdir, rmdir, mknod and rename.

exec

Permit execution of binaries.

noexec

Do not allow direct execution of any binaries on the mounted filesystem. (Until recently it was possible to run binaries anyway using a command like /lib/ld*.so /mnt/binary. This trick fails since Linux 2.4.25 / 2.6.0.)

group

Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem if one of his groups matches the group of the device. This option implies the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line group,dev,suid).

encryption

Specifies an encryption algorithm to use. Used in conjunction with the loop option.

keybits

Specifies the key size to use for an encryption algorithm. Used in conjunction with the loop and encryption options. nofail Do not report errors for this device if it does not exist. iversion Every time the inode is modified, the i_version field will be incremented.

noiversion

Do not increment the i_version inode field.

mand

Allow mandatory locks on this filesystem. See fcntl(2).

nomand

Do not allow mandatory locks on this filesystem.

_netdev

The filesystem resides on a device that requires network access (used to prevent the system from attempting to mount these filesystems until the network has been enabled on the system).

nofail

Do not report errors for this device if it does not exist.

relatime

Update inode access times relative to modify or change time. Access time is only updated if the previous access time was earlier than the current modify or change time. (Similar to noatime, but doesn't break mutt or other applications that need to know if a file has been read since the last time it was modified.)

 

Since Linux 2.6.30, the kernel defaults to the behavior provided by this option (unless noatime was specified), and the strictatime option is required to obtain traditional semantics. In addition, since Linux 2.6.30, the file's last access time is always updated if it is more than 1 day old.

norelatime

Do not use relatime feature. See also the strictatime mount option.

strictatime

Allows to explicitly requesting full atime updates. This makes it possible for kernel to defaults to relatime or noatime but still allow userspace to override it. For more details about the default system mount options see /proc/mounts.

nostrictatime

Use the kernel's default behaviour for inode access time updates.

suid

Allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.

nosuid

Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. (This seems safe, but is in fact rather unsafe if you have suidperl(1) installed.)

silent

Turn on the silent flag.

loud

Turn off the silent flag.

owner

Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem if he is the owner of the device. This option implies the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line owner,dev,suid).

remount

Attempt to remount an already-mounted filesystem. This is commonly used to change the mount flags for a filesystem, especially to make a readonly filesystem writable. It does not change device or mount point.

 

The remount functionality follows the standard way how the mount command works with options from fstab. It means the mount command doesn't read fstab (or mtab) only when a device and dir are fully specified.

 

mount -o remount,rw /dev/foo /dir

 

After this call all old mount options are replaced and arbitrary stuff from fstab is ignored, except the loop= option which is internally generated and maintained by the mount command.

 

mount -o remount,rw /dir

 

After this call mount reads fstab (or mtab) and merges these options with options from command line ( -o ).

ro

Mount the filesystem read-only.

rw

Mount the filesystem read-write.

sync

All I/O to the filesystem should be done synchronously. In case of media with limited number of write cycles (e.g. some flash drives) "sync" may cause life-cycle shortening.

user

Allow an ordinary user to mount the filesystem. The name of the mounting user is written to mtab so that he can unmount the filesystem again. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line user,exec,dev,suid).

nouser

Forbid an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem. This is the default.

users

Allow every user to mount and unmount the filesystem. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line users,exec,dev,suid).

 

FILESYSTEM SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS¶

Mount options for adfs¶

uid=value and gid=value

Set the owner and group of the files in the filesystem (default: uid=gid=0).

ownmask=value and othmask=value

Set the permission mask for ADFS 'owner' permissions and 'other' permissions, respectively (default: 0700 and 0077, respectively). See also /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.txt.

Mount options for affs¶

uid=value and gid=value

Set the owner and group of the root of the filesystem (default: uid=gid=0, but with option uid or gid without specified value, the uid and gid of the current process are taken).

setuid=value and setgid=value

Set the owner and group of all files.

mode=value

Set the mode of all files to value & 0777 disregarding the original permissions. Add search permission to directories that have read permission. The value is given in octal.

protect

Do not allow any changes to the protection bits on the filesystem.

usemp

Set uid and gid of the root of the filesystem to the uid and gid of the mount point upon the first sync or umount, and then clear this option. Strange...

verbose

Print an informational message for each successful mount.

prefix=string

Prefix used before volume name, when following a link.

volume=string

Prefix (of length at most 30) used before '/' when following a symbolic link.

reserved=value

(Default: 2.) Number of unused blocks at the start of the device.

root=value

Give explicitly the location of the root block.

bs=value

Give blocksize. Allowed values are 512, 1024, 2048, 4096.

grpquota|noquota|quota|usrquota

These options are accepted but ignored. (However, quota utilities may react to such strings in /etc/fstab.)

 

Mount options for cifs¶

Mount options for coherent¶

Mount options for debugfs¶

Mount options for devpts¶

uid=value and gid=value

This sets the owner or the group of newly created PTYs to the specified values. When nothing is specified, they will be set to the UID and GID of the creating process. For example, if there is a tty group with GID 5, then gid=5 will cause newly created PTYs to belong to the tty group.

mode=value

Set the mode of newly created PTYs to the specified value. The default is 0600. A value of mode=620 and gid=5 makes "mesg y" the default on newly created PTYs.

newinstance

Create a private instance of devpts filesystem, such that indices of ptys allocated in this new instance are independent of indices created in other instances of devpts.

 

All mounts of devpts without this newinstance option share the same set of pty indices (i.e legacy mode). Each mount of devpts with the newinstance option has a private set of pty indices.

 

This option is mainly used to support containers in the linux kernel. It is implemented in linux kernel versions starting with 2.6.29. Further, this mount option is valid only if CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES is enabled in the kernel configuration.

 

To use this option effectively, /dev/ptmx must be a symbolic link to pts/ptmx. See Documentation/filesystems/devpts.txt in the linux kernel source tree for details.

ptmxmode=value

 

Set the mode for the new ptmx device node in the devpts filesystem.

 

With the support for multiple instances of devpts (see newinstance option above), each instance has a private ptmx node in the root of the devpts filesystem (typically /dev/pts/ptmx).

 

For compatibility with older versions of the kernel, the default mode of the new ptmx node is 0000. ptmxmode=value specifies a more useful mode for the ptmx node and is highly recommended when the newinstance option is specified.

 

This option is only implemented in linux kernel versions starting with 2.6.29. Further this option is valid only if CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES is enabled in the kernel configuration.

 

Mount options for ext¶

Mount options for ext2¶

acl|noacl

Support POSIX Access Control Lists (or not).

bsddf|minixdf

Set the behaviour for the statfs system call. The minixdf behaviour is to return in the f_blocks field the total number of blocks of the filesystem, while the bsddf behaviour (which is the default) is to subtract the overhead blocks used by the ext2 filesystem and not available for file storage. Thus

% mount /k -o minixdf; df /k; umount /k
Filesystem   1024-blocks  Used Available Capacity Mounted on
/dev/sda6      2630655   86954  2412169      3%   /k
% mount /k -o bsddf; df /k; umount /k
Filesystem   1024-blocks  Used Available Capacity Mounted on
/dev/sda6      2543714      13  2412169      0%   /k

    

(Note that this example shows that one can add command line options to the options given in /etc/fstab.)

 

check={none|nocheck}

No checking is done at mount time. This is the default. This is fast. It is wise to invoke e2fsck(8) every now and then, e.g. at boot time.

debug

Print debugging info upon each (re)mount.

errors={continue|remount-ro|panic}

Define the behaviour when an error is encountered. (Either ignore errors and just mark the filesystem erroneous and continue, or remount the filesystem read-only, or panic and halt the system.) The default is set in the filesystem superblock, and can be changed using tune2fs(8).

grpid|bsdgroups and nogrpid|sysvgroups

These options define what group id a newly created file gets. When grpid is set, it takes the group id of the directory in which it is created; otherwise (the default) it takes the fsgid of the current process, unless the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from the parent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory itself.

grpquota|noquota|quota|usrquota

These options are accepted but ignored.

nouid32

Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs. This is for interoperability with older kernels which only store and expect 16-bit values.

oldalloc or orlov

Use old allocator or Orlov allocator for new inodes. Orlov is default.

resgid=n and resuid=n

The ext2 filesystem reserves a certain percentage of the available space (by default 5%, see mke2fs(8) and tune2fs(8)). These options determine who can use the reserved blocks. (Roughly: whoever has the specified uid, or belongs to the specified group.)

sb=n

Instead of block 1, use block n as superblock. This could be useful when the filesystem has been damaged. (Earlier, copies of the superblock would be made every 8192 blocks: in block 1, 8193, 16385, ... (and one got thousands of copies on a big filesystem). Since version 1.08, mke2fs has a -s (sparse superblock) option to reduce the number of backup superblocks, and since version 1.15 this is the default. Note that this may mean that ext2 filesystems created by a recent mke2fs cannot be mounted r/w under Linux 2.0.*.) The block number here uses 1k units. Thus, if you want to use logical block 32768 on a filesystem with 4k blocks, use "sb=131072".

user_xattr|nouser_xattr

Support "user." extended attributes (or not).

 

 

Mount options for ext3¶

journal=update

Update the ext3 filesystem's journal to the current format.

journal=inum

When a journal already exists, this option is ignored. Otherwise, it specifies the number of the inode which will represent the ext3 filesystem's journal file; ext3 will create a new journal, overwriting the old contents of the file whose inode number is inum.

journal_dev=devnum

When the external journal device's major/minor numbers have changed, this option allows the user to specify the new journal location. The journal device is identified through its new major/minor numbers encoded in devnum.

norecovery/noload

Don't load the journal on mounting. Note that if the filesystem was not unmounted cleanly, skipping the journal replay will lead to the filesystem containing inconsistencies that can lead to any number of problems.

data={journal|ordered|writeback}

Specifies the journalling mode for file data. Metadata is always journaled. To use modes other than ordered on the root filesystem, pass the mode to the kernel as boot parameter, e.g. rootflags=data=journal.

barrier=0 / barrier=1

This enables/disables barriers. barrier=0 disables it, barrier=1 enables it. Write barriers enforce proper on-disk ordering of journal commits, making volatile disk write caches safe to use, at some performance penalty. The ext3 filesystem does not enable write barriers by default. Be sure to enable barriers unless your disks are battery-backed one way or another. Otherwise you risk filesystem corruption in case of power failure.

commit=nrsec

Sync all data and metadata every nrsec seconds. The default value is 5 seconds. Zero means default.

user_xattr

Enable Extended User Attributes. See the attr(5) manual page.

acl

Enable POSIX Access Control Lists. See the acl(5) manual page.

 

Mount options for ext4¶

journal_checksum

Enable checksumming of the journal transactions. This will allow the recovery code in e2fsck and the kernel to detect corruption in the kernel. It is a compatible change and will be ignored by older kernels.

journal_async_commit

Commit block can be written to disk without waiting for descriptor blocks. If enabled older kernels cannot mount the device. This will enable 'journal_checksum' internally.

journal=update

Update the ext4 filesystem's journal to the current format.

barrier=0 / barrier=1 / barrier / nobarrier

This enables/disables the use of write barriers in the jbd code. barrier=0 disables, barrier=1 enables. This also requires an IO stack which can support barriers, and if jbd gets an error on a barrier write, it will disable again with a warning. Write barriers enforce proper on-disk ordering of journal commits, making volatile disk write caches safe to use, at some performance penalty. If your disks are battery-backed in one way or another, disabling barriers may safely improve performance. The mount options "barrier" and "nobarrier" can also be used to enable or disable barriers, for consistency with other ext4 mount options.

 

The ext4 filesystem enables write barriers by default.

inode_readahead=n

This tuning parameter controls the maximum number of inode table blocks that ext4's inode table readahead algorithm will pre-read into the buffer cache. The default value is 32 blocks.

stripe=n

Number of filesystem blocks that mballoc will try to use for allocation size and alignment. For RAID5/6 systems this should be the number of data disks * RAID chunk size in filesystem blocks.

delalloc

Deferring block allocation until write-out time.

nodelalloc

Disable delayed allocation. Blocks are allocated when data is copied from user to page cache.

max_batch_time=usec

Maximum amount of time ext4 should wait for additional filesystem operations to be batch together with a synchronous write operation. Since a synchronous write operation is going to force a commit and then a wait for the I/O complete, it doesn't cost much, and can be a huge throughput win, we wait for a small amount of time to see if any other transactions can piggyback on the synchronous write. The algorithm used is designed to automatically tune for the speed of the disk, by measuring the amount of time (on average) that it takes to finish committing a transaction. Call this time the "commit time". If the time that the transaction has been running is less than the commit time, ext4 will try sleeping for the commit time to see if other operations will join the transaction. The commit time is capped by the max_batch_time, which defaults to 15000us (15ms). This optimization can be turned off entirely by setting max_batch_time to 0.

min_batch_time=usec

This parameter sets the commit time (as described above) to be at least min_batch_time. It defaults to zero microseconds. Increasing this parameter may improve the throughput of multi-threaded, synchronous workloads on very fast disks, at the cost of increasing latency.

journal_ioprio=prio

The I/O priority (from 0 to 7, where 0 is the highest priorty) which should be used for I/O operations submitted by kjournald2 during a commit operation. This defaults to 3, which is a slightly higher priority than the default I/O priority.

abort

Simulate the effects of calling ext4_abort() for debugging purposes. This is normally used while remounting a filesystem which is already mounted.

auto_da_alloc|noauto_da_alloc

Many broken applications don't use fsync() when replacing existing files via patterns such as

 

fd = open("foo.new")/write(fd,..)/close(fd)/ rename("foo.new", "foo")

 

or worse yet

 

fd = open("foo", O_TRUNC)/write(fd,..)/close(fd).

 

If auto_da_alloc is enabled, ext4 will detect the replace-via-rename and replace-via-truncate patterns and force that any delayed allocation blocks are allocated such that at the next journal commit, in the default data=ordered mode, the data blocks of the new file are forced to disk before the rename() operation is committed. This provides roughly the same level of guarantees as ext3, and avoids the "zero-length" problem that can happen when a system crashes before the delayed allocation blocks are forced to disk.

discard/nodiscard

Controls whether ext4 should issue discard/TRIM commands to the underlying block device when blocks are freed. This is useful for SSD devices and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs, but it is off by default until sufficient testing has been done.

nouid32

Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs. This is for interoperability with older kernels which only store and expect 16-bit values.

resize

Allows to resize filesystem to the end of the last existing block group, further resize has to be done with resize2fs either online, or offline. It can be used only with conjunction with remount.

block_validity/noblock_validity

This options allows to enables/disables the in-kernel facility for tracking filesystem metadata blocks within internal data structures. This allows multi- block allocator and other routines to quickly locate extents which might overlap with filesystem metadata blocks. This option is intended for debugging purposes and since it negatively affects the performance, it is off by default.

dioread_lock/dioread_nolock

Controls whether or not ext4 should use the DIO read locking. If the dioread_nolock option is specified ext4 will allocate uninitialized extent before buffer write and convert the extent to initialized after IO completes. This approach allows ext4 code to avoid using inode mutex, which improves scalability on high speed storages. However this does not work with data journaling and dioread_nolock option will be ignored with kernel warning. Note that dioread_nolock code path is only used for extent-based files. Because of the restrictions this options comprises it is off by default (e.g. dioread_lock).

i_version

Enable 64-bit inode version support. This option is off by default.

 

Mount options for fat¶

blocksize={512|1024|2048}

Set blocksize (default 512). This option is obsolete.

uid=value and gid=value

Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the current process.)

umask=value

Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present). The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal.

dmask=value

Set the umask applied to directories only. The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal.

fmask=value

Set the umask applied to regular files only. The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal.

allow_utime=value

This option controls the permission check of mtime/atime.

check=value

Three different levels of pickyness can be chosen:

codepage=value

Sets the codepage for converting to shortname characters on FAT and VFAT filesystems. By default, codepage 437 is used.

conv={b[inary]|t[ext]|a[uto]}

The fat filesystem can perform CRLF<-->NL (MS-DOS text format to UNIX text format) conversion in the kernel. The following conversion modes are available:

cvf_format=module

Forces the driver to use the CVF (Compressed Volume File) module cvf_module instead of auto-detection. If the kernel supports kmod, the cvf_format=xxx option also controls on-demand CVF module loading. This option is obsolete.

cvf_option=option

Option passed to the CVF module. This option is obsolete.

debug

Turn on the debug flag. A version string and a list of filesystem parameters will be printed (these data are also printed if the parameters appear to be inconsistent).

fat={12|16|32}

Specify a 12, 16 or 32 bit fat. This overrides the automatic FAT type detection routine. Use with caution!

iocharset=value

Character set to use for converting between 8 bit characters and 16 bit Unicode characters. The default is iso8859-1. Long filenames are stored on disk in Unicode format.

tz=UTC

This option disables the conversion of timestamps between local time (as used by Windows on FAT) and UTC (which Linux uses internally). This is particularly useful when mounting devices (like digital cameras) that are set to UTC in order to avoid the pitfalls of local time.

quiet

Turn on the quiet flag. Attempts to chown or chmod files do not return errors, although they fail. Use with caution!

showexec

If set, the execute permission bits of the file will be allowed only if the extension part of the name is .EXE, .COM, or .BAT. Not set by default.

sys_immutable

If set, ATTR_SYS attribute on FAT is handled as IMMUTABLE flag on Linux. Not set by default.

flush

If set, the filesystem will try to flush to disk more early than normal. Not set by default.

usefree

Use the "free clusters" value stored on FSINFO. It'll be used to determine number of free clusters without scanning disk. But it's not used by default, because recent Windows don't update it correctly in some case. If you are sure the "free clusters" on FSINFO is correct, by this option you can avoid scanning disk.

dots, nodots, dotsOK=[yes|no]

Various misguided attempts to force Unix or DOS conventions onto a FAT filesystem.

 

Mount options for hfs¶

creator=cccc, type=cccc

Set the creator/type values as shown by the MacOS finder used for creating new files. Default values: '????'.

uid=n, gid=n

Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the current process.)

dir_umask=n, file_umask=n, umask=n

Set the umask used for all directories, all regular files, or all files and directories. Defaults to the umask of the current process.

session=n

Select the CDROM session to mount. Defaults to leaving that decision to the CDROM driver. This option will fail with anything but a CDROM as underlying device.

part=n

Select partition number n from the device. Only makes sense for CDROMs. Defaults to not parsing the partition table at all.

quiet

Don't complain about invalid mount options.

 

Mount options for hpfs¶

uid=value and gid=value

Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid of the current process.)

umask=value

Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present). The default is the umask of the current process. The value is given in octal.

case={lower|asis}

Convert all files names to lower case, or leave them. (Default: case=lower.)

conv={binary|text|auto}

For conv=text, delete some random CRs (in particular, all followed by NL) when reading a file. For conv=auto, choose more or less at random between conv=binary and conv=text. For conv=binary, just read what is in the file. This is the default.

nocheck

Do not abort mounting when certain consistency checks fail.

 

Mount options for iso9660¶

norock

Disable the use of Rock Ridge extensions, even if available. Cf. map.

nojoliet

Disable the use of Microsoft Joliet extensions, even if available. Cf. map.

check={r[elaxed]|s[trict]}

With check=relaxed, a filename is first converted to lower case before doing the lookup. This is probably only meaningful together with norock and map=normal. (Default: check=strict.)

uid=value and gid=value

Give all files in the filesystem the indicated user or group id, possibly overriding the information found in the Rock Ridge extensions. (Default: uid=0,gid=0.)

map={n[ormal]|o[ff]|a[corn]}

For non-Rock Ridge volumes, normal name translation maps upper to lower case ASCII, drops a trailing `;1', and converts `;' to `.'. With map=off no name translation is done. See norock. (Default: map=normal.) map=acorn is like map=normal but also apply Acorn extensions if present.

mode=value

For non-Rock Ridge volumes, give all files the indicated mode. (Default: read permission for everybody.) Since Linux 2.1.37 one no longer needs to specify the mode in decimal. (Octal is indicated by a leading 0.)

unhide

Also show hidden and associated files. (If the ordinary files and the associated or hidden files have the same filenames, this may make the ordinary files inaccessible.)

block={512|1024|2048}

Set the block size to the indicated value. (Default: block=1024.)

conv={a[uto]|b[inary]|m[text]|t[ext]}

(Default: conv=binary.) Since Linux 1.3.54 this option has no effect anymore. (And non-binary settings used to be very dangerous, possibly leading to silent data corruption.)

cruft

If the high byte of the file length contains other garbage, set this mount option to ignore the high order bits of the file length. This implies that a file cannot be larger than 16MB.

session=x

Select number of session on multisession CD. (Since 2.3.4.)

sbsector=xxx

Session begins from sector xxx. (Since 2.3.4.)

iocharset=value

Character set to use for converting 16 bit Unicode characters on CD to 8 bit characters. The default is iso8859-1.

utf8

Convert 16 bit Unicode characters on CD to UTF-8.

 

Mount options for jfs¶

iocharset=name

Character set to use for converting from Unicode to ASCII. The default is to do no conversion. Use iocharset=utf8 for UTF8 translations. This requires CONFIG_NLS_UTF8 to be set in the kernel .config file.

resize=value

Resize the volume to value blocks. JFS only supports growing a volume, not shrinking it. This option is only valid during a remount, when the volume is mounted read-write. The resize keyword with no value will grow the volume to the full size of the partition.

nointegrity

Do not write to the journal. The primary use of this option is to allow for higher performance when restoring a volume from backup media. The integrity of the volume is not guaranteed if the system abnormally abends.

integrity

Default. Commit metadata changes to the journal. Use this option to remount a volume where the nointegrity option was previously specified in order to restore normal behavior.

errors={continue|remount-ro|panic}

Define the behaviour when an error is encountered. (Either ignore errors and just mark the filesystem erroneous and continue, or remount the filesystem read-only, or panic and halt the system.)

noquota|quota|usrquota|grpquota

These options are accepted but ignored.

 

Mount options for minix¶

Mount options for msdos¶

Mount options for ncpfs¶

Mount options for nfs and nfs4¶

Mount options for ntfs¶

iocharset=name

Character set to use when returning file names. Unlike VFAT, NTFS suppresses names that contain nonconvertible characters. Deprecated.

nls=name

New name for the option earlier called iocharset.

utf8

Use UTF-8 for converting file names.

uni_xlate={0|1|2}

For 0 (or `no' or `false'), do not use escape sequences for unknown Unicode characters. For 1 (or `yes' or `true') or 2, use vfat-style 4-byte escape sequences starting with ":". Here 2 give a little-endian encoding and 1 a byteswapped bigendian encoding.

posix=[0|1]

If enabled (posix=1), the filesystem distinguishes between upper and lower case. The 8.3 alias names are presented as hard links instead of being suppressed. This option is obsolete.

uid=value, gid=value and umask= value

Set the file permission on the filesystem. The umask value is given in octal. By default, the files are owned by root and not readable by somebody else.

 

Mount options for proc¶

uid=value and gid=value

These options are recognized, but have no effect as far as I can see.

 

Mount options for ramfs¶

Mount options for reiserfs¶

conv

Instructs version 3.6 reiserfs software to mount a version 3.5 filesystem, using the 3.6 format for newly created objects. This filesystem will no longer be compatible with reiserfs 3.5 tools.

hash={rupasov|tea|r5|detect}

Choose which hash function reiserfs will use to find files within directories.

hashed_relocation

Tunes the block allocator. This may provide performance improvements in some situations.

no_unhashed_relocation

Tunes the block allocator. This may provide performance improvements in some situations.

noborder

Disable the border allocator algorithm invented by Yury Yu. Rupasov. This may provide performance improvements in some situations.

nolog

Disable journalling. This will provide slight performance improvements in some situations at the cost of losing reiserfs's fast recovery from crashes. Even with this option turned on, reiserfs still performs all journalling operations, save for actual writes into its journalling area. Implementation of nolog is a work in progress.

notail

By default, reiserfs stores small files and `file tails' directly into its tree. This confuses some utilities such as LILO(8). This option is used to disable packing of files into the tree.

replayonly

Replay the transactions which are in the journal, but do not actually mount the filesystem. Mainly used by reiserfsck.

resize=number

A remount option which permits online expansion of reiserfs partitions. Instructs reiserfs to assume that the device has number blocks. This option is designed for use with devices which are under logical volume management (LVM). There is a special resizer utility which can be obtained from ftp://ftp.namesys.com/pub/reiserfsprogs.

user_xattr

Enable Extended User Attributes. See the attr(5) manual page.

acl

Enable POSIX Access Control Lists. See the acl(5) manual page.

barrier=none / barrier=flush

This enables/disables the use of write barriers in the journaling code. barrier=none disables it, barrier=flush enables it. Write barriers enforce proper on-disk ordering of journal commits, making volatile disk write caches safe to use, at some performance penalty. The reiserfs filesystem does not enable write barriers by default. Be sure to enable barriers unless your disks are battery-backed one way or another. Otherwise you risk filesystem corruption in case of power failure.

 

Mount options for romfs¶

Mount options for squashfs¶

Mount options for smbfs¶

Mount options for sysv¶

Mount options for tmpfs¶

size=nbytes

Override default maximum size of the filesystem. The size is given in bytes, and rounded up to entire pages. The default is half of the memory. The size parameter also accepts a suffix % to limit this tmpfs instance to that percentage of your physical RAM: the default, when neither size nor nr_blocks is specified, is size=50%

nr_blocks=

The same as size, but in blocks of PAGE_CACHE_SIZE

nr_inodes=

The maximum number of inodes for this instance. The default is half of the number of your physical RAM pages, or (on a machine with highmem) the number of lowmem RAM pages, whichever is the lower.

mode=

Set initial permissions of the root directory.

uid=

The user id.

gid=

The group id.

mpol=[default|prefer:Node|bind:NodeList|interleave|interleave:NodeList]

Set the NUMA memory allocation policy for all files in that instance (if the kernel CONFIG_NUMA is enabled) - which can be adjusted on the fly via 'mount -o remount ...'

Mount options for ubifs¶

The device name may be specified as

The following mount options are available:

bulk_read

Enable bulk-read. VFS read-ahead is disabled because it slows down the file system. Bulk-Read is an internal optimization. Some flashes may read faster if the data are read at one go, rather than at several read requests. For example, OneNAND can do "read-while-load" if it reads more than one NAND page.

no_bulk_read

Do not bulk-read. This is the default.

chk_data_crc

Check data CRC-32 checksums. This is the default.

no_chk_data_crc.

Do not check data CRC-32 checksums. With this option, the filesystem does not check CRC-32 checksum for data, but it does check it for the internal indexing information. This option only affects reading, not writing. CRC-32 is always calculated when writing the data.

compr={none|lzo|zlib}

Select the default compressor which is used when new files are written. It is still possible to read compressed files if mounted with the none option.

 

Mount options for udf¶

gid=

Set the default group.

umask=

Set the default umask. The value is given in octal.

uid=

Set the default user.

unhide

Show otherwise hidden files.

undelete

Show deleted files in lists.

nostrict

Unset strict conformance.

iocharset

Set the NLS character set.

bs=

Set the block size. (May not work unless 2048.)

novrs

Skip volume sequence recognition.

session=

Set the CDROM session counting from 0. Default: last session.

anchor=

Override standard anchor location. Default: 256.

volume=

Override the VolumeDesc location. (unused)

partition=

Override the PartitionDesc location. (unused)

lastblock=

Set the last block of the filesystem.

fileset=

Override the fileset block location. (unused)

rootdir=

Override the root directory location. (unused)

 

Mount options for ufs¶

ufstype=value

UFS is a filesystem widely used in different operating systems. The problem are differences among implementations. Features of some implementations are undocumented, so its hard to recognize the type of ufs automatically. That's why the user must specify the type of ufs by mount option. Possible values are:

onerror=value

Set behaviour on error:

Mount options for umsdos¶

Mount options for vfat¶

uni_xlate

Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special escaped sequences. This lets you backup and restore filenames that are created with any Unicode characters. Without this option, a '?' is used when no translation is possible. The escape character is ':' because it is otherwise illegal on the vfat filesystem. The escape sequence that gets used, where u is the unicode character, is: ':', (u & 0x3f), ((u>>6) & 0x3f), (u>>12).

posix

Allow two files with names that only differ in case. This option is obsolete.

nonumtail

First try to make a short name without sequence number, before trying name~num.ext.

utf8

UTF8 is the filesystem safe 8-bit encoding of Unicode that is used by the console. It can be enabled for the filesystem with this option or disabled with utf8=0, utf8=no or utf8=false. If `uni_xlate' gets set, UTF8 gets disabled.

shortname={lower|win95|winnt|mixed}

 

Defines the behaviour for creation and display of filenames which fit into 8.3 characters. If a long name for a file exists, it will always be preferred display. There are four modes: :

Mount options for usbfs¶

devuid=uid and devgid=gid and devmode=mode

Set the owner and group and mode of the device files in the usbfs filesystem (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0644). The mode is given in octal.

busuid=uid and busgid=gid and busmode=mode

Set the owner and group and mode of the bus directories in the usbfs filesystem (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0555). The mode is given in octal.

listuid=uid and listgid=gid and listmode=mode

Set the owner and group and mode of the file devices (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0444). The mode is given in octal.

 

Mount options for xenix¶

Mount options for xfs¶

allocsize=size

Sets the buffered I/O end-of-file preallocation size when doing delayed allocation writeout (default size is 64KiB). Valid values for this option are page size (typically 4KiB) through to 1GiB, inclusive, in power-of-2 increments.

attr2|noattr2

The options enable/disable (default is enabled) an "opportunistic" improvement to be made in the way inline extended attributes are stored on-disk. When the new form is used for the first time (by setting or removing extended attributes) the on-disk superblock feature bit field will be updated to reflect this format being in use.

barrier

Enables the use of block layer write barriers for writes into the journal and unwritten extent conversion. This allows for drive level write caching to be enabled, for devices that support write barriers.

dmapi

Enable the DMAPI (Data Management API) event callouts. Use with the mtpt option.

grpid|bsdgroups and nogrpid|sysvgroups

These options define what group ID a newly created file gets. When grpid is set, it takes the group ID of the directory in which it is created; otherwise (the default) it takes the fsgid of the current process, unless the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from the parent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory itself.

ihashsize=value

Sets the number of hash buckets available for hashing the in-memory inodes of the specified mount point. If a value of zero is used, the value selected by the default algorithm will be displayed in /proc/mounts.

ikeep|noikeep

When inode clusters are emptied of inodes, keep them around on the disk (ikeep) - this is the traditional XFS behaviour and is still the default for now. Using the noikeep option, inode clusters are returned to the free space pool.

inode64

Indicates that XFS is allowed to create inodes at any location in the filesystem, including those which will result in inode numbers occupying more than 32 bits of significance. This is provided for backwards compatibility, but causes problems for backup applications that cannot handle large inode numbers.

largeio|nolargeio

If nolargeio is specified, the optimal I/O reported in st_blksize by stat(2) will be as small as possible to allow user applications to avoid inefficient read/modify/write I/O. If largeio is specified, a filesystem that has a swidth specified will return the swidth value (in bytes) in st_blksize. If the filesystem does not have a swidth specified but does specify an allocsize then allocsize (in bytes) will be returned instead. If neither of these two options are specified, then filesystem will behave as if nolargeio was specified.

logbufs=value

Set the number of in-memory log buffers. Valid numbers range from 2-8 inclusive. The default value is 8 buffers for any recent kernel.

logbsize=value

Set the size of each in-memory log buffer. Size may be specified in bytes, or in kilobytes with a "k" suffix. Valid sizes for version 1 and version 2 logs are 16384 (16k) and 32768 (32k). Valid sizes for version 2 logs also include 65536 (64k), 131072 (128k) and 262144 (256k). The default value for any recent kernel is 32768.

logdev=device and rtdev=device

Use an external log (metadata journal) and/or real-time device. An XFS filesystem has up to three parts: a data section, a log section, and a real-time section. The real-time section is optional, and the log section can be separate from the data section or contained within it. Refer to xfs(5).

mtpt=mountpoint

Use with the dmapi option. The value specified here will be included in the DMAPI mount event, and should be the path of the actual mountpoint that is used.

noalign

Data allocations will not be aligned at stripe unit boundaries.

noatime

Access timestamps are not updated when a file is read.

norecovery

The filesystem will be mounted without running log recovery. If the filesystem was not cleanly unmounted, it is likely to be inconsistent when mounted in norecovery mode. Some files or directories may not be accessible because of this. Filesystems mounted norecovery must be mounted read-only or the mount will fail.

nouuid

Don't check for double mounted filesystems using the filesystem uuid. This is useful to mount LVM snapshot volumes.

osyncisosync

Make O_SYNC writes implement true O_SYNC. WITHOUT this option, Linux XFS behaves as if an osyncisdsync option is used, which will make writes to files opened with the O_SYNC flag set behave as if the O_DSYNC flag had been used instead. This can result in better performance without compromising data safety. However if this option is not in effect, timestamp updates from O_SYNC writes can be lost if the system crashes. If timestamp updates are critical, use the osyncisosync option.

uquota|usrquota|uqnoenforce|quota

User disk quota accounting enabled, and limits (optionally) enforced. Refer to xfs_quota(8) for further details.

gquota|grpquota|gqnoenforce

Group disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally) enforced. Refer to xfs_quota(8) for further details.

pquota|prjquota|pqnoenforce

Project disk quota accounting enabled and limits (optionally) enforced. Refer to xfs_quota(8) for further details.

sunit=value and swidth=value

Used to specify the stripe unit and width for a RAID device or a stripe volume. value must be specified in 512-byte block units. If this option is not specified and the filesystem was made on a stripe volume or the stripe width or unit were specified for the RAID device at mkfs time, then the mount system call will restore the value from the superblock. For filesystems that are made directly on RAID devices, these options can be used to override the information in the superblock if the underlying disk layout changes after the filesystem has been created. The swidth option is required if the sunit option has been specified, and must be a multiple of the sunit value.

swalloc

Data allocations will be rounded up to stripe width boundaries when the current end of file is being extended and the file size is larger than the stripe width size.

 

Mount options for xiafs¶

THE LOOP DEVICE¶

RETURN CODES¶

0

success

1

incorrect invocation or permissions

2

system error (out of memory, cannot fork, no more loop devices)

4

internal mount bug

8

user interrupt

16

problems writing or locking /etc/mtab

32

mount failure

64

some mount succeeded

 

NOTES¶

FILES¶

/etc/fstab

filesystem table

/etc/mtab

table of mounted filesystems

/etc/mtab~

lock file

/etc/mtab.tmp

temporary file

/etc/filesystems

a list of filesystem types to try

 

SEE ALSO¶

BUGS¶

HISTORY¶

AVAILABILITY¶