.\"*******************************************************************
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.\" This file was extracted from hal/components/bldc.comp using halcompile.g.
.\" Modify the source file.
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.TH BLDC "9" "2024-03-13" "LinuxCNC Documentation" "HAL Component"
.SH NAME
bldc \- BLDC and AC-servo control component
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B loadrt bldc cfg=qi6,aH\fB
.SH DESCRIPTION
This component is designed as an interface between the most common forms of three-phase motor feedback devices and the corresponding types of drive.
However, there is no requirement that the motor and drive should necessarily be of inherently compatible types.
Each instance of the component is defined by a group of letters describing the input and output types.
A comma separates individual instances of the component. For example \fBloadrt bldc cfg=qi6,aH\fR.
.SH Tags
Input type definitions are all lower-case.
\fBn\fR No motor feedback. This mode could be used to drive AC induction motors,
but is also potentially useful for creating free-running motor simulators for drive testing.
\fBh\fR Hall sensor input.
Brushless DC motors (electronically commutated permanent magnet 3-phase motors) typically use a set of three Hall sensors to measure the angular position of the rotor.
A lower-case \fBh\fR in the cfg string indicates that these should be used.
\fBa\fR Absolute encoder input. (Also possibly used by some forms of Resolver conversion hardware).
The presence of this tag over-rides all other inputs.
Note that the component still requires to be be connected to the \fBrawcounts\fR encoder pin to prevent loss of commutation on index-reset.
\fBq\fR Incremental (quadrature) encoder input.
If this input is used then the rotor will need to be homed before the motor can be run.
\fBi\fR Use the index of an incremental encoder as a home reference.
\fBf\fR Use a 4-bit Gray-scale patttern to determine rotor alignment.
This scheme is only used on the Fanuc "Red Cap" motors.
This mode could be used to control one of these motors using a non-Fanuc drive.
Output type descriptions are all upper-case.
\fBDefaults\fR The component will always calculate rotor angle, phase angle and the absolute value of the input \fBvalue\fR for interfacing with drives such as the Mesa 8I20.
It will also default to three individual, bipolar phase output values if no other output type modifiers are used.
\fBB\fR Bit level outputs. Either 3 or 6 logic-level outputs indicating which high or low gate drivers on an external drive should be used.
\fB6\fR Create 6 rather than the default 3 outputs.
In the case of numeric value outputs these are separate positive and negative drive amplitudes.
Both have positive magnitude.
\fBH\fR Emulated Hall sensor output.
This mode can be used to control a drive which expects 3x Hall signals,
or to convert between a motor with one hall pattern and a drive which expects a different one.
\fBF\fR Emulated Fanuc Red Cap Gray-code encoder output.
This mode might be used to drive a non-Fanuc motor using a Fanuc drive intended for the "Red-Cap" motors.
\fBT\fR Force Trapezoidal mode.
.SH OPERATING MODES
The component can control a drive in either Trapezoidal or Sinusoidal mode, but will always default to sinusoidal if the input and output modes allow it.
This can be over-ridden by the \fBT\fR tag. Sinusoidal commutation is significantly smoother (trapezoidal commutation induces 13% torque ripple).
.SH ROTOR HOMING.
To use an encoder for commutation a reference 0-degrees point must be found.
The component uses the convention that motor zero is the point that an unloaded
motor aligns to with a positive voltage on the A (or U) terminal and the B & C
(or V and W) terminals connected together and to \-ve voltage. There will be
two such positions on a 4-pole motor, 3 on a 6-pole and so on. They are all
functionally equivalent as far as driving the motor is concerned.
If the motor has Hall sensors then the motor can be started in trapezoidal
commutation mode, and will switch to sinusoidal commutation when an alignment is
found. If the mode is \fBqh\fR then the first Hall state-transition will be
used. If the mode is \fBqhi\fR then the encoder index will be used. This
gives a more accurate homing position if the distance in encoder counts between
motor zero and encoder index is known. To force homing to the Hall edges instead
simply omit the \fBi\fR.
Motors without Hall sensors may be homed in synchronous/direct mode.
The better of these options is to home to the encoder zero using the \fBiq\fR
config parameter. When the \fBinit\fR pin goes high the motor will rotate (in
a direction determined by the \fBrev\fR pin) until the encoder indicates an
index-latch (the servo thread runs too slowly to rely on detecting an encoder
index directly).
If there is no encoder index or its location relative to motor zero can not be
found, then an alternative is to use \fImagnetic\fR homing using the \fBq\fR
config. In this mode the motor will go through an alignment sequence ending at
motor zero when the init pin goes high It will then set the final position as
motor zero. Unfortunately the motor is rather \fIspringy\fR in this mode and
so alignment is likely to be fairly sensitive to load.
.SH FUNCTIONS
.TP
\fBbldc.\fIN\fB\fR (requires a floating-point thread)
.SH PINS
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.hall1\fR bit in [if personality & 0x01] \fR
Hall sensor signal 1
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.hall2\fR bit in [if personality & 0x01] \fR
Hall sensor signal 2
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.hall3\fR bit in [if personality & 0x01] \fR
Hall sensor signal 3
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.hall-error\fR bit out [if personality & 0x01] \fR
Indicates that the selected hall pattern gives inconsistent rotor position data.
This can be due to the pattern being wrong for the motor, or one or more sensors being unconnected or broken.
A consistent pattern is not neceesarily valid, but an inconsistent one can never be valid.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C1\fR bit in [if ( personality & 0x10 )] \fR
Fanuc Gray-code bit 0 input
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C2\fR bit in [if ( personality & 0x10 )] \fR
Fanuc Gray-code bit 1 input
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C4\fR bit in [if ( personality & 0x10 )] \fR
Fanuc Gray-code bit 2 input
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C8\fR bit in [if ( personality & 0x10 )] \fR
Fanuc Gray-code bit 3 input
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.value\fR float in \fR
PWM master amplitude input
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.lead-angle\fR float in [if personality & 0x06] \fR(default: \fI90\fR)
The phase lead between the electrical vector and the rotor position in degrees
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.rev\fR bit in \fR
Set this pin true to reverse the motor. Negative PWM amplitudes will alsoreverse the motor and there will generally be a Hall pattern that runs the motor in each direction too.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.frequency\fR float in [if ( personality & 0x0F ) == 0] \fR
Frequency input for motors with no feedback at all, or those with only an index (which is ignored)
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.initvalue\fR float in [if personality & 0x04] \fR(default: \fI0.2\fR)
The current to be used for the homing sequence in applications where an incremental encoder is used with no hall-sensor feedback
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.rawcounts\fR s32 in [if personality & 0x06] \fR(default: \fI0\fR)
Encoder counts input. This must be linked to the encoder rawcounts pin or encoder index resets will cause the motor commutation to fail.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.index-enable\fR bit io [if personality & 0x08] \fR
This pin should be connected to the associated encoder index-enable pin to zero the encoder when it passes index.
This is only used indicate to the bldc control component that an index has been seen.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.init\fR bit in [if ( personality & 0x05 ) == 4] \fR
A rising edge on this pin starts the motor alignment sequence.
This pin should be connected in such a way that the motors re-align any time that encoder monitoring has been interrupted.
Typically this will only be at machine power-off.
The alignment process involves powering the motor phases in such a way as to put the motor in a known position.
The encoder counts are then stored in the \fBoffset\fP parameter.
The alignment process will tend to cause a following error if it is triggered while the axis is enabled, so should be set before the matching axis.N.enable pin.
The complementary \fBinit-done\fP pin can be used to handle the required sequencing.
Both pins can be ignored if the encoder offset is known explicitly, such as is the case with an absolute encoder.
In that case the \fBoffset\fP parameter can be set directly in the HAL file.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.init-done\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0x05 ) == 4] \fR(default: \fI0\fR)
Indicates homing sequence complete.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.A-value\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0] \fR
Output amplitude for phase A
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.B-value\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0] \fR
Output amplitude for phase B
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C-value\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0] \fR
Output amplitude for phase C
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.A-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x100] \fR
Output bit for phase A
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.B-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x100] \fR
Output bit for phase B
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x100] \fR
Output bit for phase C
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.A-high\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x200] \fR
High-side driver for phase A
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.B-high\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x200] \fR
High-side driver for phase B
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C-high\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x200] \fR
High-side driver for phase C
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.A-low\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x200] \fR
Low-side driver for phase A
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.B-low\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x200] \fR
Low-side driver for phase B
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C-low\fR float out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x200] \fR
Low-side driver for phase C
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.A-high-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x300] \fR
High-side driver for phase A
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.B-high-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x300] \fR
High-side driver for phase B
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C-high-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x300] \fR
High-side driver for phase C
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.A-low-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x300] \fR
Low-side driver for phase A
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.B-low-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x300] \fR
Low-side driver for phase B
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C-low-on\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0xF00 ) == 0x300] \fR
Low-side driver for phase C
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.hall1-out\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0x400 )] \fR
Hall 1 output
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.hall2-out\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0x400 )] \fR
Hall 2 output
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.hall3-out\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0x400 )] \fR
Hall 3 output
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C1-out\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0x800 )] \fR
Fanuc Gray-code bit 0 output
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C2-out\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0x800 )] \fR
Fanuc Gray-code bit 1 output
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C4-out\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0x800 )] \fR
Fanuc Gray-code bit 2 output
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.C8-out\fR bit out [if ( personality & 0x800 )] \fR
Fanuc Gray-code bit 3 output
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.phase-angle\fR float out \fR(default: \fI0\fR)
Phase angle including lead/lag angle after encoder zeroing, etc. Useful for angle/current drives.
This value has a range of 0 to 1 and measures electrical revolutions.
It will have two zeros for a 4 pole motor, three for a 6-pole, etc.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.rotor-angle\fR float out \fR(default: \fI0\fR)
Rotor angle after encoder zeroing etc. Useful for angle/current drives which add their own phase offset such as the 8I20.
This value has a range of 0 to 1 and measures electrical revolutions. It will have two zeros for a 4 pole motor, three for a 6-pole, etc.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.out\fR float out \fR
Current output, including the effect of the dir pin and the alignment sequence.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.out-dir\fR bit out \fR
Direction output, high if /fBvalue/fR is negative XOR /fBrev/fR is true.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.out-abs\fR float out \fR
Absolute value of the input value
.SH PARAMETERS
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.in-type\fR s32 r \fR(default: \fI-1\fR)
state machine output, will probably hide after debug
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.out-type\fR s32 r \fR(default: \fI-1\fR)
state machine output, will probably hide after debug
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.scale\fR s32 rw [if personality & 0x06] \fR(default: \fI512\fR)
The number of encoder counts per rotor revolution.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.poles\fR s32 rw [if personality & 0x06] \fR(default: \fI4\fR)
The number of motor poles. The encoder scale will be divided by this value
to determine the number of encoder counts per electrical revolution.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.encoder-offset\fR s32 rw [if personality & 0x0A] \fR(default: \fI0\fR)
The offset, in encoder counts, between the motor electrical zero and the
encoder zero modulo the number of counts per electrical revolution
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.offset-measured\fR s32 r [if personality & 0x04] \fR(default: \fI0\fR)
The encoder offset measured by the homing sequence (in certain modes)
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.drive-offset\fR float rw \fR(default: \fI0\fR)
The angle, in degrees, applied to the commanded angle by the drive in degrees.
This value is only used during the homing sequence of drives with incremental encoder feedback.
It is used to back-calculate from commanded angle to actual phase angle.
It is only relevant to drives which expect rotor-angle input rather than phase-angle demand. Should be 0 for most drives.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.output-pattern\fR u32 rw [if personality & 0x400] \fR(default: \fI25\fR)
Commutation pattern to be output in Hall Signal translation mode. See the description of /fBpattern/fR for details.
.TP
.B bldc.\fIN\fB.pattern\fR u32 rw [if personality & 0x01] \fR(default: \fI25\fR)
Commutation pattern to use, from 0 to 47. Default is type 25.
Every plausible combination is included.
The table shows the excitation pattern along the top, and the pattern code on the left hand side.
The table entries are the hall patterns in H1, H2, H3 order.
Common patterns are:
0 (30 degree commutation) and 26, its reverse.
17 (120 degree).
18 (alternate 60 degree).
21 (300 degree, Bodine).
22 (240 degree).
25 (60 degree commutation).
Note that a number of incorrect commutations will have non-zero net torque which might look as if they work, but don't really.
If your motor lacks documentation it might be worth trying every pattern.
.ie '\*[.T]'html' \{\
.HTML \
\
\
\
| | Phases, Source - Sink \
|
|---|
| pat | B-A | C-A | C-B | A-B | A-C | B-C \
|
|---|
| 0 | 000 | 001 | 011 | 111 | 110 | 100 \
|
|---|
| 1 | 001 | 000 | 010 | 110 | 111 | 101 \
|
|---|
| 2 | 000 | 010 | 011 | 111 | 101 | 100 \
|
|---|
| 3 | 001 | 011 | 010 | 110 | 100 | 101 \
|
|---|
| 4 | 010 | 011 | 001 | 101 | 100 | 110 \
|
|---|
| 5 | 011 | 010 | 000 | 100 | 101 | 111 \
|
|---|
| 6 | 010 | 000 | 001 | 101 | 111 | 110 \
|
|---|
| 7 | 011 | 001 | 000 | 100 | 110 | 111 \
|
|---|
| 8 | 000 | 001 | 101 | 111 | 110 | 010 \
|
|---|
| 9 | 001 | 000 | 100 | 110 | 111 | 011 \
|
|---|
| 10 | 000 | 010 | 110 | 111 | 101 | 001 \
|
|---|
| 11 | 001 | 011 | 111 | 110 | 100 | 000 \
|
|---|
| 12 | 010 | 011 | 111 | 101 | 100 | 000 \
|
|---|
| 13 | 011 | 010 | 110 | 100 | 101 | 001 \
|
|---|
| 14 | 010 | 000 | 100 | 101 | 111 | 011 \
|
|---|
| 15 | 011 | 001 | 101 | 100 | 110 | 010 \
|
|---|
| 16 | 000 | 100 | 101 | 111 | 011 | 010 \
|
|---|
| 17 | 001 | 101 | 100 | 110 | 010 | 011 \
|
|---|
| 18 | 000 | 100 | 110 | 111 | 011 | 001 \
|
|---|
| 19 | 001 | 101 | 111 | 110 | 010 | 000 \
|
|---|
| 20 | 010 | 110 | 111 | 101 | 001 | 000 \
|
|---|
| 21 | 011 | 111 | 110 | 100 | 000 | 001 \
|
|---|
| 22 | 010 | 110 | 100 | 101 | 001 | 011 \
|
|---|
| 23 | 011 | 111 | 101 | 100 | 000 | 010 \
|
|---|
| 24 | 100 | 101 | 111 | 011 | 010 | 000 \
|
|---|
| 25 | 101 | 100 | 110 | 010 | 011 | 001 \
|
|---|
| 26 | 100 | 110 | 111 | 011 | 001 | 000 \
|
|---|
| 27 | 101 | 111 | 110 | 010 | 000 | 001 \
|
|---|
| 28 | 110 | 111 | 101 | 001 | 000 | 010 \
|
|---|
| 29 | 111 | 110 | 100 | 000 | 001 | 011 \
|
|---|
| 30 | 110 | 100 | 101 | 001 | 011 | 010 \
|
|---|
| 31 | 111 | 101 | 100 | 000 | 010 | 011 \
|
|---|
| 32 | 100 | 101 | 001 | 011 | 010 | 110 \
|
|---|
| 33 | 101 | 100 | 000 | 010 | 011 | 111 \
|
|---|
| 34 | 100 | 110 | 010 | 011 | 001 | 101 \
|
|---|
| 35 | 101 | 111 | 011 | 010 | 000 | 100 \
|
|---|
| 36 | 110 | 111 | 011 | 001 | 000 | 100 \
|
|---|
| 37 | 111 | 110 | 010 | 000 | 001 | 101 \
|
|---|
| 38 | 110 | 100 | 000 | 001 | 011 | 111 \
|
|---|
| 39 | 111 | 101 | 001 | 000 | 010 | 110 \
|
|---|
| 40 | 100 | 000 | 001 | 011 | 111 | 110 \
|
|---|
| 41 | 101 | 001 | 000 | 010 | 110 | 111 \
|
|---|
| 42 | 100 | 000 | 010 | 011 | 111 | 101 \
|
|---|
| 43 | 101 | 001 | 011 | 010 | 110 | 100 \
|
|---|
| 44 | 110 | 010 | 011 | 001 | 101 | 100 \
|
|---|
| 45 | 111 | 011 | 010 | 000 | 100 | 101 \
|
|---|
| 46 | 110 | 010 | 000 | 001 | 101 | 111 \
|
|---|
| 47 | 111 | 011 | 001 | 000 | 100 | 110 \
|
|---|
\}
.el \{\
.TS
box tab(;);
cb s s s s s s
cb|cb cb cb cb cb cb
c | c c c c c r.
Phases, Source - Sink
_
pat;B-A;C-A;C-B;A-B;A-C;B-C
_
0;000;001;011;111;110;100
1;001;000;010;110;111;101
2;000;010;011;111;101;100
3;001;011;010;110;100;101
4;010;011;001;101;100;110
5;011;010;000;100;101;111
6;010;000;001;101;111;110
7;011;001;000;100;110;111
8;000;001;101;111;110;010
9;001;000;100;110;111;011
10;000;010;110;111;101;001
11;001;011;111;110;100;000
12;010;011;111;101;100;000
13;011;010;110;100;101;001
14;010;000;100;101;111;011
15;011;001;101;100;110;010
16;000;100;101;111;011;010
17;001;101;100;110;010;011
18;000;100;110;111;011;001
19;001;101;111;110;010;000
20;010;110;111;101;001;000
21;011;111;110;100;000;001
22;010;110;100;101;001;011
23;011;111;101;100;000;010
24;100;101;111;011;010;000
25;101;100;110;010;011;001
26;100;110;111;011;001;000
27;101;111;110;010;000;001
28;110;111;101;001;000;010
29;111;110;100;000;001;011
30;110;100;101;001;011;010
31;111;101;100;000;010;011
32;100;101;001;011;010;110
33;101;100;000;010;011;111
34;100;110;010;011;001;101
35;101;111;011;010;000;100
36;110;111;011;001;000;100
37;111;110;010;000;001;101
38;110;100;000;001;011;111
39;111;101;001;000;010;110
40;100;000;001;011;111;110
41;101;001;000;010;110;111
42;100;000;010;011;111;101
43;101;001;011;010;110;100
44;110;010;011;001;101;100
45;111;011;010;000;100;101
46;110;010;000;001;101;111
47;111;011;001;000;100;110
.TE
\}
.SH AUTHOR
Andy Pugh
.SH LICENSE
GPL