.\"
.\" David Korn
.\" AT&T Bell Laboratories
.\"
.\" @(#)sh.1 (dgk@research.att.com) 12/28/93
.\"
.nr Z 1 \" set to 1 when command name is ksh, 2 for ksh93
.ds OK [\|
.ds CK \|]
.ds ' \s+4\v@.3m@\'\v@-.3m@\s-4
.ds ` \s+4\v@.3m@\`\v@-.3m@\s-4
.if \nZ=0  \{\
.TH SH 1
.\}
.if \nZ=1 \{\
.TH KSH 1
.\}
.if \nZ=2 \{\
.TH KSH93 1
.\}
.SH NAME
.if \nZ=0 \{\
sh, rsh \- shell, the standard/restricted command and programming language
.\}
.if \nZ=1 \{\
ksh, rksh \- KornShell, a standard/restricted command and programming language
.\}
.if \nZ=2 \{\
ksh93, rksh93 \- KornShell, a standard/restricted command and programming language
.\}
.SH SYNOPSIS
.if \nZ=0 \{\
.B sh
.\}
.if \nZ=1 \{\
.B ksh
.\}
.if \nZ=2 \{\
.B ksh93
.\}
[
.B \(+-abcefhiklmnprstuvxBCDEGH
] [
.B \(+-o
option ] .\|.\|. [
.B \-
] [ arg .\|.\|. ]
.br
.if \nZ=0 \{\
.B rsh
.\}
.if \nZ=1 \{\
.B rksh
.\}
.if \nZ=2 \{\
.B rksh93
.\}
[
.B \(+-abcefhiklmnpstuvxBCDEGH
] [
.B \(+-o
option ] .\|.\|. [
.B \-
] [ arg .\|.\|. ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.if \nZ=0 .I Sh\^
.if \nZ=1 .I Ksh\^
.if \nZ=2 .I Ksh93\^
is a command and programming language
that executes commands read from a terminal
or a file.
.if \nZ=0 .I Rsh\^
.if \nZ=1 .I Rksh\^
.if \nZ=2 .I Rksh93\^
is a restricted version of the
.if \nZ=0 standard
command interpreter
.if \nZ=0 .IR sh ;
.if \nZ=1 .IR ksh ;
.if \nZ=2 .IR ksh93 ;
it is used to set up login names and execution environments whose
capabilities are more controlled than those of the standard shell.
See
.I Invocation\^
below
for the meaning of arguments to the shell.
.SS Definitions.
A
.I metacharacter\^
is one of the following characters:
.PP
.RS
\f3;   &   (   )   |   <   >   new-line   space   tab\fP
.RE
.PP
A
.I blank\^
is a
.B tab
or a
.BR space .
An
.I identifier\^
is a sequence of letters, digits, or underscores
starting with a letter or underscore.
Identifiers are used as components of
.I variable\^
names.
A
.I vname\^
is a sequence of one or more identifiers
separated by a \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP and optionally preceded
by a \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP.
Vnames are used as function and variable names.
A
.I word\^
is a sequence of
.I characters\^
from the character set defined by the current locale,
excluding non-quoted
.IR metacharacters .
.PP
A
.I command\^
is a sequence of characters in the syntax
of the shell language.
The shell reads each command and
carries out the desired action either directly or by invoking
separate utilities.
A built-in command is a command that is carried out by the
shell itself without creating a separate process.
Some commands are built in purely for convenience
and are not documented here.
Built-ins that cause
side effects in the shell environment and
built-ins that are found before performing a
path search (see
.I Execution\^
below)
are documented here.
For historical reasons, some of
these built-ins behave differently than
other built-ins and are called
.IR "special built-ins" .
.SS Commands.
A
.I simple-command\^
is a list of variable assignments
(see
.I Variable Assignments\^
below)
or a sequence of
.I blank\^
separated words
which may be preceded by a list of variable assignments
(see
.I Environment\^
below).
The first word specifies the name of the command to
be executed.
Except as specified below,
the remaining words are passed as arguments
to the invoked command.
The command name is passed as argument 0
(see
.IR exec (2)).
The
.I value\^
of a \fIsimple-command\fR is its exit status; 0-255
if it terminates normally; 256+\f2signum\^\fP if
it terminates abnormally (the name of the signal corresponding
to the exit status can be
obtained via the
.B \-l
option of the
.B kill\^
built-in utility).
.PP
A
.I pipeline\^
is a sequence of one or more
.IR command\^ s
separated by
.BR | .
The standard output of each command but the last
is connected by a
.IR socketpair (2)
or
(if the
.B posix
shell option is on)
by a
.IR pipe (2)
to the standard input of the next command.
Each command except the last is run asynchronously in a subshell (see
.I Subshells\^
below).
If the
.B monitor
or
.B pipefail
option is on,
or the pipeline is preceded by the
.I "reserved word"
.BR time ,
then the shell waits for all component commands in the pipeline to terminate;
otherwise, the shell only waits for the last component command.
The exit status of a pipeline is the exit
status of its last component command, unless the
.B pipefail
option is enabled.
Each pipeline can be preceded by the
.I "reserved word"
.B !
which causes the exit status of the pipeline to become
0 if the exit status of the last command is non-zero, and
1 if the exit status of the last command is 0.
.PP
A
.I list\^
is a sequence of one or more
pipelines
separated by
.BR ; ,
.BR & ,
.BR |& ,
.BR && ,
or
.BR |\|| ,
and optionally terminated by
.BR ; ,
.BR & ,
or
.BR |& .
Of these five symbols,
.BR ; ,
.BR & ,
and
.B |&
have equal precedence,
which is lower than that of
.B &&
and
.BR |\|| .
The symbols
.B &&
and
.B |\||
also have equal precedence.
A semicolon
.RB ( ; )
causes sequential execution of the preceding pipeline; an ampersand
.RB ( & )
causes asynchronous execution of the preceding pipeline (i.e., the shell does
.I not\^
wait for that pipeline to finish).
The symbol
.B |&
causes asynchronous execution of the preceding pipeline
with a two-way pipe established to the parent shell;
the standard input and output of the spawned pipeline
can be written to and read from by the parent shell
by applying
the redirection operators
.B <&
and
.B >&
with arg
.B p
to commands and by using
.B \-p
option of
the built-in commands
.B read
and
.B print
described later.
The symbol
.B &&
.RB (\| |\|| \^)
causes the
.I list\^
following it to be executed only if the preceding
pipeline
returns a zero (non-zero) value.
One or more new-lines may appear in a
.I list\^
instead of a semicolon,
to delimit a command.
The first
.I item \^
of the first
.I pipeline\^
of a
.I list\^
that is a simple command not beginning
with a redirection, and not occurring within a
.BR while ,
.BR until ,
or
.B if
.IR list ,
can be preceded by a semicolon.
This semicolon
is ignored unless the
.B showme
option is enabled as described with
the
.B set
built-in below.
.PP
A
.I command\^
is either a \fIsimple-command\fR
or a \fIcompound-command\fR, which is one of the following.
Unless otherwise stated,
the value returned by a command is that of the
last \fIsimple-command\fR executed in the command.
.TP
\f3for\fP \f2vname\^\fP \*(OK \f3in\fP \f2word\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK \f3;do\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;done\fP
Each time a
.B for
command is executed,
.I vname\^
is set to the next
.I word\^
taken from the
.B in
.I word\^
list.
If
.BI in " word\^"
\&.\|.\|.
is omitted, then
the
.B for
command executes the \f3do\fP \f2list\^\fP once for each positional parameter
that is set starting from
.B 1
(see
.I "Parameter Expansion\^"
below).
Execution ends when there are no more words in the list.
.TP
\f3for ((\fP \*(OK\f2expr1\^\fP\*(CK \f3;\fP \*(OK\f2expr2\^\fP\*(CK \f3;\fP \*(OK\f2expr3\^\fP\*(CK \f3))\fP \f3;do\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;done\fP
The arithmetic expression
.I expr1
is evaluated first
(see
.I "Arithmetic Evaluation"
below).
The arithmetic expression
.I expr2
is repeatedly evaluated until it evaluates to zero and when non-zero,
.I list
is executed and the arithmetic expression
.I expr3
evaluated.
If any expression
is omitted, then it behaves as if it evaluated to 1.
.TP
\f3select\fP \f2vname\^\fP \*(OK \f3in\fP \f2word\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK \f3;do\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;done\fP
A
.B select
command prints on standard error (file descriptor 2) the set of
.IR word s,
each preceded by a number.
If
.BI in " word\^"
\&.\|.\|.
is omitted, then
the
positional parameters starting from
.B 1
are used instead
(see
.I "Parameter Expansion\^"
below).
The
.SM
.B PS3
prompt is printed
and a line is read from the standard input.
If this line consists of the number
of one of the listed
.IR word s,
then the value of the variable
.I vname\^
is set to the
.I word\^
corresponding to this number.
If this line is empty, the selection list is
printed again.
Otherwise the value of the variable
.I vname\^
is set to
the empty string.
The contents of the line read from standard input is
saved in
the variable
.BR REPLY .
The
.I list\^
is executed for each selection until a
.B break\^
or
.I end-of-file\^
is encountered.
If the
.SM
.B REPLY
variable is set to
the empty string
by the execution of
.IR list ,
then the selection list is printed before
displaying the
.SM
.B PS3
prompt for the next selection.
.TP
\f3case\fP \f2word\^\fP \f3in\fP \*(OK \*(OK\f3(\fP\*(CK\f2pattern\^\fP \*(OK | \f2pattern\^\fP \*(CK .\|.\|. \f3)\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;;\fP \*(CK .\|.\|. \f3esac\fP
A
.B case
command executes the
.I list\^
associated with the first
.I pattern\^
that matches
.IR word .
The form of the patterns is
the same as that used for
pathname expansion (see
.I "Pathname Expansion\^"
below).
The
.B ;;
operator causes execution of
.B case
to terminate.
If
.B ;&
is used in place of
.B ;;
the next subsequent list, if any,  is executed.
.TP
\f3if\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;then\fP \f2list\^\fP \*(OK \
\f3;elif\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;then\fP \f2list\^\fP \*(CK .\|.\|. \
\*(OK \f3;else\fP \f2list\^\fP \*(CK \f3;f\&i\fP
The
.I list\^
following \f3if\fP is executed and,
if it
returns a zero exit status, the
.I list\^
following
the first
.B then
is executed.
Otherwise, the
.I list\^
following \f3elif\fP
is executed and, if its value is zero,
the
.I list\^
following
the next
.B then
is executed.
Failing each successive
.B elif
.IR list\^ ,
the
.B else
.I list\^
is executed.
If the
.B if
.I list\^
has non-zero exit status
and there is no
.B else
.IR list ,
then the
.B if
command returns a zero exit status.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3while\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;do\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;done\fP
.TP
\f3until\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;do\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;done\fP
.PD
A
.B while
command repeatedly executes the
.B while
.I list\^
and, if the exit status of the last command in the list is zero, executes
the
.B do
.IR list ;
otherwise the loop terminates.
If no commands in the
.B do
.I list\^
are executed, then the
.B while
command returns a zero exit status;
.B until
may be used in place of
.B while
to negate
the loop termination test.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3while\fP \f2inputredirection\^\fP \f3;do\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;done\fP
.PD
Filescan loop. This is defined by a lone input redirection following
.B while
(see
.I Input/Output
below).
It is faster than using the
.B read
built-in command in a regular
.B while
loop.
The shell reads lines from the file or stream opened by
.I inputredirection\^
until the end is reached or the loop is broken.
For each line read,
the command
.I list\^
is executed with the line's contents assigned to the
.B REPLY
variable and the line's fields split into the positional parameters
(see
.I Field Splitting\^
and
.I Positional Parameters\^
below).
Within the
.IR list\^ ,
standard input is redirected to
.BR /dev/null .
If the
.B posix
compatibility shell option is on,
this loop type is disabled and
.I inputredirection\^
is processed like a lone redirection in any other context.
.TP
\f3((\fP\f2expression\^\fP\f3))\fP
.br
The
.I expression\^
is evaluated using the rules for arithmetic evaluation described below.
If the value of the arithmetic expression is non-zero, the exit
status is 0, otherwise the exit status is 1.
.TP
\f3(\fP\f2list\^\fP\f3)\fP
.br
Execute
.I list\^
in a subshell (see
.I Subshells\^
below).
Note, that if two adjacent open parentheses are
needed for nesting, a space must be inserted to avoid
evaluation as an arithmetic command as described above.
.TP
\f3{ \fP\f2list\^\fP\f3;}\fP
.br
.I list\^
is simply executed.
Note that unlike the metacharacters
.B (
and
.BR ) ,
.B {
and
.B }
are
.IR "reserved word" s
and must occur
at the beginning of a line or after a
.B ;
in order to be recognized.
.TP
\f3[[\fP\f2 expression \^\fP\f3]]\fP
.br
Evaluates
.I expression\^
and returns a zero exit status when
.I expression\^
is true.
See
.I "Conditional Expressions\^"
below, for a description of
.IR expression .
.TP
.PD 0
\f3function\fP \f2varname\^\fP \f3{\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;}\fP \*(OK \f2redirection\^\fP ... \*(CK
.TP
\f2varname\^\fP \f3()\fP \f2compound-command\^\fP \*(OK \f2redirection\^\fP ... \*(CK
.PD
Define a function which is referenced by
.IR varname .
A function whose
.I varname\^
contains a
.B \s+2.\s-2
is called a discipline function and the portion
of the
.I varname\^
preceding the last
.B \s+2.\s-2
must refer to an existing variable.
The body of the function is the
.I list\^
of commands between
.B {
and
.BR } .
A function defined with the \f3function\fP \f2varname\^\fP
syntax can also be used as an argument to the \f3.\fP
special built-in command to get the equivalent behavior
as if the \f2varname\^\fP\f3()\fP syntax were used to define it.
(See
.I Functions\^
below.)
.TP
\f3namespace\fP \f2identifier\^\fP \f3{\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;}\fP
.br
Defines or uses the name space
.I identifier\^
and runs the commands in
.I list\^
in this name space.
(See
.I Name Spaces\^
below.)
.TP
\f3time\fP \*(OK \f2pipeline\^\fP \*(CK
.br
If \f2pipeline\^\fP is omitted the user and system time for
the current shell and completed child processes is printed
on standard error.
Otherwise,
.I pipeline\^
is executed and the elapsed time as well as
the user and system time are printed on standard error.
The
.SM
.B TIMEFORMAT
variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing
information should be displayed.
See
.B "Shell Variables"
below
for a description of the
.SM
.B TIMEFORMAT
variable.
.PP
The following reserved words
are recognized as reserved only when they are the first word of a command
and are not quoted:
.PP
.if t .RS
.B
.if n if then else elif fi case esac for while until do done { } function select time [[ ]] !
.if t if   then   else   elif   fi   case   esac   for   while   until   do   done   {   }   function   select   time  [[  ]]   !
.if t .RE
.SS Variable Assignments.
One or more variable assignments can start a simple command
or can be arguments to the
.BR typeset ,
.BR enum ,
.BR export ,
or
.B readonly
special built-in commands as well as
to other declaration commands created as types.
The syntax for an \f2assignment\^\fP is of the form:
.TP
.PD 0
\f2varname\^\fP\f3=\fP\f2word\^\fP
.TP
\f2varname\^\fP\f3[\fP\f2word\^\fP\f3]\fP=\fP\f2word\^\fP
.PD
No space is permitted between \f2varname\^\fP and the \f3=\fP or
between \f3=\fP and \fIword\^\fP.
.TP
\f2varname\^\fP\f3=(\fP\f2assign_list\^\fP\f3)\fP
No space is permitted between \f2varname\^\fP and the \f3=\fP.
The variable
.I varname
is unset before the assignment.
An \f2assign_list\^\fP can be one of the following:
.RS 15
.PD 0
.TP
\f2word\^\fP ...
Indexed array assignment.
.TP
\f3[\fP\f2word\^\fP\f3]=\fP\f2word\^\fP .\|.\|.
Associative array assignment.
If preceded by
.B typeset \-a
this will create an indexed array instead.
.TP
\f2assignment\^\fP .\|.\|.
Compound variable assignment.
This creates a compound variable \f2varname\^\fP with
subvariables of the form \f2varname\^\fP\f3.\fP\f2name\^\fP,
where \f2name\^\fP is the name portion of \f2assignment\^\fP.
The value of \f2varname\^\fP will contain all the assignment elements.
Additional assignments made to subvariables of \f2varname\^\fP
will also be displayed as part of the value of \f2varname\^\fP.
If no \f2assignment\fPs are specified, \f2varname\^\fP will be
a compound variable allowing subsequence child elements to be defined.
.TP
\f3typeset\fP \*(OK\f2options\fP\*(CK \f2assignment\^\fP .\|.\|.
Nested variable assignment.  Multiple assignments
can be specified by separating each of them with a \f3;\fP.
The previous value is unset before the assignment.
Other declaration commands such as
.BR readonly,
.BR enum ,
and
other declaration commands can be used in place of
.BR typeset .
.TP
\f3\|.\fP \f2filename\^\fP
Include the assignment commands contained in
.IR filename .
.PD
.RE
.PP
In addition, a \f3+=\fP can be used in place of the \f3=\fP
to signify adding to or appending to the previous value.
When \f3+=\fP is applied to an arithmetic type, \f2word\^\fP
is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the current value.
When applied to a string variable, the value defined by \f2word\^\fP
is appended to the value.  For compound assignments, the previous
value is not unset and the new values are appended to the
current ones provided that the types are compatible.
.PP
The right hand side of a variable assignment undergoes all the expansion
listed below except word splitting, brace expansion, and pathname expansion.
When the left hand side is an assignment is a compound variable and
the right hand is the name of a compound variable, the compound variable
on the right will be copied or appended to the compound variable on the left.
.SS Comments.
.PD 0
A word beginning with
.B #
causes that word and all the following characters up to a new-line
to be ignored.
.PD
.RE
.SS Aliasing.
The first word of each command is replaced by the text of an
.B alias
if an
.B alias
for this word has been defined.
An
.B alias
name consists of any number of characters excluding metacharacters,
quoting characters,
file expansion characters,
parameter expansion and command substitution
characters,
the characters
.B /
and
.BR = .
The replacement string can contain any
valid shell script
including the metacharacters listed above.
The first word of each command in the
replaced text,
other than
any that are in the process of being replaced,
will be tested for aliases.
If the last character of the alias value is a
.I blank\^
then the word following the alias will also be checked for alias
substitution.
Aliases can be used to redefine
built-in commands but cannot be used to redefine
the reserved words listed above.
Aliases can be created and listed with the
.B alias
command and can be removed with the
.B unalias
command.
.PP
.I Aliasing\^
is performed when
scripts are read,
not while they are executed.
Therefore,
for an alias to take effect,
the
.B alias
definition command has to be executed before
the command which references the alias is read.
.PP
The following aliases are automatically preset
when the shell is invoked as an interactive shell.
Preset aliases can be unset or redefined.
.RS 20
.PD 0
.TP
.B "history=\(fmhist \-l\(fm"
.TP
.B "r=\(fmhist \-s\(fm"
.PD
.RE
.SS Tilde Expansion.
After alias substitution is performed, each word
is checked to see if it begins with an unquoted
.BR \(ap .
For tilde expansion,
.I word\^
also refers to the
.I word\^
portion of parameter expansion
(see
.I "Parameter Expansion\^"
below).
If a
.I word\^
is preceded by a tilde, then it is checked up to a
.B /
to see if it matches a user name in the
password database (see
.IR getpwname (3)).
If a match is found, the
.B \(ap
and the matched login name are replaced by the
login directory of the matched user.
If no match is found, the original text is left unchanged.
A
.B \(ap
by itself, or in front of a
.BR / ,
is replaced by
.BR $HOME ,
unless the
.B HOME
variable is unset, in which case
the current user's home directory as configured in the operating system
is used.
A
.B \(ap
followed by a
.B +
or
.B \-
is replaced by
.B
.SM $PWD
or
.B
.SM $OLDPWD
respectively.
.PP
In addition,
when expanding a
variable assignment (see
.I Variable Assignments
above),
tilde expansion is attempted when
the value of the assignment
begins with a
.BR \(ap ,
and when a
.B \(ap
appears after a
.BR : .
A
.B :
also terminates a user name following a
.BR \(ap .
.PP
The tilde expansion mechanism may be extended or modified
by defining one of the discipline functions
.B .sh.tilde.set
or
.B .sh.tilde.get
(see
.I Functions
and
.I Discipline Functions
below).
If either exists,
then upon encountering a tilde word to expand,
that function is called with the tilde word assigned to either
.B .sh.value
(for the
.B .sh.tilde.set
function) or
.B .sh.tilde
(for the
.B .sh.tilde.get
function).
Performing tilde expansion within a discipline function will not recursively
call that function, but default tilde expansion remains active,
so literal tildes should still be quoted where required.
Either function may assign a replacement string to
.BR .sh.value .
If this value is non-empty and does not start with a
.BR \(ap ,
it replaces the default tilde expansion when the function terminates.
Otherwise, the tilde expansion is left unchanged.
.SS Subshells.
A
.I subshell\^
is a separate execution environment that is a complete duplicate of the
current shell environment, except for two things: all traps are reset to
default except those for signals that are being ignored, and subshells
cannot be interactive (i.e., they have no command prompt).
Changes made within a subshell do not affect the parent environment and are
lost when the subshell exits.
.PP
Particular care should be taken not to confuse a subshell with a newly
invoked shell that is merely a child process of the current shell,
and which (unlike a subshell) starts from scratch in terms of
variables and functions and may be interactive.
Beware of shell tutorials on the Internet that confuse these.
.PP
Subshells cannot be created or invoked using any command.
Instead, the following are automatically run in a subshell:
.RS 8
.IP \[bu] 3
any command or group of commands enclosed in parentheses;
.IP \[bu]
command substitutions of the first and third form (see
.I "Command Substitution"
below);
.IP \[bu]
process substitutions (see
.I "Process Substitution"
below);
.IP \[bu]
all elements of a pipeline except the last;
.IP \[bu]
any command executed asynchronously (i.e., in a background process).
.RE
.PP
Creating processes is expensive, so as a performance optimization, a
subshell of a non-interactive shell may share the process of its parent
environment. Such a subshell is known as a virtual subshell.
Subshells are virtual unless or until something (such as asynchronous
execution, or an attempt to set a process limit using the
.B ulimit
built-in command, or other implementation- or system-defined requirements)
makes it necessary to
.IR fork (2)
it into a separate process.
Barring any bugs in the shell, virtual subshells should be indistinguishable
from real subshells except by their execution speed and their process ID.
See the description of the
.B .sh.pid
variable below for more information.
.RE
.SS Command Substitution.
The standard output from a command list enclosed in
parentheses preceded by a dollar sign (
\f3$(\fP\f2list\^\fP\f3)\fP
),
or in a brace group preceded by a dollar sign (
\f3${ \fP\f2list\^\fP\f3;}\fP
), or in a pair of grave accents (\^\f3\*`\^\*`\fP\^)
may be used as part or all
of a word;
trailing new-lines are removed.
In the second case, the \f3{\fP and \f3}\fP are treated as a reserved words
so that \f3{\fP must be followed by a \f2blank\^\fP and \f3}\fP must
appear at the beginning of the line or follow a \f3;\fP.
In the third (obsolete) form, the string between the quotes is processed
for special quoting characters before the command is executed (see
.I Quoting\^
below).
The command substitution
\^\f3$(\^cat file\^)\fP\^
can be replaced by the equivalent but faster
\^\f3$(\^<file\^)\fP\^.
The command substitution
\^\f3$(\^\fP\f2n\^\fP\f3<#\^)\fP
will expand to the current byte offset for file descriptor
.IR n .
Except for the second form, the command list is run in a subshell so that no
side effects are possible.
For the second form, the final
.B }
will be recognized as a reserved word after any token.
.SS Arithmetic Expansion.
An arithmetic expression enclosed in double
parentheses preceded by a dollar sign (
.B $((\|))
)
is replaced by the value of the arithmetic expression
within the double parentheses.
.SS Process Substitution.
Each command argument of the form
\f3<(\fP\f2list\^\fP\f3)\fP
or
\f3>(\fP\f2list\^\fP\f3)\fP
will run process
.I list
asynchronously connected to some file in
.B /dev/fd
if this directory exists, or else a fifo in a temporary directory.
The name of this file will become the argument to the command.
If the form with
.B >
is selected then writing on this file will provide input for
.IR list .
If
.B <
is used,
then the file passed as an argument will contain the output of the
.I list
process.
For example,
.PP
.RS
\f3paste <(cut \-f1\fP \f2file1\fP\f3) <(cut \-f3\fP \f2file2\f3) | tee >(\fP\f2process1\fP\f3) >(\fP\f2process2\fP\f3)\fP
.RE
.PP
.I cuts
fields 1 and 3 from
the files
.I file1
and
.I file2
respectively,
.I pastes
the results together, and
sends it
to the processes
.I process1
and
.IR process2 ,
as well as putting it onto the standard output.
Note that the file, which is passed as an argument to the command,
is a UNIX
.IR pipe (2)
so programs that expect to
.IR lseek (2)
on the file will not work.
.PP
Process substitution of the form
\f3<(\fP\f2list\^\fP\f3)\fP
can also be used with the
.B <
redirection operator which causes the output of
.I list\^
to be standard input or the input for whatever file descriptor is specified.
.SS Parameter Expansion.
A
.I parameter\^
is a
.IR variable ,
one or more digits,
or any of the characters
.BR * ,
.BR @ ,
.BR # ,
.BR ? ,
.BR \- ,
.BR $ ,
and
.BR !\\^ .
A
.I variable\^
is denoted by a \f2vname\fP.
To create a variable whose
.I vname\^
contains a \f3\s+2.\s-2\fP,
a variable whose
.I vname\^
consists of everything before the last \f3\s+2.\s-2\fP must already exist.
A
.I variable\^
has a
.I value\^
and zero or more
.IR attributes .
.I Variables\^
can be assigned
.I values\^
and
.I attributes
by using the
.B typeset\^
special built-in command.
The attributes supported by the shell are described
later with the
.B typeset\^
special built-in command.
Exported variables pass their attributes to the environment so that a newly
invoked ksh that is a child or exec'd process of the current shell will
automatically import them, unless the \fBposix\fR shell option is on.
.PP
The shell supports both indexed and associative arrays.
An element of an array variable is referenced by a
.IR subscript .
A
.I subscript\^
for an indexed array is denoted by
an
.I arithmetic expression\^
(see
.I "Arithmetic Evaluation"
below)
between a
.B [
and a
.BR ] .
To assign values to an indexed array, use
\f2vname\fP\f3=(\fP\f2value\fP .\|.\|.\f3)\fP or
\f3set \-A\fP \f2vname\fP  \f2value\fP .\|.\|. .
The value of all non-negative
subscripts must be in the
range of
0 through 4,194,303.
A negative subscript is treated as an offset from the maximum
current index +1 so that \-1 refers to the last element.
Indexed arrays can be declared with the
.B \-a
option to
.BR typeset.
Indexed arrays need not be declared.
Any reference to a variable
with a valid subscript is
legal and an array will be created if necessary.
.PP
An associative array is created with the
.B \-A
option to
.BR typeset.
A
.I subscript\^
for an associative array is denoted by
a string enclosed between
.B [
and
.BR ] .
.PP
Referencing any array without a subscript
is equivalent to referencing the array with subscript 0.
.PP
The
.I value\^
of a
.I variable\^
may be assigned by writing:
.PP
.RS
.IB vname = value\^\|
\*(OK
.IB vname = value\^
\*(CK .\|.\|.
.RE
.PP
or
.PP
.RS
.IB vname [ subscript ]= value\^\|
\*(OK
.IB vname [ subscript ]= value\^
\*(CK .\|.\|.
.RE
.PP
Note that no space is allowed before or after the
.BR = .
.PP
Attributes assigned by the
.I typeset\^
special built-in command apply to all elements of the array.
An array element can be a simple variable, a compound variable or an
array variable.  An element of an indexed array can be either an indexed
array or an associative array.  An element of an associative array can also
be either.  To refer to an array element that is part of an array
element, concatenate the subscript in brackets.  For example, to refer
to the
.I foobar\^
element of an associative array that is defined as the
third element of the indexed array, use
.BI ${ vname [ 3 ][ foobar ]}
.sp .5
.PP
A
.I nameref\^
is a variable that is a reference to another variable.
A nameref is created with the
.B \-n
attribute of
.B typeset
or with the equivalent
.B nameref
command.
The value of the variable at the time of that
command becomes the variable that will be referenced whenever
the nameref variable is used.
The name of a nameref cannot contain a \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP.
When a variable or function name contains a \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP, and the portion
of the name up to the first \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP matches the
name of a nameref, the variable referred to is obtained by
replacing the nameref portion with the name of the variable
referenced by the nameref.
If a nameref is used as the index of a \fBfor\fP loop,
a name reference is established for each item in the list.
.PP
A nameref provides a convenient way to refer to the variable
inside a function whose name is passed as an argument to a function.
For example, if the name of a variable is passed as the first
argument to a function, the command
\fBtypeset \-n var=$1\fR
(a.k.a.
\fBnameref var=$1\fR)
inside the function causes references and assignments to
.B var
to be references and assignments to the variable whose
name has been passed to the function.
Note that, for this to work, the positional parameter must be assigned directly
to the nameref as part of the declaration command, as in the example above;
only that idiom can allow one function to access a local variable of another.
For instance, \fBtypeset \-n var; var=$1\fR won't cross that barrier, nor will
\fBtypeset foo=$1; typeset \-n var=foo\fR.
.sp .5
.PP
If any of the floating point attributes,
.BR \-E ,
.BR \-F ,
or
.BR \-X ,
or the integer attribute,
.BR \-i ,
is set for
.IR vname ,
then the
.I value\^
is subject to arithmetic evaluation as described below.
.sp .5
.PP
Positional parameters,
parameters denoted by a number,
may be assigned values with the
.B set\^
special built-in command.
Parameter
.B $0
is set from argument zero when the shell
is invoked.
.sp .5
.PP
The character
.B $
is used to introduce substitutable
.IR parameters .
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3}\fP
The shell
reads all the characters from
.B ${
to the matching
.B }
as part of the same word even if it contains
braces or metacharacters.
The value, if any, of the parameter is substituted.
The braces are required when
.I parameter\^
is followed by a letter, digit, or underscore
that is not to be interpreted as part of its name,
when the variable name contains a \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP.
The braces are also required when a variable is subscripted
unless it is part of an Arithmetic Expression
or a Conditional Expression.
If
.I parameter\^
is one or more digits then it is a positional parameter.
A positional parameter of more than one digit must be
enclosed in braces.
If
.I parameter\^
is
.B *
or
.BR @ ,
then all the positional
parameters, starting with
.BR $1 ,
are substituted
(separated by a field separator character).
If an array
.I vname\^
with last subscript
.B *
.BR @ ,
or for indexed arrays of the form
.I sub1\^
.B ..
.IR sub2 .
is used,
then the value
for each of the
elements between
.I sub1\^
and
.I sub2\^
inclusive (or all elements for
.B *
and
.BR @ )
is substituted,
separated by
the first character of
the value of
.BR IFS .
.TP
\f3${#\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3}\fP
If
.I parameter\^
is
.B *
or
.BR @ ,
the number of positional parameters is substituted.
Otherwise, the length of the value of the
.I parameter\^
is substituted.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3${#\fP\f2vname\fP\f3[*]}\fP
.TP
.PD
\f3${#\fP\f2vname\fP\f3[@]}\fP
The number of elements in the array
.I vname\^
is substituted.
.TP
\f3${@\fP\f2vname\^\fP\f3}\fP
Expands to the type name (See
.I "Type Variables"\^
below) or attributes of the variable referred to by
.IR vname .
.TP
\f3${!\fP\f2vname\^\fP\f3}\fP
Expands to the name of the variable referred to by
.IR vname .
This will be
.I vname\^
except when
.I vname\^
is a name reference.
.TP
\f3${!\fP\f2vname\^\fP\f3[\f2subscript\^\f3]}\fP
Expands to name of the subscript unless
.I subscript\^
is
.BR * ,
.BR @ .
or of the form
.I sub1\^
.B ..
.IR sub2 .
When
.I subscript\^
is
.BR * ,
the list of array subscripts for \f2vname\^\fP
is generated.
For a variable that is not an array, the value is
.I 0\^
if the variable is set.
Otherwise it is the empty string.
When
.I subscript\^
is
.BR @ ,
same as above, except that when used in double quotes,
each array subscript yields a separate
argument.
When
.I subscript\^
is of the form
.I sub1\^
.B ..
.I sub2\^
it expands
to the list of subscripts between
.I sub1\^
and
.I sub2\^
inclusive using the same quoting rules as
.BR @ .
.TP
.PD 0
\f3${!\fP\f2prefix\^\fP\f3@}\fP
.TP
.PD
\f3${!\fP\f2prefix\^\fP\f3*}\fP
These both expand to the names of the variables whose names begin with
.IR prefix .
The expansions otherwise work like \f3$@\fP and \f3$*\fP, respectively
(see under \f2Quoting\fP below).
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3:\-\fP\f2word\^\fP\f3}\fP
If
.I parameter\^
is set and has a non-empty value, then substitute its value;
otherwise substitute
.IR word .
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3:=\fP\f2word\^\fP\f3}\fP
If
.I parameter\^
is not set or has the empty string value, then set it to
.IR word ;
the value of the parameter is then substituted.
Positional parameters may not be assigned to
in this way.
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3:?\fP\f2word\^\fP\f3}\fP
If
.I parameter\^
is set and has a non-empty value, then substitute its value;
otherwise, print
.I word\^
and exit from the shell (if not interactive).
If
.I word\^
is omitted then a standard message is printed.
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3:+\fP\f2word\^\fP\f3}\fP
If
.I parameter\^
is set and has a non-empty value then substitute
.IR word ;
otherwise substitute the empty string.
.PP
In the above,
.I word\^
is not evaluated unless it is
to be used as the substituted string,
so that, in the following example,
.B pwd
is executed only if
.B d
is not set or has the empty string value:
.PP
.RS
print \|${d:\-\^$(\^pwd\^)\^}
.RE
.PP
If the colon
.RB ( : )
is omitted from the above expressions,
then the shell only checks whether
.I parameter\^
is set or not.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3:\fP\f2offset\^\fP\f3:\fP\f2length\^\fP\f3}\fP
.TP
.PD
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3:\fP\f2offset\^\fP\f3}\fP
Expands to the portion of the value of
.I parameter\^
starting at the character (counting from
.BR 0\^ )
determined by expanding
.I offset\^
as an arithmetic expression and consisting of the
number of characters determined by the arithmetic expression
defined by
.IR length.
In the second form, the remainder of the value is used.
If
A negative
.I offset\^
counts backwards from the end of
.IR parameter .
Note that one or more
.IR blank s
is required in front of a minus sign
to prevent the shell from interpreting the operator as
.BR :\- .
If
.I parameter\^
is
.B *
or
.BR @ ,
or is an array name indexed by
.B *
or
.BR @ ,
then
.I offset\^
and
.I length\^
refer to the array index and number
of elements respectively.
A negative
.I offset\^
is taken relative to one greater than the highest subscript
for indexed arrays.
The order for associative arrays is unspecified.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3#\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3}\fP
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3##\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3}\fP
.PD
If
the shell
.I pattern\^
matches the beginning of the value of
.IR parameter ,
then the value of
this expansion is the value of the
.I parameter\^
with the matched portion deleted;
otherwise the value of this
.I parameter\^
is substituted.
In the first form the smallest matching pattern is deleted and in the
second form the largest matching pattern is deleted.
When
.I parameter\^
is
.BR @ ,
.BR * ,
or an array variable with subscript
.B @
or
.BR * ,
the substring operation is applied to each element in turn.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3%\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3}\fP
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3%%\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3}\fP
.PD
If
the shell
.I pattern\^
matches the end of the value of
.IR parameter ,
then the value of
this expansion is the value of the
.I parameter\^
with the matched part deleted;
otherwise substitute the value of
.IR parameter .
In the first form the smallest matching pattern is deleted and in the
second form the largest matching pattern is deleted.
When
.I parameter\^
is
.BR @ ,
.BR * ,
or an array variable with subscript
.B @
or
.BR * ,
the substring operation is applied to each element in turn.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3/\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3/\fP\f2string\^\fP\f3}\fP
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3//\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3/\fP\f2string\^\fP\f3}\fP
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3/#\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3/\fP\f2string\^\fP\f3}\fP
.TP
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3/%\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3/\fP\f2string\^\fP\f3}\fP
.PD
Expands
.I parameter\^
and replaces the longest match of
.I pattern\^
with the given
.IR string.
Each occurrence of \f3\e\fP\f2n\^\fP in
.I string
is replaced by the portion of \f2parameter\^\fP
that matches the \f2n\^\fP-th subpattern.
In the first form,
only the first occurrence of
.I pattern\^
is replaced.
In the second form,
each match for
.I pattern\^
is replaced by the given
.IR string.
The third form restricts the pattern match to the beginning of the string
while the fourth form restricts the pattern match to the end of
the string.
In the first and second forms, an empty
.I pattern\^
never matches.
In the third and fourth forms, an empty
.I pattern\^
matches the beginning or the end of the string, respectively.
When
.I string\^
is empty, the
.I pattern\^
will be deleted and the
.B /
in front of
.I string\^
may be omitted.
When
.I parameter\^
is
.BR @ ,
.BR * ,
or an array variable with subscript
.B @
or
.BR * ,
the substitution operation is applied to each element in turn.
In this case, the
.I string\^
portion of
.I word\^
will be re-evaluated for each element.
.SS Shell Variables.
The following
parameters
are automatically set by the shell:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
.B #
The number of positional parameters in decimal.
.PD
.TP
.B \-
Options supplied to the shell on invocation or by
the
.B set
command.
.TP
.B ?
The exit status returned by the last executed command. Its meaning depends
on the command or function that defines it, but there are conventions that
other commands often depend on: zero typically means 'success' or 'true',
one typically means 'non-success' or 'false', and a value greater than one
typically indicates some kind of error. Only the 8 least significant bits of
\f3$?\fP (values 0 to 255) are preserved when the exit status is passed on
to a parent process, but within the same (sub)shell environment, it is a
signed integer value with a range of possible values as shown by the
commands \f3getconf INT_MIN\fP and \f3getconf INT_MAX\fP. Shell functions
that run in the current environment may return status values in this range.
.TP
.B $
The process ID of the main shell process. Note that this value will not
change in a subshell, even if the subshell runs in a different process.
See also
.BR .sh.pid .
.TP
.B _
Initially, the value of
.B _
is an absolute pathname of the shell or script being executed
as passed in the
.IR environment .
Subsequently it is assigned the last argument of the previous command.
This parameter is not set for commands which are asynchronous.
This parameter is also used to hold the name of the matching
.B
.SM MAIL
file when checking for mail.
While defining a compound variable or a type,
.B _
is initialized as a reference to the compound variable or type.
When a discipline function is invoked,
.B _
is initialized as a reference to the variable associated with
the call to this function.
Finally when
.B _
is used as the name of the first variable of a type definition,
the new type is derived from the type of the first variable. (See
.I "Type Variables"\^
below.)
.TP
.B !
The process ID of the last background command
invoked or the most recent job put in the background with the
.B bg
built-in command.
.TP
.B .sh.command
When processing a
.SM
.B DEBUG
trap, this variable contains the current command line
that is about to run.
The value is in the same format as the output generated by the
.B xtrace
option (minus the preceding
.B PS4
prompt).
.TP
.B .sh.edchar
This variable contains the value of the keyboard character
(or sequence of characters if the first character is an ESC, ASCII
.BR 033\^ )
that has
been entered when processing a
.B
.SM KEYBD
trap
(see
.I "Key Bindings\^"
below).
If the value is changed as part of the trap action, then the new
value replaces the key (or key sequence) that caused the trap.
.TP
.B .sh.edcol
The character position of the cursor at the time of the most recent
.B
.SM KEYBD
trap.
.TP
.B .sh.edmode
Upon executing a
.B
.SM KEYBD
trap action, the value of this variable is set
to the ESC control character if the shell is in
.B vi
input mode (See
.I "Vi Editing Mode"\^
below), or to the empty string value otherwise.
.TP
.B .sh.edtext
The characters in the input buffer at the time of the most recent
.B
.SM KEYBD
trap.
The variable is unset when not processing a
.B
.SM KEYBD
trap.
.TP
.B .sh.file
The pathname of the file that contains the current command.
.TP
.B .sh.fun
The name of the current function that is being executed.
.TP
.B .sh.level
Set to the current call depth of functions and dot scripts.
Normally, this variable is read-only, but while executing a
.B DEBUG
trap, its value may be changed to switch the current function scope
to that of the specified level for the duration of the trap run,
making it possible to access a parent scope for debugging purposes.
When trap execution ends, the variable and the scope are restored.
It is an error to assign a value lower than 0 (the global scope)
or higher than the current call depth.
.TP
.B .sh.lineno
Set during a
.B DEBUG
trap to the line number for the caller of each function.
.TP
.B .sh.match
Whenever a match is found in a pattern matching operation using either the
.B [[
compound command (see
.I "Conditional Expressions\^"
below) or the expansions
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3#\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3}\fP,
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3%\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3}\fP,
\f3${\fP\f2parameter\^\fP\f3/\fP\f2pattern\^\fP\f3/\fP\f2string\^\fP\f3}\fP,
or one of their variants (see
.I "Parameter Expansion\^"
above),
the match and its subpattern matches are stored in this indexed array,
overwriting its previous values.
The
.BR 0 -th
element stores the complete match and the
.IR i\^ -th
element stores the
.IR i\^ -th
submatch.
For
.BR // ,
the array is two-dimensional, with the first subscript indicating the
most recent match and subpattern match, and the second subscript indicating
which match with
.B 0
representing the first match.
If no match is found,
.B .sh.match
is not reset or modified.
Note that even matching operations performed on the
.B .sh.match
variable itself will overwrite it upon finding a match.
.TP
.B .sh.math
Used for defining arithmetic functions
(see
.I "Arithmetic Evaluation"
below)
and stores the list of user defined arithmetic functions.
.TP
.B .sh.name
Set to the name of the variable at the time that a
discipline function is invoked.
.TP
.B .sh.subscript
Set to the name subscript of the variable at the time that a
discipline function is invoked.
.TP
.B .sh.subshell
The current depth for subshells and command substitution.
.TP
.B .sh.pid
Set to the process ID of the current shell process.
Unlike
.BR $$ ,
this is updated in a subshell when it forks into a new process.
Note that a virtual subshell may have to fork mid-execution
due to various system- and implementation-dependent requirements,
so the value should not be counted on to remain the same
from one command to the next.
If a persistent process ID is required for a subshell,
it must be ensured it is running in its own process first.
Any attempt to set a process limit using the
.B ulimit
built-in command, such as
.BR "ulimit -t unlimited 2>/dev/null" ,
is a reliable way to make a subshell fork if it hasn't already.
.TP
.B .sh.ppid
Set to the process ID of the parent of the current shell process.
Unlike
.BR $PPID ,
this is updated in a subshell when it forks into a new process.
The same note as for
.B .sh.pid
applies.
.TP
.B .sh.value
Set to the value of the variable at the time that the
.B set
or
.B append
discipline function is invoked.
When a user defined arithmetic function is invoked, the value
of
.B .sh.value
is saved and
.B .sh.value
is set to long double precision floating point.
.B .sh.value
is restored when the function returns.
.TP
.B .sh.version
Set to a value that identifies the version of this shell.
.TP
.B
.SM COLUMNS
Width of the terminal window in character positions.
Updated automatically at initialization and on receiving a
.B SIGWINCH
signal.
The shell uses the value to define the width of the edit window
for the shell edit modes and for printing
.B select
lists.
.TP
.B
.SM KSH_VERSION
A name reference to
.BR .sh.version .
.TP
.B
.SM LINENO
The current line number within the script or
function being executed.
.TP
.B
.SM LINES
Height of the terminal window in lines.
Updated automatically at initialization and on receiving a
.B SIGWINCH
signal.
The shell uses the value to determine the column length for printing
.B select
lists: they are printed vertically until about two thirds of
.B
.SM LINES
lines are filled.
.TP
.B
.SM OLDPWD
The previous working directory set by the
.B cd
command.
.TP
.B
.SM OPTARG
The value of the last option argument processed by the
.B getopts
built-in command.
.TP
.B
.SM OPTIND
The index of the last option argument processed by the
.B getopts
built-in command.
.TP
.B
.SM PPID
The process ID of the parent of the main shell process.
Note that this value will not change in a subshell,
even if the subshell runs in a different process.
See also
.BR .sh.ppid .
.TP
.B
.SM PWD
The present working directory set by the
.B cd
command.
.TP
.B
.SM RANDOM
Each time this variable is referenced, a random integer,
uniformly distributed between 0 and 32767, is generated.
The sequence of random numbers can be initialized by assigning
a numeric value to
.BR RANDOM .
.TP
.B
.SM REPLY
This variable is set by the
.B select
statement and by
the
.B read
built-in command when no arguments are supplied.
.TP
.B
.SM SECONDS
Each time this variable is referenced, the number of
seconds since shell invocation is returned.
If this variable is
assigned a value, then the value returned upon reference will
be the value that was assigned plus the number of seconds since the assignment.
.TP
.SM
.B SHLVL
An integer variable that is incremented and exported
each time the shell is invoked.
If
.SM
.B SHLVL
is not in the environment when the shell is invoked, it is set
to 1.
.PD
.RE
.PP
The following
variables
are used by the shell:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
.B
.SM CDPATH
The search path for the
.B cd
command.
.PD
.TP
.B
.SM EDITOR
If the
.B
.SM VISUAL
variable is not set,
the value of this variable will be checked for certain patterns
and the corresponding editing option will be turned on as described with
.B
.SM VISUAL
below.
.TP
.SM
.B ENV
If this variable is set, then
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion
are performed on
the value to generate
the pathname of the script that will be
executed when the shell
is invoked interactively
(see
.I Invocation\^
below).
This file is typically used for
.B alias
and
.B function
definitions.
The default value is \fB$HOME/.kshrc\fP.
On systems that support a system wide  \fB/etc/ksh.kshrc\fP initialization file,
if the filename generated by the expansion of
.SM
.B ENV
begins with
.B /./
or
.B .\^/.\^/
the system wide initialization file will not be executed.
.TP
.B
.SM FCEDIT
Obsolete name for
the default editor name for the
.B hist
command.
.B
.SM FCEDIT
is not used when
.B
.SM HISTEDIT
is set.
.TP
.SM
.B FIGNORE
A pattern that defines the set of filenames that will be
ignored when performing filename matching.
.TP
.SM
.B FPATH
The search path for function definitions.
The directories in this path are searched for a file with the same name
as the function or command when a function with the
.B \-u
attribute is referenced and when a command is not found.
If an executable file with the name of that command is found,
then it is read and executed
in the current environment.
Unlike
.BR PATH ,
the current directory must be represented
explicitly by
.B .
rather than by adjacent
.B :
characters or a beginning or ending
.BR : .
.TP
.B
.SM histchars
This variable can be used to specify up to three ASCII characters
that control history expansion (see \f2History Expansion\fP below).
The first (default: \f3!\fP) signals the start of a history expansion.
The second (default: \f3^\fP) is used for short-form substitutions.
The third (default: \f3#\fP), when found as the first character of a word,
causes history expansion to be skipped for the rest of the words on the line.
Multi-byte characters (e.g. UTF-8) are not supported and produce undefined results.
.TP
.B
.SM HISTCMD
Number of the current command in the history file.
.TP
.B
.SM HISTEDIT
Name for
the default editor name for the
.B hist
command.
.TP
.SM
.B HISTFILE
If this variable is set when the shell is invoked, then
the value is the pathname of the file that will be
used to store the command history (see
.I "Command Re-entry\^"
below).
.TP
.SM
.B HISTSIZE
If this variable is set when the shell is invoked, then
the number of previously entered commands that
are accessible by this shell
will be greater than or equal to this number.
The default is 512.
.TP
.B
.SM HOME
The default argument (home directory) for the
.B cd
command.
.TP
.SM
.B IFS
Internal field separators,
normally
.BR space ,
.BR tab ,
and
.B new-line
that are used to separate the results of
command substitution or parameter expansion
and to separate fields with the built-in command
.BR read .
The first character of the
.SM
.B IFS
variable is used to separate arguments for the
.B
"$*"
expansion (see
.I Quoting
below).
Each single occurrence of
an
.SM
.B IFS
character in the string to be split
that is not in the \f2isspace\^\fP character class, and any
adjacent characters in
.SM
.B IFS
that are in the \f2isspace\^\fP character class, delimit a field.
One or more
characters in
.SM
.B IFS
that belong to the \f2isspace\^\fP character class
delimit a field.
In addition, if the same \f2isspace\^\fP character appears
consecutively inside
.B IFS
and the
.B posix
shell option is not on,
this character is treated as if it were not in the \f2isspace\^\fP
class - for example, if
.BR IFS
consists of two
.B tab
characters,
then two adjacent
.B tab
characters delimit an empty field.
.TP
.B
.SM JOBMAX
This variable defines the maximum number running background jobs
that can run at a time.  When this limit is reached, the
shell will wait for a job to complete before starting a new job.
.TP
.B
.SM LANG
This variable determines the locale category for any
category not specifically selected with a variable
starting with
.B
.SM LC_
or
.BR LANG .
.TP
.B
.SM LC_ALL
This variable overrides the value of the
.B
.SM LANG
variable and any other
.B
.SM LC_
variable.
.TP
.B
.SM LC_COLLATE
This variable determines the locale category for character
collation information.
.TP
.B
.SM LC_CTYPE
This variable determines the locale category for character
handling functions.
It determines the character classes for pattern matching (see
.I "Pathname Expansion\^"
below).
.TP
.B
.SM LC_NUMERIC
This variable determines the locale category for the
decimal point character.
.TP
.B
.SM MAIL
If this variable is set to the name of a mail file
.I and\^
the
.B
.SM MAILPATH
variable is not set,
then the shell informs the user of arrival of mail
in the specified file.
.TP
.B
.SM MAILCHECK
This variable specifies how often (in seconds) the
shell will check for changes in the modification time
of any of the files specified by the
.B
.SM MAILPATH
or
.B
.SM MAIL
variables.
The default value is 600 seconds.
When the time has elapsed
the shell will check before issuing the next prompt.
.TP
.B
.SM MAILPATH
A colon (
.B :
)
separated list of file names.
If this variable is set,
then the shell informs the user of
any modifications to the specified files
that have occurred within the last
.B
.SM MAILCHECK
seconds.
Each file name can be followed by a
.B ?
and a message that will be printed.
The message will undergo parameter expansion, command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion
with the variable
.B $_
defined as the name of the file that has changed.
The default message is
.I you have mail in $_\^.
.TP
.B
.SM PATH
The search path for commands (see
.I Execution\^
below).
The user may not change
.B \s-1PATH\s+1
if executing under
.if \nZ=0 .B rsh
.if \nZ=1 .B rksh
.if \nZ=2 .B rksh93
(except in
.BR .profile\^).
.TP
.SM
.B PS1
Every time a new command line is started on an interactive shell,
the value of this variable is expanded to resolve
backslash escaping, parameter expansion, command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion.
The result defines the primary prompt string for that command line.
The default is
.RB `` "$ \|\|\|" ''.
The character
.B !
in the primary prompt string is replaced by the
.I command\^
number (see
.I "Command Re-entry\^"
below).
Two successive occurrences of
.B !
will produce a single
.B !
when the prompt string is printed.
Note that any terminal escape sequences used in the
.B PS1
prompt thus need every instance of
.B !
in them to be changed to
.BR !! .
.TP
.SM
.B PS2
Secondary prompt string, by default
.RB `` "> \|" ''.
.TP
.SM
.B PS3
Selection prompt string
used within a
.B select
loop, by default
.RB `` "#? \|" ''.
.TP
.SM
.B PS4
The value of this variable is expanded for parameter evaluation,
command substitution, and arithmetic expansion
and precedes each line of an execution trace.
By default,
.SM
.B PS4
is
.RB `` "+ \|" ''.
In addition
when
.SM
.B PS4
is unset,
the execution trace prompt is also
.RB `` "+ \|" ''.
.TP
.SM
.B SHELL
The pathname of the
.I shell\^
is kept in the environment.
At invocation, if the basename of this variable is
.BR rsh ,
.BR rksh ,
or
.BR krsh ,
then the shell becomes restricted.
.TP
.SM
.B TIMEFORMAT
The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
.B time
reserved word should be displayed.
The \fB%\fP character introduces a format sequence that is
expanded to a time value or other information.
The format sequences and their meanings are as follows.
.sp .5
.RS
.PD 0
.TP 10
.B %%
A literal \fB%\fP.
.TP
.B %[\fIp\fP][l]R
The elapsed time in seconds.
.TP
.B %[\fIp\fP][l]U
The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
.TP
.B %[\fIp\fP][l]S
The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
.TP
.B %P
The CPU percentage, computed as (U + S) / R.
.PD
.RE
.IP
The brackets denote optional portions.
The optional \fIp\fP is a digit specifying the \fIprecision\fP,
the number of fractional digits after a decimal point.
A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
At most three places after the decimal point can be displayed;
values of \fIp\fP greater than 3 are treated as 3.
If \fIp\fP is not specified, the value 3 is used.
.IP
The optional \fBl\fP specifies a longer format, including
hours if greater than zero,
minutes, and seconds of the form \fIHH\fPh\fIMM\fPm\fISS\fP.\fIFF\fPs.
The value of \fIp\fP determines whether or not the fraction is
included.
Seconds are zero-padded unless the
.B posix
shell option is on.
.IP
All other characters are output without change and a trailing
newline is added.
If the variable is unset, the default value,
\fB$'\enreal\et%2lR\enuser\et%2lU\ensys\et%2lS'\fP,
is used.
If the value is empty, no timing information is displayed.
.TP
.B
.SM TMOUT
Terminal read timeout. If set to a value greater than zero, the
.B read
built-in command and the
.B select
compound command time out after
.B
.SM TMOUT
seconds when input is from a terminal.
An interactive shell will issue a warning and allow for an extra 60 second
timeout grace period before terminating if a line is not entered within
the prescribed number of seconds while reading from a terminal.
(Note that the shell can be compiled with a maximum bound
for this value which cannot be exceeded.)
.TP
.B
.SM VISUAL
The value of this variable is scanned when the shell is invoked
and whenever its value is changed;
if it is found to match certain patterns,
the corresponding line editor
(see
.I In-line Editing Options
below)
is activated.
If it matches the pattern
.IR *[Vv][Ii]* ,
the
.B vi
option is turned on;
else if it matches the pattern
.IR *gmacs* ,
the
.B gmacs
option is turned on;
else if it matches the pattern
.IR *macs* ,
the
.B emacs
option is turned on.
If none of the patterns match,
.B emacs
is turned on by default upon initializing an interactive shell.
If the value is changed by assignment and none of the patterns match,
no options are changed.
The value of
.B
.SM VISUAL
overrides the value of
.B
.SM EDITOR.
.PD
.RE
.PP
The shell gives default values to
\f3\s-1PATH\s+1\fP, \f3\s-1PS1\s+1\fP, \f3\s-1PS2\s+1\fP,
\f3\s-1PS3\s+1\fP, \f3\s-1PS4\s+1\fP, \f3\s-1MAILCHECK\s+1\fP, \f3\s-1FCEDIT\s+1\fP,
\f3\s-1TMOUT\s+1\fP and \f3\s-1IFS\s+1\fP,
while
.BR HOME ,
.BR SHELL ,
.BR ENV ,
.BR histchars ,
and
.SM
.B MAIL
are
not set at all by the shell (although
.SM
.B HOME
.I is\^
set by
.IR login (1)).
On some systems
.SM
.B MAIL
and
.SM
.B SHELL
are also
set by
.IR login (1).
.SS Field Splitting.
After parameter expansion and command substitution,
the results of substitutions are scanned for the field separator
characters (those found in
.SM
.B IFS\^\c
)
and split into distinct fields where such characters are found.
Explicit empty fields (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \f3\(fm\^\(fm\fP\^) are retained.
Implicit empty fields
(those resulting from
.I parameters\^
that are unset or have empty string values
or from command substitutions yielding the empty string,
and that are not quoted with \^\f3"\^"\fP)
are removed.
.SS Brace Expansion.
If the
.B braceexpand
.RB ( \-B )
option is set then each
.IR word ,
as well as any fields resulting from
.SM
.I "field splitting"
(see above),
are checked to see if they contain one or more of the brace patterns
.BR {*,*} ,
.BI { l1 .. l2 }
,
.BI { n1 .. n2 }
,
.BI { n1 .. n2 %
.IB fmt }
,
.BI { n1 .. n2
.BI  .. n3 }
, or
.BI { n1 .. n2
.BI  .. n3 % fmt }
, where
.B *
represents any character,
.IR l1\^ , l2\^
are letters and
.IR n1\^ , n2\^ , n3\^
are signed numbers and
.I fmt\^
is a format specified as used by
.BR printf .
In each case, fields are created
by prepending the characters before the
.B {
and appending the characters after the
.B }
to each of the strings generated by the characters between
the
.B {
and
.BR } .
The resulting fields are checked to see if they have any
brace patterns.
.PP
In the first form, a field is created for each string between
.BR {
and
.BR , ,
between
.BR ,
and
.BR , ,
and between
.BR ,
and
.BR } .
The string represented by
.B *
can contain embedded matching
.B {
and
.B }
without quoting.
Otherwise, each
.B {
and
.B }
with
.B *
must be quoted.
.PP
In the seconds form,
.I l1\^
and
.I l2\^
must both be either upper case or both be lower case characters
in the C locale.  In this case a field is created for each character
from
.I l1\^
through
.IR l2\^ .
.PP
In the remaining forms, a field is created for each number starting at
.I n1\^
and continuing until it reaches
.I n2\^
incrementing
.I n1\^
by
.IR n3\^ .
The cases where
.I n3\^
is not specified behave as if
.I n3\^
where
.B 1
if
.IB n1 <= n2
and
.B \-1
otherwise.
If forms which specify
.BI % fmt\^
any format flags, widths and precisions can be specified
and
.I fmt\^
can end in any of the specifiers
.BR cdiouxX .
For example,
.B {a,z}{1..5..3%02d}{b..c}x
expands to the 8 fields,
.BR a01bx ,
.BR a01cx ,
.BR a04bx ,
.BR a04cx ,
.BR z01bx ,
.BR z01cx ,
.B z04bx
and
.BR z04cx .
.SS Pathname Expansion.
This is also known as \f2globbing\fP
or sometimes \f2filename generation\fP.
Pathname expansion is disabled if the
.B \-f
a.k.a.
.B \-\-noglob
shell option is on.
Otherwise, if certain special characters are found in a
.I word
or in a field resulting from
.I "field splitting"
(see above),
then the word or field is regarded as a
.IR pattern .
Each literal
.I word
is scanned for the characters
.BR * ,
.BR ? ,
.BR \*(OK\^ ,
and
.BR ( ,
but fields resulting from
.I "field splitting"
are scanned only for the characters
.BR * ,
.BR ? ,
and
.B \*(OK\^
for compatibility reasons
(in which case the
.B (
character is not special and any pattern syntax described below
that involves parentheses does not apply).
.PP
Each file name component that contains a recognized pattern character
is replaced with a lexicographically sorted set of names
that matches the pattern
from
that directory.
If no file name is found that matches the pattern, then
that component of the filename is left unchanged unless
the pattern is prefixed with
.BR \(ap(N)\fP ,
in which case it is removed as described below.
The special traversal names
.B .
and
.B ..
are never matched.
If
.SM
.B FIGNORE
is set,
then each file name component
that matches the pattern defined by the value of
.SM
.B FIGNORE
is ignored when generating the matching filenames.
If
.SM
.B FIGNORE
is not set,
the character
.B .
at the start of each file name component
will be ignored unless the first character of the pattern
corresponding to this component is the character
.BR .
itself.
Note that, for uses of pattern matching other than pathname expansion, the
.B /
and
.B .
are not treated specially.
.PP
.PD 0
.RS
.TP
.B *
Matches any string, including the empty string.
When used for filename expansion,
if the
.B globstar
option is on, an isolated pattern of two adjacent
.BR * s
will match all files and zero or more directories
and subdirectories.
If followed by a
.B /
then only directories and subdirectories will match.
.TP
.B ?
Matches any single character.
.TP
.BR \*(OK \^.\|.\|.\^ \*(CK
Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
A pair of characters separated by
.B \-
matches any
character lexically between the pair, inclusive.
If the first character following the opening
.B \*(OK\^
is a
.B !
or
.BR ^ ,
then any character not enclosed is matched.
A
.B \-
can be included in the character set by putting it as the
first or last character.
.br
Within
.B \*(OK\^
and
.BR \*(CK\^ ,
character classes can be specified with the syntax
\f3[:\fP\f2class\fP\f3:]\fP,
where \f2class\fP is one of the following classes defined in the ANSI C standard
(note that \f3word\fP is equivalent to \f3alnum\fP plus the character \f3_\fP):
.br
.B
.if n alnum alpha blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit
.if t alnum   alpha   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower   print   punct   space   upper   word    xdigit
.br
Within
.B \*(OK\^
and
.BR \*(CK\^ ,
an equivalence class can be specified with the syntax
\f3[=\fP\f2c\fP\f3=]\fP
which matches all characters with the same primary
collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as
the character \f2c\fP.
Within
.B \*(OK\^
and
.BR \*(CK\^ ,
\f3[.\fP\f2symbol\fP\f3.]\fP
matches the collating symbol \f2symbol\fP.
.RE
.PD
.PP
A
.I pattern-list
is a list of one or more patterns separated from each other
with a
.B &
or
.BR | .
A
.B &
signifies that all patterns must be matched whereas
.BR |
requires that only one pattern be matched.
Composite patterns can be formed with one or more of the following subpatterns:
.PD 0
.RS
.TP
\f3?(\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP\f3)\fP
Optionally matches any one of the given patterns.
.TP
\f3*(\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP\f3)\fP
Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
.TP
\f3+(\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP\f3)\fP
Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
.TP
\f3{\fP\f2n\^\fP\f3}\fP(\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP\f3)\fP
Matches \f2n\^\fP occurrences of the given patterns.
.TP
\f3{\fP\f2m\^\fP\f3,\fP\f2n\^\fP\f3}\fP(\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP\f3)\fP
Matches from \f2m\^\fP to \f2n\^\fP occurrences of the given patterns.
If \f2m\^\fP is omitted, \f30\fP will be used.  If \f2n\^\fP
is omitted, at least \f2m\^\fP occurrences will be matched.
.TP
\f3\&@\&(\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP\f3)\fP
Matches exactly one of the given patterns.
.br
.TP
\f3!(\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP\f3)\fP
Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
.RE
.PD
.PP
By default, each pattern or subpattern will match the
longest string possible consistent with generating
the longest overall match.  If more than one match is
possible, the one starting closest to the beginning
of the string will be chosen.   However, for each of the above
compound patterns, a \f3\-\fP can be inserted in front of the \f3(\fP
to cause the shortest match to the specified \f2pattern-list\^\fP
to be used.
.PP
When \f2pattern-list\^\fP is contained within parentheses,
the backslash character \f3\e\fP is treated specially even
when inside a character class.   All ANSI C character escapes are
recognized and match the specified character.  In addition,
the following escape sequences are recognized:
.PD 0
.RS
.TP
.B \ed
Matches any character in the \f3digit\fP class.
.TP
.B \eD
Matches any character not in the \f3digit\fP class.
.TP
.B \es
Matches any character in the \f3space\fP class.
.TP
.B \eS
Matches any character not in the \f3space\fP class.
.TP
.B \ew
Matches any character in the \f3word\fP class.
.TP
.B \eW
Matches any character not in the \f3word\fP class.
.PD
.RE
.PP
A pattern of the form
\f3%(\fP\f2pattern-pair\^\fP(s)\f3)\fP
is a subpattern that
can be used to match nested character expressions.
Each
.I pattern-pair\^
is a two-character sequence that cannot contain
.B &
or
.BR | .
The first
.I pattern-pair\^
specifies the starting and ending characters for the match.
Each subsequent
.I pattern-pair\^
represents the beginning and ending characters of a nested group that
will be skipped over when counting starting and ending character matches.
The behavior is unspecified when the first character of a
.I pattern-pair\^
is alphanumeric,
except for the following:
.PD 0
.RS
.TP
.B D
Causes the ending character to terminate the search for this pattern without
finding a match.
.TP
.B E
Causes the ending character to be interpreted as an escape character.
.TP
.B L
Causes the ending character to be interpreted as a quote character,
causing all characters to be ignored when looking for a match.
.TP
.B Q
Causes the ending character to be interpreted as a quote character,
causing all characters other than any escape character to be ignored
when looking for a match.
.PD
.PP
.RE
Thus,
\f3%(\^{\^}Q"E\e\^)\fP,
matches characters starting at
.B {
until the matching
.B }
is found, not counting any
.B {
or
.B }
that is inside a double-quoted string or preceded by the escape character
.BR \e .
Without the
.BR {\^} ,
this pattern matches any C language string.
.PP
Each subpattern in a composite pattern is numbered,
starting at 1, by the location of the \f3(\fP within
the pattern.
The sequence \f3\e\fP\f2n\^\fP, where \f2n\^\fP
is a single digit and \f3\e\fP\f2n\^\fP comes after
the \f2n\fPth subpattern,
matches the same string as the subpattern itself.
.PP
Finally, a pattern can contain subpatterns of the form
\f3\(ap(\fP\f2options\^\fP\f3:\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP\f3)\fP,
where either \f2options\^\fP or \f3:\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP
can be omitted.  Unlike the other compound patterns,
these subpatterns are not counted in the numbered subpatterns.
\f3:\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP must be omitted for options
.BR E ,
.BR F ,
.BR G ,
.BR N ,
.BR P ,
.BR V ,
and
.B X
below.
If \f2options\^\fP is present, it can consist of one or more
of the following:
.PD 0
.RS
.TP
.B +
Enable the following options.  This is the default.
.TP
.B \-
Disable the following options.
.TP
.B E
The remainder of the pattern uses extended regular expression syntax
like the
.B \-E
option of the
.IR grep (1)
command.
.TP
.B F
The remainder of the pattern uses the fixed pattern syntax of the
.B \-F
option of the
.IR grep (1)
command.
.TP
.B G
The remainder of the pattern uses basic regular expression syntax
like the
.IR grep (1)
command without options.
.TP
.B K
The remainder of the pattern uses shell pattern syntax.
This is the default.
.TP
.B N
When it is the first letter and is
used with pathname expansion, and no matches occur,
the file pattern expands to the empty string
instead of remaining unexpanded.
Otherwise, it is ignored.
.TP
.B X
The remainder of the pattern uses augmented regular expression syntax
like the
.B \-X
option of the AT&T AST version of the
.IR grep (1)
command.
.TP
.B P
The remainder of the pattern uses
.IR perl (1)
regular expression syntax.  Not all perl regular expression syntax is
currently implemented.
.TP
.B V
The remainder of the pattern uses System V regular expression syntax.
.TP
.B i
Always treat the match as case-insensitive, regardless of the
.B globcasedetect
shell option.
.TP
.B g
File the longest match (greedy).  This is the default.
.TP
.B l
Left-anchor the pattern.  This is the default for
.B K
style patterns.
.TP
.B r
Right-anchor the pattern.  This is the default for
.B K
style patterns.
.PD
.PP
.RE
If both \f2options\^\fP and \f3:\fP\f2pattern-list\^\fP
are specified, then the options apply only to  \f2pattern-list\^\fP.
Otherwise, these options remain in effect until they are disabled
by a subsequent \f3\(ap(\fP\f2...\^\fP\f3)\fP or at the end of
the subpattern containing \f3\(ap(\fP\f2...\^\fP\f3)\fP.
.SS Quoting.
Each of the
.I metacharacters\^
listed earlier (see
.I Definitions\^
above)
has a special meaning to the shell
and causes termination of a word unless quoted.
A character may be
.I quoted\^
(i.e., made to stand for itself)
by preceding
it with a
.BR \e .
The pair
.B \enew-line
is removed.
All characters enclosed between a pair of single quote marks
(\^\f3\(fm\^\(fm\fP\^)
that is not preceded by a
.B $
are quoted.
A single quote cannot appear within the single quotes.
A single quoted string preceded by an unquoted
.B $
is processed as an ANSI C string
except for the following:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
.B \e0
Causes the remainder of the string to be ignored.
.TP
.B \eE
Equivalent to the escape character
(ASCII
.BR 033 ),
.TP
.B \ee
Equivalent to the escape character
(ASCII
.BR 033 ),
.TP
.BI \ec x
Expands to the character control-\f2x\fP.
.TP
.BI \eC[. name .]
Expands to the collating element \f2name\fP.
.RE
.PD
.PP
Inside double quote marks
(\f3"\^"\fP),
parameter and command substitution occur and
.B \e
quotes the characters
.BR \e ,
.BR \*` ,
\f3"\fP,
and
.BR $ .
A
.B $
in front of a double quoted string will be ignored
in the "C" or "POSIX" locale, and may cause
the string to be replaced by a locale specific string otherwise.
The meaning of
.B "$*"
and
.B "$@"
is identical when not quoted or when used as a variable assignment value
or as a file name.
However, when used as a command argument,
.B
"$*"
is equivalent to
\f3"$1\fP\f2d\fP\f3\|$2\fP\f2d\fP\|.\|.\|.\f3"\fP,
where
.I d
is the first character of the
.SM
.B IFS
variable, whereas
.B
"$@"
is equivalent to
.B
"$1"\|
.B
"$2"\|
\&.\|.\|.\^.
Inside grave quote marks
(\f3\*`\^\*`\fP),
.B \e
quotes the characters
.BR \e ,
.BR \*` ,
and
.BR $ .
If the grave quotes occur within double quotes, then
.B \e
also quotes the character
\f3"\fP.
.PP
The special meaning of reserved words or aliases can be removed by quoting any
character of the reserved word.
The recognition of function names or built-in command names listed below
cannot be altered by quoting them.
.SS Arithmetic Evaluation.
The shell performs arithmetic evaluation for
arithmetic expansion, to evaluate an arithmetic command,
to evaluate an indexed array subscript,
and to evaluate arguments to
the built-in commands
.B shift\^
and
.B let\^
as well as arguments to numeric format specifiers given to
.B "print -f"\^
and
.BR printf .
Evaluations are performed using
double precision floating point
arithmetic or long double precision floating point for
systems that provide this data type.
Floating point constants follow the ANSI C programming language
floating point conventions.
The case-insensitive floating point constants
.B NaN
and
.B Inf
can be used to represent "not a number" and infinity respectively,
unless the \fBposix\fR shell option is on.
Integer constants follow the ANSI C programming language
integer constant conventions although only single byte
character constants are recognized and character casts
are not recognized.
In addition constants can be of the form
\*(OK\f2base\f3#\^\f1\*(CK\f2n\^\fP
where
.I base\^
is a decimal number between two and sixty-four
representing the arithmetic base
and
.I n\^
is a number in that base.
The digits above 9 are represented
by the lower case letters, the upper case letters,
.BR @ ,
and
.B _
respectively.
For bases less than or equal to 36, upper and lower case
characters can be used interchangeably.
.PP
An arithmetic expression uses the same syntax, precedence, and
associativity of
expression as the C language.
All the C language operators
that apply to floating point quantities can be used.
In addition, the operator
.B **
can be used for exponentiation.
It has higher precedence than multiplication and is left associative.
In addition, when the value of an arithmetic variable
or subexpression can be represented as a long integer,
all C language integer arithmetic operations can be performed.
Variables can be referenced by name within an arithmetic expression
without using the parameter expansion syntax.
When a variable is referenced, its value is evaluated as
an arithmetic expression.
.PP
Any of the following math library functions that are in the C math library
can be used within an arithmetic expression:
.PP
.if t .RS
.B
.if n abs acos acosh asin asinh atan atan2 atanh cbrt ceil copysign cos cosh erf erfc exp exp10 exp2 expm1 fabs fdim finite float floor fma fmax fmin fmod fpclass fpclassify hypot ilogb int isfinite isgreater isgreaterequal isinf isinfinite isless islessequal islessgreater isnan isnormal issubnormal isunordered iszero j0 j1 jn ldexp lgamma log log10 log1p log2 logb nearbyint nextafter nexttoward pow remainder rint round scalb scalbn signbit sin sinh sqrt tan tanh tgamma trunc y0 y1 yn
.if t abs   acos   acosh   asin   asinh   atan   atan2   atanh   cbrt   ceil   copysign   cos   cosh   erf   erfc   exp   exp10   exp2   expm1   fabs   fdim   finite   float   floor   fma   fmax   fmin   fmod   fpclass   fpclassify   hypot   ilogb   int   isfinite   isgreater   isgreaterequal   isinf   isinfinite   isless   islessequal   islessgreater   isnan   isnormal   issubnormal   isunordered   iszero   j0   j1   jn   ldexp   lgamma   log   log10   log1p   log2   logb   nearbyint   nextafter   nexttoward   pow   remainder   rint   round   scalb   scalbn   signbit   sin   sinh   sqrt   tan   tanh   tgamma   trunc   y0   y1   yn
.if t .RE

In addition, arithmetic functions can be defined as shell functions with a
variant of the
.B function
.I name\^
syntax,
.TP
.PD 0
\f3function .sh.math.\fP\f2name ident\^\fP ... \f3{\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;}\fP
.PD
where
.I name\^
is the function name used in the arithmetic expression and each identifier,
.I ident\^
is a name reference to the long double precision floating point argument.
The value of
.B .sh.value
when the function returns is the value of this function.
User defined functions can take up to 3 arguments and override C math library
functions.
.PP
An internal representation of a
.I variable\^
as a double precision floating point can be specified with the
\f3\-E\fP \*(OK\f2n\^\fP\*(CK,
\f3\-F\fP \*(OK\f2n\^\fP\*(CK,
or
\f3\-X\fP \*(OK\f2n\^\fP\*(CK
option of the
.B typeset
special built-in command.
The
.B \-E
option causes the expansion of the value to be represented using
scientific notation when it is expanded.
The optional option argument
.I n
defines the number of significant figures.
The
.B \-F
option causes the expansion to be represented as a floating decimal number
when it is expanded.
The
.B \-X
option causes the expansion to be represented using the
.B %a
format defined by ISO C-99.
The optional option argument
.I n
defines the number of places after the decimal (or radix) point in this case.
.PP
An internal integer representation of a
.I variable\^
can be specified with the
\f3\-i\fP \*(OK\f2n\^\fP\*(CK
option of the
.B typeset
special built-in command.
The optional option argument
.I n
specifies an arithmetic base to be used when expanding the variable.
If you do not specify an arithmetic base,
base 10 will be used.
.PP
Arithmetic evaluation is performed on the value of each
assignment to a variable with the
.BR \-E ,
.BR \-F ,
.BR \-X ,
or
.B \-i
attribute.
Assigning a floating point number to a
variable whose type is an integer causes the fractional
part to be truncated.
.SS Prompting.
When used interactively,
the shell prompts with the value of
.SM
.B PS1
after expanding it for parameter expansion, command substitution, and
arithmetic expansion,
before reading a command.
In addition, each single
.B !
in the prompt is replaced by the command number.
A
.B !!
is required to place
.B !
in the prompt.
If at any time a new-line is typed and further input is needed
to complete a command, then the secondary prompt
(i.e., the value of
.BR \s-1PS2\s+1 )
is issued.
.SS Conditional Expressions.
A
.I "conditional expression"
is used with the
.B [[
compound command to test attributes of files and to compare
strings.
Field splitting and pathname expansion are
not performed on the words between
.B [[
and
.BR ]] .
Each expression can be constructed from one or more
of the following unary or binary expressions:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
\f2string\fP
Same as
.B \-n
.I string
below.
.TP
\f3\-a\fP \f2file\fP
Same as \f3\-e\fP below.
This is obsolete.
.TP
\f3\-b\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is a block special file.
.TP
\f3\-c\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is a character special file.
.TP
\f3\-d\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is a directory.
.TP
\f3\-e\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists.
.TP
\f3\-f\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is an ordinary file.
.TP
\f3\-g\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and it has its setgid bit set.
.TP
\f3\-k\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and it has its sticky bit set.
.TP
\f3\-n\fP \f2string\fP
True if length of
.I string\^
is non-zero.
.TP
\f3\-o\fP \f3?\fP\f2option\fP
True if option named
.I option\^
is a valid option name.
.TP
\f3\-o\fP \f2option\fP
True if option named
.I option\^
is on.
.TP
\f3\-p\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is a fifo special file or a pipe.
.TP
\f3\-r\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is readable by current process.
.TP
\f3\-s\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and has size greater than zero.
.TP
\f3\-t\fP \f2fildes\fP
True if file descriptor number
.I fildes\^
is open and associated with a terminal device.
.TP
\f3\-u\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and it has its setuid bit set.
.TP
\f3\-v\fP \f2name\fP
True if variable
.I name\^
is a valid variable name and is set.
.TP
\f3\-w\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is writable by current process.
.TP
\f3\-x\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is executable by current process.
If
.I file\^
exists and is a directory, then true if the current process
has permission to search in the directory.
.TP
\f3\-z\fP \f2string\fP
True if length of
.I string\^
is zero.
.TP
\f3\-L\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is a symbolic link.
.TP
\f3\-h\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is a symbolic link.
.TP
\f3\-N\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and the modification time is greater than the last access time.
.TP
\f3\-O\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is owned by the effective user ID of this process.
.TP
\f3\-G\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and its group matches the effective group ID of this process.
.TP
\f3\-R\fP \f2name\fP
True if variable
.I name\^
is a name reference.
.TP
\f3\-S\fP \f2file\fP
True if
.I file\^
exists and is a socket.
.TP
\f2file1\fP \f3\-nt\fP \f2file2\fP
True if
.I file1\^
exists and
.I file2\^
does not, or
.I file1\^
is newer than
.IR file2 .
.TP
\f2file1\fP \f3\-ot\fP \f2file2\fP
True if
.I file2\^
exists and
.I file1\^
does not, or
.I file1\^
is older than
.IR file2 .
.TP
\f2file1\fP \f3\-ef\fP \f2file2\fP
True if
.I file1\^
and
.I file2\^
exist and refer to the same file.
.TP
\f2string\fP \f3==\fP \f2pattern\fP
True if
.I string\^
matches
.IR pattern .
Any part of
.I pattern\^
can be quoted to cause it to be matched as a string.
With a successful match to a pattern, the
.B .sh.match
array variable will contain the match and subpattern matches.
.TP
\f2string\fP \f3=\fP \f2pattern\fP
Same as \f3==\fP above, but is obsolete.
.TP
\f2string\fP \f3!=\fP \f2pattern\fP
True if
.I string\^
does not match
.IR pattern .
When the
.I string\^
matches the
.I pattern\^
the
.B .sh.match
array variable will contain the match and subpattern matches.
.TP
\f2string\fP \f3=\(ap\fP \f2ere\fP
True if
.I string\^
matches the pattern
.BI \(ap(E) ere\^
where
.I ere\^
is an extended regular expression.
.TP
\f2string1\fP \f3<\fP \f2string2\fP
True if
.I string1\^
comes before
.I string2\^
based on ASCII value of their characters.
.TP
\f2string1\fP \f3>\fP \f2string2\fP
True if
.I string1\^
comes after
.I string2\^
based on ASCII value of their characters.
.RE
.PD
.PP
The following obsolete arithmetic comparisons are also permitted:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
\f2exp1\fP \f3\-eq\fP \f2exp2\fP
True if
.I exp1\^
is equal to
.IR exp2 .
.TP
\f2exp1\fP \f3\-ne\fP \f2exp2\fP
True if
.I exp1\^
is not equal to
.IR exp2 .
.TP
\f2exp1\fP \f3\-lt\fP \f2exp2\fP
True if
.I exp1\^
is less than
.IR exp2 .
.TP
\f2exp1\fP \f3\-gt\fP \f2exp2\fP
True if
.I exp1\^
is greater than
.IR exp2 .
.TP
\f2exp1\fP \f3\-le\fP \f2exp2\fP
True if
.I exp1\^
is less than or equal to
.IR exp2 .
.TP
\f2exp1\fP \f3\-ge\fP \f2exp2\fP
True if
.I exp1\^
is greater than or equal to
.IR exp2 .
.RE
.PD
.PP
In each of the above expressions, if
.I file\^
is of the form
\f3/dev/fd/\fP\f2n\fP,
where
.I n\^
is an integer,
then the test is applied to the open file whose
descriptor number is
.IR n .
The
.B posix
shell option disables this special handling.
.PP
A compound expression can be constructed from these primitives by
using any of the following, listed in decreasing order of precedence:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
\f3(\fP\f2expression\fP\f3)\fP
True if
.I expression\^
is true.
Used to group expressions.
.TP
\f3!\fP \f2expression\fP
True if
.I expression\^
is false.
.TP
\f2expression1\fP \f3&&\fP \f2expression2\fP
True if
.I expression1\^
and
.I expression2\^
are both true.
.TP
\f2expression1\fP \f3||\fP \f2expression2\fP
True if either
.I expression1\^
or
.I expression2\^
is true.
.PD
.RE
.SS Input/Output.
Before a command is executed, its input and output
may be redirected using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
The following may appear anywhere in a \fIsimple-command\fR
or may precede or follow a
.I command\^
and are
.I not\^
passed on to the invoked command.
Command substitution, parameter expansion,
and arithmetic expansion occur before
.I word\^
or
.I digit\^
is used except as noted below.
Pathname expansion
occurs only if the shell is interactive and
the pattern matches a single file.
Field splitting is not performed.
.PP
In each of the following redirections, if
.I file\^
is of the form
\f3/dev/sctp/\fP\f2host\fP\f3/\fP\f2port\fP,
\f3/dev/tcp/\fP\f2host\fP\f3/\fP\f2port\fP,
or
\f3/dev/udp/\fP\f2host\fP\f3/\fP\f2port\fP,
where
.I host\^
is a hostname or host address,
and
.I port\^
is a service given by name or an integer port number,
then the redirection attempts to make a
\f3tcp\fP, \f3sctp\fP or \f3udp\fP connection to the corresponding
socket.
.PP
No intervening space is allowed between the characters of redirection operators.
.TP 14
.BI < word
Use file
.I word\^
as standard input (file descriptor 0).
.TP
.BI > word
Use file
.I word\^
as standard output (file descriptor 1).
If the file does not exist then it is created.
If the file exists, and the
.B noclobber
option is on,
this causes an error;
otherwise, it is truncated to zero length.
.TP
.BI >| word
Same as
.BR > ,
except that it overrides the
.B noclobber
option.
.TP
.BI >; word
Write output to a temporary file.  If the command completes
successfully rename it to
.IR word  ,
otherwise, delete the temporary file.
.BI >; word
cannot be used with the
.IR exec
and
.IR redirect
built-ins.
.TP
.BI >> word
Use file
.I word\^
as standard output.
If the file exists, then output is appended to it (by
first seeking to the end-of-file); otherwise, the file is created.
.TP
.BI <> word
Open file
.I word\^
for reading and writing
as standard output.
If the \fBposix\fR option is active, it defaults to standard input instead.
.TP
.BI <>; word
The same as
.BI <> word
except that if the command completes successfully,
.I word\^
is truncated to the offset at command completion.
.BI <>; word
cannot be used with the
.IR exec
and
.IR redirect
built-ins.
.TP
\f3<<\fP\*(OK\f3\-\fP\*(CK\f2word\fP
The shell input is read up to a line that is the same as
.IR word
after any quoting has been removed,
or to an end-of-file.
No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion or
pathname expansion is performed on
.IR word .
The resulting document,
called a
.IR here-document ,
becomes
the standard input.
If any character of
.I word\^
is quoted, then no interpretation
is placed upon the characters of the document;
otherwise, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion occur,
.B \enew-line
is ignored,
and
.B \e
must be used to quote the characters
.BR \e ,
.BR $ ,
.BR \*` .
If
.B \-
is appended to
.BR << ,
then all leading tabs are stripped from
.I word\^
and from the document.
If
.B #
is appended to
.BR << ,
then leading spaces and tabs will be stripped off the first
line of the document and up to an equivalent indentation will
be stripped from the remaining lines and from
.IR word .
A tab stop is assumed to occur at every 8 columns for the
purposes of determining the indentation.
.TP
\f3<<<\fP\f2word\fP
A short form of here document in which \f2word\fP becomes the
contents of the here-document after any
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion occur.
.TP
.BI <& digit
The standard input is duplicated from file descriptor
.I digit
(see
.IR dup (2)).
.TP
.BI >& digit
The standard output is duplicated from file descriptor
.IR digit .
.TP
.BI <& digit \-
The file descriptor given by
.I digit
is moved to standard input.
.TP
.BI >& digit \-
The file descriptor given by
.I digit
is moved to standard output.
.TP
.B <&\-
The standard input is closed.
.TP
.B >&\-
The standard output is closed.
.TP
.B <&p
The input from the co-process is moved to standard input.
.TP
.B >&p
The output to the co-process is moved to standard output.
.TP
.BI <# \^\^\^  (( expr ))
Evaluate arithmetic expression
.I expr\^
and position file descriptor 0
to the resulting value
bytes from the start of the file.
The variables
.B CUR
and
.B EOF
evaluate to the current offset and end-of-file offset
respectively when evaluating
.IR expr.
.TP
.BI ># \^\^\^ (( offset ))
The same as
.B <#
except applies to file descriptor 1.
.TP
.BI <# pattern
Seeks forward to the beginning of the next line containing
.IR pattern .
.TP
.BI <## pattern
The same as
.B <#
except that the portion of the file that is skipped is copied to
standard output.
.PP
If one of the above is preceded by a digit,
with no intervening space, then the
file descriptor number referred to is that specified
by the digit
(instead of the default 0 or 1).
If one of the above, other than
.BR >&\-
and the
.B >#
and
.B <#
forms,
is preceded by
.BI { varname }
with no intervening space,
then a file descriptor number > 9
will be selected by
the shell and stored in the variable
.IR varname ,
so it can be read from or written to with redirections like
.B <&
.I $varname
or
.B >&
.IR $varname .
If
.B >&\-
or the any of the
.B >#
and
.B <#
forms
is preceded by
.BI { varname }
the value of
.I varname\^
defines the file descriptor to close or position.
For example:
.PP
.RS
\fB\&.\|.\|. \|2>&1\fR
.RE
.PP
means file descriptor 2 is to be opened
for writing as a duplicate
of file descriptor 1 and
.PP
.RS
\fBexec {n}<file\fR
.RE
.PP
means open file named
.B file
for reading and store
the file descriptor number in variable
.BR n .
.PP
A special shorthand redirection operator \fB&>\fR\fIword\fR is available; it
is equivalent to \fB>\fR\fIword\fR\fB 2>&1\fR. It cannot be preceded by any
digit or variable name. This shorthand is disabled if the \fBposix\fR shell
option is active.
.PP
The order in which redirections are specified is significant.
The shell evaluates each redirection in terms of the
.RI ( "file descriptor" ", " file )
association at the time of evaluation.
For example:
.PP
.RS
\fB\&.\|.\|. \|1>\f2fname\^\fP 2>&1\fR
.RE
.PP
first associates file descriptor 1 with file
.IR fname\^ .
It then associates file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file
descriptor 1 (i.e.
.IR fname\^ ).
If the order of redirections were reversed, file descriptor 2
would be associated with the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1 had
been) and then file descriptor 1 would be associated with file
.IR fname\^ .
.PP
If a command is followed by
.B &
and job control is not active,
then the default standard input
for the command
is the empty file
.BR /dev/null .
Otherwise, the environment for the execution of a command contains the
file descriptors of the invoking shell as modified by
input/output specifications.
.SS Environment.
The
.I environment\^
(see
.IR environ (7))
is a list of name-value pairs that is passed to
an executed program in the same way as a normal argument list.
The names must be
.I identifiers\^
and the values are character strings.
The shell interacts with the environment in several ways.
On invocation, the shell scans the environment
and creates a
variable
for each name found,
giving it the corresponding value and attributes and marking it
.IR export .
Executed commands inherit the environment.
If the user modifies the values of these
variables
or creates new ones,
using the
.B export
or
.B typeset \-x
commands, they become part of the
environment.
The environment seen by any executed command is thus composed
of any name-value pairs originally inherited by the shell,
whose values may be modified by the current shell,
plus any additions
which must be noted in
.B export
or
.B typeset \-x
commands.
.PP
The environment for any
.I simple-command\^
or function
may be augmented by prefixing it with one or more variable assignments.
A variable assignment argument is a word of the form
.IR identifier=value .
Thus:
.PP
.RS
\fB\s-1TERM\s+1=450 \|cmd \|args\fR				and
.br
\fB(export \|\s-1TERM\s+1; \|\s-1TERM\s+1=450; \|cmd \|args)\fR
.RE
.PP
are equivalent (as far as the above execution of
.I cmd\^
is concerned except for special built-in commands listed below \-
those that are
marked with \fB\(dg\fR).
.PP
If the obsolete
.B \-k
option is set,
.I all\^
variable assignment arguments are placed in the environment,
even if they occur after the command name.
The following
first prints
.B "a=b c"
and then
.BR c :
.PP
.RS
.nf
.ft B
echo \|a=b \|c
set \|\-k
echo \|a=b \|c
.ft R
.fi
.RE
.PP
This feature is intended for use with scripts written
for early versions of the shell and its use in new scripts
is strongly discouraged.
It is likely to disappear someday.
.SS Functions.
For historical reasons, there are two
ways to define functions,
the
.IB name (\^)
syntax and
the
.B function
.I name\^
syntax, described in the
.I Commands
section above.
Shell functions are read in and stored internally.
Alias names are resolved when the function is read.
Functions are executed like commands with the arguments
passed as positional parameters.
(See
.I Execution
below.)
.PP
Functions defined by the
.B function
.I name
syntax and called by name execute in the same process as the caller and
share all files
and present working directory with the
caller.
Traps caught by the caller are reset to their default action
inside the function.
A trap condition that is not caught or ignored by the
function causes the function to terminate and the condition
to be passed on to the caller.
A trap on
.SM
.B EXIT
set inside a function
is executed
in the environment
of the caller
after the function completes.
Ordinarily,
variables are shared between the calling program
and the function.
However,
the
.B typeset
special built-in command used within a function
defines local variables whose scope includes
the current function.
They can be passed to functions that they call in the
variable assignment list that precedes the call or as arguments
passed as name references.
Errors within functions return control to the caller.
.PP
Functions defined with the
.IB name (\^)
syntax and functions defined with the
.B function
.I name
syntax that are invoked with the \f3\s+2.\s-2\fP
special built-in
are executed in the caller's
environment and share all variables
and traps with the caller.
Errors within these function executions cause the script that contains
them to abort.
.PP
The special built-in command
.B return
is used to return
from function calls.
.PP
Function names
can be listed with the
.B \-f
or
.B +f
option of the
.B typeset
special built-in command.
The text of functions, when available, will also
be listed with
.BR \-f .
Functions can be undefined with the
.B \-f
option of the
.B unset
special built-in command.
.PP
Ordinarily, functions are unset when the shell executes a shell script.
Functions that need to be defined across separate
invocations of the shell should
be placed in a directory and the
.B
.SM
FPATH
variable should contain the name of this directory.
They may also
be specified in the
.B
.SM
ENV
file.
.SS Discipline Functions.
Each variable can have zero or more discipline functions
associated with it.
The shell initially understands the discipline names \f3get\fP,
\f3set\fP, \f3append\fP, and \f3unset\fP but can be added
when defining new types.  On most systems
others can be added at run time via the
C programming interface extension provided by the
.B builtin
built-in utility.
If the \f3get\fP discipline is defined for a variable, it is invoked
whenever the given variable is referenced.
If the variable \f3.sh.value\fP is assigned a value inside
the discipline function, the referenced variable will evaluate
to this value instead.
If the \f3set\fP discipline is defined for a variable, it is invoked
whenever the given variable is assigned a value.
If the \f3append\fP discipline is defined for a variable, it is invoked
whenever a value is appended to the given variable.
The variable \f3.sh.value\fP is given the value
of the variable before invoking the discipline, and
the variable will be assigned the value of \f3.sh.value\fP
after the discipline completes.
If \f3.sh.value\fP is unset inside the discipline, then
that value is unchanged.
If the \f3unset\fP discipline is defined for a variable, it is invoked
whenever the given variable is unset.
.PP
The variable
.B .sh.name
contains the name of the variable for which the discipline function is called,
.B .sh.subscript
is the subscript of the variable, and
.B .sh.value
will contain the value being assigned inside the
.B set
discipline function.
The variable
.B _
is a reference to the variable including the subscript if any.
For the \f3set\fP discipline,
changing
.B .sh.value
will change the value that gets assigned.
Finally, the expansion \f3${\fP\f2var\^\fP\f3.\fP\f2name\^\fP\f3}\fP,
when \f2name\^\fP is the name of a discipline, and there is
no variable of this name, is equivalent to the command substitution
\f3${ \fP\f2var\^\fP\f3.\fP\f2name\^\fP\f3;}\fP.

.SS Name Spaces.
Commands and functions that are executed as part of the
.I list\^
of a
.B namespace
command that modify variables or create new ones, create
a new variable whose
name is the name of the name space
as given by
.I identifier\^
preceded by \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP.
When a variable whose name is
.I name\^
is referenced, it is
first searched for
using \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP\f2identifier\fP\fB\s+2.\s-2\fP\f2name\fP.
Similarly, a function defined by a command in the
.B namespace
.I list\^
is created using the name space name preceded by a \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP.
.PP
When the
.I list\^
of a
.B namespace
command contains a
.B namespace
command, the names of variables and functions that are created consist
of the variable or function name preceded by the list of
.IR identifier\^ s
each preceded by \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP.
.PP
Outside of a name space, a variable or function created inside a
name space can be referenced by preceding it with the name space name.
.PP
By default, variables starting with
\fB\s+2.\s-2sh\fP are in the
.B sh
name space.

.SS Type Variables.
Typed variables provide a way to create data structure and objects.
A type can be defined either by a shared library, by the
.B enum
built-in command described below, or by using the new
.B \-T
option of the
.B typeset
built-in command.
With the
.B \-T
option of
.BR typeset ,
the type name, specified as an option argument to
.BR \-T ,
is set with a compound variable assignment that defines the type.
Function definitions can appear inside the compound variable
assignment and these become discipline functions for this type and
can be invoked or redefined by each instance of the type.
The function name
.B create
is treated specially.  It is invoked for each instance of
the type that is created but is not inherited and cannot be
redefined for each instance.
.PP
When a type is defined a special built-in command of that name
is added.  These built-ins are declaration commands and follow the
same expansion rules as the built-in commands described below
that are marked with a \(dd symbol. These commands can subsequently
be used inside further type definitions.  The man page for these commands can
be generated by using the
.B \-\-man
option or any of the other
.B \-\-
options described with
.BR getopts .
The
.BR \-r ,
.BR \-a ,
.BR \-A ,
.BR \-h ,
and
.B \-S
options of
.B typeset
are permitted with each of these new built-ins.
.PP
An instance of a type is created by invoking the type name
followed by one or more instance names.
Each instance of the type is initialized with a copy of the subvariables
except for subvariables that are defined with the
.B \-S
option.  Variables defined with the
.B \-S
are shared by all instances of the type.
Each instance can change the value of any subvariable and can also
define new discipline functions of the same names
as those defined by the type definition as well as any
standard discipline names.
No additional subvariables can be defined for any instance.
.PP
When defining a type,
if the value of a subvariable is not set and the
.B \-r
attribute is specified, it causes the subvariable
to be a required subvariable.
Whenever an instance of a type is created, all required subvariables
must be specified.
These subvariables become read-only in each instance.
.PP
When
.B unset
is invoked on a subvariable within a type,
and the
.B \-r
attribute has not been specified for this field,
the value is reset to the default value associative with
the type.
Invoking
.B unset
on a type instance not contained within another type deletes
all subvariables and the variable itself.
.PP
A type definition can be derived from another type definition
by defining the first subvariable name as
.B _
and defining its type as the base type.
Any remaining definitions will be additions and modifications
that apply to the new type.
If the new type name is the same as that of the base type,
the type will be replaced and the original type will
no longer be accessible.
.PP
The
.B typeset
command with the
.B \-T
and no option argument or operands will write all the type definitions to
standard output in a form that can be read in to create all they types.
.SS Jobs.
If the
.B monitor
option of the
.B set
command is turned on,
an interactive shell associates a \fIjob\fR with each pipeline.
It keeps
a table of current jobs, printed by the
.B jobs
command, and assigns them small integer numbers.
When a job is started asynchronously with
.BR & ,
the shell prints a line which looks
like:
.PP
.DT
	[1] 1234
.PP
indicating that the job which was started asynchronously was job number
1 and had one (top-level) process, whose process ID was 1234.
.PP
This paragraph and the next require features that are
not in all versions of UNIX and may not apply.
If you are running a job and wish to do something else you may hit the key
\fB^Z\fR (control-Z) which sends a STOP signal to the current job.
The shell will then normally indicate that the job has been `Stopped',
and print another prompt.
You can then manipulate the state of this job,
putting it in the background with the
.B bg
command, or run some other
commands and then eventually bring the job back into the foreground with
the foreground command
.BR fg .
A \fB^Z\fR takes effect immediately and
is like an interrupt in that pending output and unread input are discarded
when it is typed.
.PP
A job being run in the background will stop if it tries to read
from the terminal.
Background jobs are normally allowed to produce output,
but this can be disabled by giving the command
.BR "stty tostop" .
If you set this
tty option, then background jobs will stop when they try to produce
output like they do when they try to read input.
.PP
There are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell.
A job can be referred to by the process ID of any process of the job
or by one of the following:
.PD 0
.RS
.TP
.BI % number
The job with the given number.
.TP
.BI % string
Any job whose command line begins with
.IR string .
.TP
.BI %? string
Any job whose command line contains
.IR string .
.TP
.BI %%
Current job.
.TP
.BI %+
Equivalent to
.BR %% .
.TP
.BI %\-
Previous job.
.RE
.PD
.PP
The shell learns immediately whenever a process changes state.
It normally informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that
no further progress is possible, but only just before it prints
a prompt.
This is done so that it does not otherwise disturb your work.
The
.B notify
option of the
.B set
command causes
the shell to print these job change messages
as soon as they occur.
.PP
When the
.B monitor
option is on, each background job that completes
triggers any trap set for
.BR CHLD .
.PP
When you try to leave the shell while jobs are running or stopped, you will
be warned that `You have stopped(running) jobs.'
You may use the
.B jobs
command to see what they are.
If you immediately try to
exit again, the shell will not warn you a second time, and the stopped
jobs will be terminated.
When a login shell receives a HUP signal, it sends
a HUP signal to each job that has not been disowned with the
.B disown
built-in command described below.
.SS Signals.
The \s-1INT\s+1 and \s-1QUIT\s+1 signals for an invoked
command are ignored if the command is followed by
.B &
and the
.B monitor
option is not active.
Otherwise, signals have the values
inherited by the shell from its parent
(but see also
the
.B trap
built-in command below).
.SS Execution.
Each time a command is read, the above expansions and substitutions
are carried out.
If the command name matches one
of the
.I "Special Built-in Commands\^"
listed below,
it is executed within the
current shell process.
Next, the command name is checked to see if
it matches a user defined function.
If it does,
the positional parameters are saved
and then reset to the arguments of the
.I function\^
call.
A function is also executed in the
current shell process.
When the
.I function\^
completes or issues a
.BR return ,
the positional parameter list is restored.
For functions defined with the
.B function
.I name\^
syntax,
any trap set on
.SM
.B EXIT
within the function is executed.
The exit value of a
.I function\^
is the value of the last command executed.
If a command name is not a
.I "special built-in command\^"
or a user defined
.IR function ,
but it is one of the built-in commands listed below,
it is executed in the current shell process.
.PP
The shell variables
.B
.SM PATH
followed by the variable
.B
.SM FPATH
defines the list of directories to
search for the command name.
Alternative directory names are separated by
a colon
.RB ( : ).
The default path is the value that was output by
.BI getconf\ PATH
at the time ksh was compiled.
The current directory can be specified by
two or more adjacent colons, or by a colon
at the beginning or end of the path list.
If the command name contains a \f3/\fP, then the search path
is not used.
Otherwise, each directory in the list of directories defined by
.B
.SM PATH
and
.B
.SM FPATH
is checked in order.
If the directory being searched is contained in
.B
.SM FPATH
and contains a file whose name matches the command being searched,
then this file is loaded into the current shell environment
as if it were the argument to the \fB.\fP command
except that only preset aliases are expanded,
and a function of the given name is executed
as described above.
.P
If this directory is not in
.B
.SM FPATH
the shell first
determines whether there is a built-in version
of a command corresponding to a given pathname and if so
it is invoked in the current process.
If no built-in is found, the shell checks for a file named
.B .paths
in this directory.
If found and there is a line of the form
.BI FPATH= path
where
.I path\^
names an
existing directory
then that directory is searched immediately after the current directory
as if it were found in the
.B
.SM FPATH
variable.
If
.I path\^
does not begin with /, it is checked for relative to the directory
being searched.
.P
The
.B .paths
file is then checked for a line of the form
.BI PLUGIN_LIB= libname
\*(OK \f3:\fP \f2libname\^\fP \*(CK .\|.\|. .
Each library named by
.I libname\^
will be searched for as if it were an option argument to
.BR "builtin -f" ,
and if it contains a built-in of the specified name
this will be executed instead of a command by this name.
Any built-in loaded from a library found this way will be associated
with the directory containing the
.B .paths
file so it will only execute if not found in an earlier directory.
.P
Finally, the directory will be checked for a file of the given name.
If the file has execute permission but is not an
.B a.out
file,
it is assumed to be a file containing shell commands.
A separate shell is spawned to read it.
All non-exported variables are removed in this case.
If the shell command
file doesn't have read permission,
or if the
.I setuid
and/or
.I setgid
bits are set on the file,
then the shell executes an agent whose job it is to
set up the permissions and execute the shell with the
shell command file passed down as an open file.
If the
.B .paths
contains a line of the form
.IB name\^ = value\^
in the first or second line, then the environment variable
.I name\^
is modified by prepending the directory specified by
.I value\^
to the directory list.
If
.I value\^
is not an absolute directory, then it
specifies a directory relative to the directory that the
executable was found.
If the environment variable
.I name\^
does not already exist it will be added to the environment
list for the specified command.
A parenthesized command is executed in
a subshell without removing non-exported variables.
.SS Command Re-entry.
The text of the last
.B
.SM
HISTSIZE
(default 512)
commands entered from a terminal device
is saved in a
.I history
file.
The file
.B \s-1$HOME\s+1/.sh_history
is used if the
.B
.SM
HISTFILE
variable is not set
or if the file it names is not writable.
A shell can access the commands of
all
.I interactive
shells which use the same named
.BR HISTFILE .
The built-in command
.B hist\^
is used to list or
edit a portion of this file.
The portion of the file to be edited or listed can be selected by
number or by giving the first character or
characters of the command.
A single command or range of commands can be specified.
If you do not specify an editor program as
an argument to
.B hist\^
then the value of the variable
.SM
.B HISTEDIT
is used.
If
.SM
.B HISTEDIT
is unset, the obsolete variable
.SM
.B FCEDIT
is used.
If
.SM
.B FCEDIT
is not defined, then
.B /bin/ed
is used.
The edited command(s) is printed and re-executed upon
leaving the editor unless you quit without writing.
The
.B \-s
option
(and in obsolete versions, the editor name
.BR \-\^ )
is used to skip the editing phase and
to re-execute the command.
In this case a substitution parameter of the form
\f2old\fP\f3=\fP\f2new\fP
can be used to modify the command before execution.
For example, with the preset alias
.BR r ,
which is aliased to
.BR "\(fmhist \-s\(fm" ,
typing
`\f3r bad=good c\fP'
will re-execute the most recent command which starts with the letter
.BR c ,
replacing the first occurrence of the string
.B bad
with the string
.BR good .
.\"
.\"
.\" The History Expansion section was adapted from the History Substitution
.\" section in the tcsh(1) manual page, and is licensed under the 3-clause
.\" BSD license. See the COPYRIGHT file that comes with ksh for the license.
.\"
.SS History Expansion.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
stream, making it easy to repeat commands, repeat arguments of a previous
command in the current command, or fix typos in the previous command.
The history expansion facility is an alternative to history control via the
.B fc
or
.B hist
built-in command.
To enable it, turn on the \f3\-H\fP or \f3histexpand\fP option using the
.B set
command (see \f2Built-in Commands\fP below).
.PP
History expansions begin with the character \f3!\fP.
They may begin anywhere in the input.
The \f3!\fP may be preceded by a \f3\\\fP or enclosed in single quotes
to prevent its special meaning.
A \f3!\fP is also passed unchanged when it is followed by
a space, tab, newline, \f3=\fP or \f3(\fP.
History expansions do not nest.
They are parsed separately before the shell parser is invoked,
so they can override shell grammar rules.
.PP
By default, the expanded version of any line that contains a history expansion
is printed, added to the history, and then immediately executed.
History expansions are never added to the history themselves,
regardless of whether they succeed or fail due to an error.
Normally, this means that a command line with an erroneous history expansion
is lost and needs to be retyped from scratch,
but if the \f3histreedit\fP shell option is turned on
and a line editor is active (see \f2In-line Editing Options\fP below),
the erroneous line is pre-filled into the next prompt's input buffer for correcting.
The \f3histverify\fP option causes the same to be done for the results of successful
history expansions, allowing verification and editing before execution.
.PP
A history expansion may have an \f2event specification\fP, which indicates
the event from which words are to be taken, a \f2word designator\fP, which
selects particular words from the chosen event, and/or a \f2modifier\fP,
which manipulates the selected words.
.PP
An event specification can be:
.PP
.PD 0
.RS +4
.TP 8
.I n
A number, referring to a particular event.
.TP 8
\f3\-\fP\f2n\fP
An offset, referring to the event \f2n\fP before the current event.
.TP 8
.B #
The current event.
.TP 8
.B !
The previous event (equivalent to \f3\-1\fP).
.TP 8
.I s
The most recent event whose first word begins with the string \f2s\fP.
.TP 8
\f3?\fP\f2s\fP\f3?\fP
The most recent event which contains the string \f2s\fP.
The second \f3?\fP can be omitted if it is immediately followed by a newline.
.RE
.PD
.PP
For example, consider this bit of someone's history list as might be
output by the \f3hist -l\fP command:
.IP " " 4
9        nroff \-man wumpus.man
.br
10       cp wumpus.man wumpus.man.old
.br
11       vi wumpus.man
.br
12       diff wumpus.man.old wumpus.man
.PP
The commands are shown with their event numbers.
The current event, which we haven't typed in yet, is event 13.
\f3!11\fP and \f3!\-2\fP refer to event 11.
\f3!!\fP refers to the previous event, 12.  \f3!!\fP can be abbreviated \f3!\fP if it is
followed by \f3:\fP (see below).
\f3!n\fP refers to event 9, which begins with \f3n\fP.
\f3!?old?\fP also refers to event 12, which contains \f3old\fP.
Without word designators or modifiers, history references simply expand to the
entire event, so we might type \f3!cp\fP to redo the copy command or \f3!!|more\fP
if the \f3diff\fP output scrolled off the top of the screen.
.PP
To select words from an event,
the event specification can be followed by a \f3:\fP
and a designator for the desired words.
The words of an input line are numbered from 0,
the first word (usually the command name) being 0,
the second word (first argument) being 1, etc.
The basic word designators are:
.PP
.PD 0
.RS +4
.TP 8
.B 0
The first word (command name).
.TP 8
.I n
The \f2n\fPth argument.
.TP 8
.B ^
The first argument, equivalent to \f31\fP.
.TP 8
.B $
The last argument.
.TP 8
.B %
The word matched by the most recent \f3?\fP\f2s\fP\f3?\fP search.
.TP 8
\f3x\fP\f2\-\fP\f3y\fP
A range of words.
.TP 8
\f3\-\fP\f2y\fP
Equivalent to \f30\-\fP\f2y\fP.
.TP 8
.B *
Equivalent to \f3^\-$\fP, but returns nothing if the event contains only 1 word.
.TP 8
\f2x\fP\f3*\fP
Equivalent to \f2x\fP\f3\-$\fP.
.TP 8
\f2x\fP\f3\-\fP
Equivalent to \f2x\fP\f3*\fP, but omitting the last word (\f3$\fP).
.PD
.RE
.PP
Selected words are inserted into the command line separated by single blanks.
For example, the \f3diff\fP command in the previous example might have been
typed as \f3diff !!:1.old !!:1\fP (using \f3:1\fP to select the first argument
from the previous event) or \f3diff !\-2:2 !\-2:1\fP to select and swap the
arguments from the \f3cp\fP command.  If we didn't care about the order of the
\f3diff\fP, we might have said \f3diff !\-2:1\-2\fP or simply \f3diff !\-2:*\fP.
The \f3cp\fP command might have been written \f3cp wumpus.man !#:1.old\fP,
using \f3#\fP to refer to the current event.
\f3!n:\- hurkle.man\fP would reuse the first two words from the \f3nroff\fP command
to say \f3nroff \-man hurkle.man\fP.
.PP
The \f3:\fP separating the event specification from the word designator
can be omitted if the argument selector begins with a
\f3^\fP, \f3$\fP, \f3*\fP, \f3%\fP or \f3\-\fP.
For example, our \f3diff\fP command might have been \f3diff !!^.old !!^\fP
or, equivalently, \f3diff !!$.old !!$\fP.
However, if \f3!!\fP is abbreviated \f3!\fP,
an argument selector beginning with \f3\-\fP will be interpreted as an event specification.
.PP
The word(s) in a history reference can be edited
by following them with one or more modifiers,
each preceded by a colon (\f3:\fP):
.PP
.PD 0
.RS +4
.TP 8
.B h
Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head.
.TP 8
.B t
Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
.TP 8
.B r
Remove a filename extension \f3.xxx\fP, leaving the root name.
.TP 8
.B e
Remove all but the extension.
.TP 8
\f3s/\fP\f2l\fP\f3/\fP\f2r\fP\f3/\fP
Substitute \f2l\fP for \f2r\fP.
\f2l\fP is simply a string like \f2r\fP,
not a regular expression as in the eponymous
.IR ed (1)
command.
Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of \f3/\fP;
a \f3\\\fP can be used to quote the delimiter inside \f2l\fP and \f2r\fP.
The character \f3&\fP in the \f2r\fP is replaced by \f2l\fP;
\f3\\\fP also quotes \f3&\fP.
If \f2l\fP is empty,
the \f2l\fP from the previous substitution is used,
or if there is none,
the \f2s\fP from the most recent \f3?\fP\f2s\fP\f3?\fP search.
The trailing delimiter may be omitted if it is immediately followed by a newline.
.TP 8
.B &
Repeat the previous substitution.
.TP 8
.B g
Global substitution, for example \f3:gs/foo/bar/\fP or \f3:g&\fP.
Applies the \f3s\fP or \f3&\fP modifier to the entire command line.
.TP 8
.B a
Same as \f3g\fP.
.TP 8
.B p
Print the new command line but do not execute it.
.TP 8
.B q
Quote the expanded words, preventing further expansions.
.TP 8
.B x
Like \f3q\fP, but break into words at blanks, tabs and newlines.
.PD
.RE
.PP
Modifiers are applied to only the first modifiable word
(unless \f3g\fP or \f3a\fP is used).
It is an error for no word to be modifiable.
.PP
For example, the \f3diff\fP command might have been written as
\f3diff wumpus.man.old !#^:r\fP,
using \f3:r\fP to remove \f3.old\fP
from the first argument on the same line (\f3!#^\fP).
We might follow \f3mail \-s "I forgot my password" rot\fP
with \f3!:s/rot/root\fP to correct the spelling of \f3root\fP.
.PP
History expansions also occur when an input line begins with \f3^\fP.
When it is the first character on an input line, it is an abbreviation of \f3!:s^\fP.
Thus we might have said \f3^rot^root\fP to make the spelling correction in the previous example.
This is the only history expansion that does not explicitly begin with \f3!\fP.
.PP
If a word on a command line begins with the history comment character \f3#\fP,
history expansion is ignored for the rest of that line.
This usually causes the shell parser
(which uses the same character to signal a comment)
to treat the rest of the line as a comment as well,
but as history expansion is parsed separately from the shell grammar and with different rules,
this cannot be guaranteed in all cases.
If the history comment character is changed,
the shell grammar comment character does not change along with it.
.PP
The three characters used to signal history expansion can be changed using the
.B histchars
shell variable; see \f2Shell Variables\fP above.
.\"
.\" End of BSD-licensed content adapted from the tcsh(1) manual page.
.\"
.\"
.SS In-line Editing Options.
Normally, each command line entered from a terminal device is simply
typed followed by a \f3new-line\fP (`RETURN' or `LINE\ FEED').
If either the
.BR emacs ,
.BR gmacs ,
or
.B vi
option is active, the user can edit the command line.
To be in either of these edit modes,
.B set
the corresponding
option.
An editing option is automatically selected each time the
.SM
.B VISUAL
or
.SM
.B EDITOR
variable is assigned a value matching any of these editor names;
for details, see
.I Shell Variables
above under
.BR VISUAL .
.PP
The editing features require that the user's terminal
accept `RETURN' as carriage return without line feed
and that a space (`\ ') must overwrite the current character on
the screen.
.PP
Unless the
.B multiline
option is on,
the editing modes implement a concept where the user is looking through a
window at the current line.
The window width is the value of
.SM
.B COLUMNS
if it is defined, otherwise 80.
If the window width is too small to display the prompt and leave
at least 8 columns to enter input, the prompt is truncated from the
left.
If the line is longer than the window width minus two, a mark is
displayed at the end of the window to notify the user.
As the cursor moves and reaches the window boundaries,
the window will be centered about the cursor.
The mark is a
.BR > " (<" ,
.BR * )
if the line extends on the
right (left, both) side(s) of the window.
.PP
The search commands in each edit mode provide access to the history file.
Only strings are matched, not patterns, although a leading
.B ^
in the string restricts the match
to begin at the first character in the line.
.PP
Each of the edit modes has an operation to list the files
or commands that match a partially entered word.
When applied to the first word on the line,
or the first word after a
.BR ; ,
.BR | ,
.BR & ,
or
.BR ( ,
and the word does not begin with
.B \(ap
or contain a
.BR / ,
the list of aliases, functions, and executable commands
defined by the
.B
.SM PATH
variable that could match the partial word is displayed.
Otherwise, the list of files that match the given
word is displayed.
If the partially entered word does not contain any
file expansion characters, a
.B *
is appended before generating these lists.
After displaying the generated list, the input line
is redrawn.
These operations are called command name listing and file name listing,
respectively.
There are additional operations, referred to as command name
completion and file name completion, which compute the list
of matching commands or files, but instead of printing the list,
replace
the current word with a complete or partial match.
For file name completion,
if the match is unique, a
.B /
is appended if the file is a directory and a space is
appended if the file is not a directory.
Otherwise, the longest common prefix for all the matching
files replaces the word.
For command name completion, only the portion of the file names
after the last
.B /
are used to find the longest command prefix.
If only a single name matches this prefix, then the
word is replaced with the command name followed by a space.
When using a
.I tab\^
for completion that does not yield a unique match,
a subsequent
.I tab\^
will provide a numbered list of matching alternatives.
A specific selection can be made by entering the
selection number followed by a
.IR tab .
Neither completion nor listing operations are attempted before
the first character in a line.
.SS Key Bindings.
The
.B
.SM KEYBD
trap can be used to intercept keys as they are typed
and change the characters that are actually seen by
the shell.
This trap is executed after each character
(or sequence of characters when the first character is ESC)
is entered while reading from a terminal.
The variable
.B .sh.edchar
contains the character or character sequence which
generated the trap.
Changing the value of
.B .sh.edchar
in the trap action causes the shell to behave as if the
new value were entered from the keyboard rather than
the original value.
.PP
The variable
.B .sh.edcol
is set to the input column number of the cursor at the time
of the input.
The variable
.B .sh.edmode
is set to
ESC
when in
.B vi
input mode (see below)
and set to the empty string otherwise.
Prepending
.B ${.sh.editmode}
to a value assigned to
.B .sh.edchar
will cause the shell
to change to control mode if it is not already in this mode.
.PP
This trap is not invoked for characters entered as arguments to
editing directives, or while reading input for a character search.
.SS Emacs Editing Mode.
This mode is entered by enabling either the
.B emacs
or
.B gmacs
option.
The only difference between these two modes is the way
they handle
.BR ^T .
To edit, the user
moves the cursor to the point needing correction and
then inserts or deletes characters or words as needed.
All the editing commands are control characters or escape
sequences.
The notation for control characters is caret
.RB ( ^ )
followed
by the character.
For example,
.B ^F
is the notation for control
.BR F .
This is entered by depressing `f' while holding down the
`CTRL' (control) key.
The `SHIFT' key is
.I not
depressed.
(The notation
.B ^?
indicates the DEL (delete) key.)
.PP
The notation for escape sequences is
.B M-
followed by a
character.
For example,
.B M-f
(pronounced Meta f)
is entered by depressing ESC
(ASCII
.BR 033 )
followed by `f'.
.RB ( M-F
would be the notation for ESC followed by `SHIFT' (capital) `F'.)
.PP
All edit commands
operate from any place on the line
(not just at the beginning).
Neither the `RETURN' nor the `LINE FEED' key is
entered after edit commands except when noted.
.PP
The \fBM-[\fR multi-character commands below are DEC VT220 escape sequences
generated by special keys on standard PC keyboards, such as the arrow keys.
You could type them directly but they are meant to recognize the keys
in question, which are indicated in parentheses.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP 10
.BI ^F
Move cursor forward (right) one character.
.TP 10
.BI M-[C
(Right arrow) Same as \fB^F\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-f
Move cursor forward one word.
(The
.B emacs
editor's idea of a word is a string of characters
consisting of only letters, digits and underscores.)
.TP 10
.BI M-[1;3C
(Alt-Right arrow) Same as \fBM-f\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[1;5C
(Ctrl-Right arrow) Same as \fBM-f\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[1;9C
(iTerm2 Alt-Right arrow) Same as \fBM-f\fR.
.TP 10
.BI ^B
Move cursor backward (left) one character.
.TP 10
.BI M-[D
(Left arrow) Same as \fB^B\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-b
Move cursor backward one word.
.TP 10
.BI M-[1;3D
(Alt-Left arrow) Same as \fBM-b\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[1;5D
(Ctrl-Left arrow) Same as \fBM-b\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[1;9D
(iTerm2 Alt-Left arrow) Same as \fBM-b\fR.
.TP 10
.BI ^A
Move cursor to start of line.
.TP 10
.BI M-[H
(Home) Same as \fB^A\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[1~
Same as \fB^A\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[7~
Same as \fB^A\fR.
.TP 10
.BI ^E
Move cursor to end of line.
.TP 10
.BI M-[F
(End) Same as \fB^E\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[4~
Same as \fB^E\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[8~
Same as \fB^E\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-[Y
Same as \fB^E\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-OA
(Up Arrow) Same as \fBM-[A\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-OB
(Down Arrow) Same as \fBM-[B\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-OC
(Right Arrow) Same as \fBM-[C\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-OD
(Left Arrow) Same as \fBM-[D\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-O5C
(Ctrl-Right Arrow) Same as \fBM-f\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-O5D
(Ctrl-Left Arrow) Same as \fBM-b\fR.
.TP 10
.BI ^] char
Move cursor forward to character
.I char
on current line.
.TP 10
.BI M-^] char
Move cursor backward to character
.I char
on current line.
.TP 10
.BI ^X^X
Interchange the cursor and mark.
.TP 10
.I erase
(User defined erase character as defined
by the
.IR stty (1)
command, usually
.BR ^H .)
Delete previous character.
.TP 10
.I lnext
(User defined literal next character as defined
by the
.IR stty (1)
command,
or
.B ^V
if not defined.)
Removes the next character's
editing features (if any).
.TP 10
.BI ^D
Delete current character.
.TP 10
.BI M-[3~
(Forward delete) Same as \fB^D\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-d
Delete current word.
.TP 10
.BI M-[3;5~
(Ctrl-Delete) Same as \fBM-d\fR.
.TP 10
.BI M-^H
(Meta-backspace) Delete previous word.
.TP 10
.BI M-h
Delete previous word.
.TP 10
.BI M-^?
(Meta-DEL) Delete previous word (if your interrupt character is
.B ^?
(DEL, the default) then this command will not work).
.TP 10
.BI ^T
Transpose current character with previous character
and advance the cursor
in
.I emacs
mode.
Transpose two previous characters in
.I gmacs
mode.
.TP 10
.BI ^C
Capitalize current character.
.TP 10
.BI M-c
Capitalize current word.
.TP 10
.BI M-l
Change the current word to lower case.
.TP 10
.BI ^K
Delete from the cursor to the end of the line.
If preceded by a numerical parameter whose value is less than the
current cursor position, then delete from given position
up to the cursor.
If preceded by a numerical parameter whose value is greater than the
current cursor position, then delete from cursor up to
given cursor position.
.TP 10
.BI ^W
Kill from the cursor to the mark.
.TP 10
.BI M-p
Push the region from the cursor to the mark on the stack.
.TP 10
.I kill
(User defined kill character as defined
by the
.IR stty (1)
command, usually
.BR ^U .)
Kill the entire current line.
If two
.I kill
characters are entered in succession, all
kill characters from then on cause a line feed
(useful when using paper terminals).
A subsequent pair of
.I kill
characters undoes this change.
.TP 10
.BI ^Y
Restore last item removed from line. (Yank item back to the line.)
.TP 10
.BI ^X^E
Return the command
.BI "hist \-e ${\s-1VISUAL\s+1:\-${\s-1EDITOR\s+1:\-vi}}"
in the input buffer to call a full editor \(em
.BI vi
by default \(em on the current command line.
.TP 10
.BI ^L
Line feed and print current line.
.TP 10
.BI M-^L
Clear the screen.
.TP 10
.BI ^@
(Null character) Set mark.
.TP 10
.BI M- space
(Meta space) Set mark.
.TP 10
.BI ^J
(New\ line) Execute the current line.
.TP 10
.BI ^M
(Return) Execute the current line.
.TP 10
.I eof
End-of-file character,
normally
.BR ^D ,
is processed as an End-of-file only
if the current line is empty.
.TP 10
.BI ^P
Fetch previous command.
Each time
.B ^P
is entered
the previous command back in time is accessed.
Moves back one line when not on the first line of a multi-line command.
.TP 10
.BI M-[A
(Up arrow)
If the cursor is at the end of the line, it is equivalent to
.B ^R
with
.I string\^
set to the contents of the current line.
Otherwise, it is
equivalent to
.BR ^P .
.TP 10
.BI M-<
Fetch the least recent (oldest) history line.
.TP 10
.BI M->
Fetch the most recent (youngest) history line.
.TP 10
.BI ^N
Fetch next command line.
Each time
.B ^N
is entered
the next command line forward in time is accessed.
.TP 10
.BI M-[B
(Down arrow)
Equivalent to
.BR ^N .
.TP 10
.BI ^R string
Reverse search history for a previous command line containing
.IR string .
If a parameter of zero is given, the search is forward.
.I String
is terminated by a `RETURN' or `NEW\ LINE'.
If string is preceded by a
.BR ^ ,
the matched line must begin with
.IR string .
If
.I string
is omitted,
then the next command line containing the most recent
.I string
is accessed.
In this case a parameter of zero
reverses the direction of the search.
.TP 10
.B ^G
Exit reverse search mode.
.TP 10
.B ^O
Operate \- Execute the current line and fetch
the next line relative to current line from the
history file.
.TP 10
.BI M- digits
(Escape) Define numeric parameter, the digits
are taken as a parameter to the next command.
The commands that accept a parameter are
.BR ^F ,
.BR ^B ,
.IR erase ,
.BR ^C ,
.BR ^D ,
.BR ^K ,
.BR ^R ,
.BR ^P ,
.BR ^N ,
.BR ^] ,
.BR M-. ,
.BR M-^] ,
.BR M-_ ,
.BR M-= ,
.BR M-b ,
.BR M-c ,
.BR M-d ,
.BR M-f ,
.BR M-h ,
.BR M-l ,
.BR M-^H ,
and the arrow keys and forward-delete key.
.TP 10
.BI M- letter
Soft-key \- Your alias list is searched for an
alias by the name
.BI _ letter
and if an alias of this name is defined, its
value will be inserted on the input queue.
The
.I letter
must not be one of the above meta-functions.
.TP 10
.BI M-[ letter
Soft-key \- Your alias list is searched for an
alias by the name
.BI _\&_ letter
and if an alias of this name is defined, its
value will be inserted on the input queue.
This can be used to program function keys on many terminals.
.TP 10
.B M-.
The last word of the previous command is inserted
on the line.
If preceded by a numeric parameter, the value
of this parameter determines which word to insert rather than
the last word.
.TP 10
.B M-_
Same as
.BR M-. .
.TP 10
.B M-*
Attempt pathname expansion on the current word.
An asterisk is appended if the word doesn't match any file
or contain any special
pattern characters.
.TP 10
.B M-ESC
Command or file name completion as described above.
.TP 10
.BI ^I " tab"
Attempts command or file name completion as described above.
If a partial completion occurs, repeating this will
behave as if
.B M-=
were entered.
If no match is found or entered after
.IR space\^ ,
a
.I tab\^
is inserted.
.TP 10
.B M-=
If not preceded by a numeric parameter,
it generates the list of matching commands or
file names as described above.
Otherwise, the word under the cursor is replaced by
the item corresponding to the value of the numeric parameter
from the most recently generated command or file list.
If the cursor is not on a word, it is inserted instead.
.TP 10
.BI ^U
Multiply parameter of next command by 4.
.TP 10
.BI \e
If the
.B backslashctrl
shell option is on (which is the default setting), this escapes
the next character.
Editing characters, the user's erase, kill and
interrupt (normally
.BR ^C )
characters
may be entered
in a command line or in a search string if preceded by a
.BR \e .
The
.B \e
removes the next character's
editing features (if any).
See also
.I lnext
which is not subject to any shell option.
.TP 10
.B M-^V
Display version of the shell.
.TP 10
.BI M-[2~
(Insert) Escape the next character.
.TP 10
.B M-#
If the line does not begin with a
.BR # ,
a
.B #
is inserted
at the beginning of the line
and after each new-line,
and the line is entered.
This causes a comment to be inserted in the history file.
If the line begins with a
.BR # ,
the
.B #
is deleted and one
.B #
after each new-line is also deleted.
.PD
.SS Vi Editing Mode.
There are two typing modes.
Initially, when you enter a command you are in the
.I input\^
mode.
To edit, the user enters
.I control\^
mode by typing ESC
.RB ( 033 )
and moves the cursor to the point needing correction and
then inserts or deletes characters or words as needed.
Most control commands accept an optional repeat
.I count
prior to the command.
.PP
The notation for control characters used below is
.B ^
followed by a character. For instance,
.B ^H
is entered by holding down the Control key and pressing H.
.B ^[
(Control+\fB[\fR) is equivalent to the ESC key.
The notation for escape sequences is
.B ^[
followed by one or more characters.
.PP
The \fB^[[\fR (ESC \fB[\fR) multi-character commands below are DEC VT220 escape
sequences generated by special keys on standard PC keyboards, such as the arrow
keys, which are indicated in parentheses. When in
.I input\^
mode, these keys will switch you to
.I control\^
mode before performing the associated action.
These sequences can use preceding repeat count parameters, but only when the
\fB^[\fR and the subsequent \fB[\fR are entered into the input buffer at the
same time, such as when pressing one of those keys.
.SS "\ \ \ \ \ Input Edit Commands"
.RS
By default the editor is in input mode.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP 10
.I erase
(User defined erase character as defined
by the
.IR stty (1)
command, usually
.B ^H
or
.BR # .)
Delete previous character.
.TP 10
.BI ^W
Delete the previous blank separated word.
.TP 10
.I eof
As the first character of the line causes
the shell to terminate unless the \f3ignoreeof\fP
option is set.
Otherwise this character is ignored.
.TP 10
.I lnext
(User defined literal next character as defined
by the
.IR stty (1)
or
.B ^V
if not defined.)
Removes the next character's
editing features (if any).
.TP 10
.BI \e
If the
.B backslashctrl
shell option is on (which is the default setting), this escapes the next
.I erase
or
.I kill
character.
.TP 10
.BI ^I  " tab"
Attempts command or file name completion as described
above and returns to input mode. If a partial completion
occurs, repeating this will behave as if
.B =
were entered from control mode.
If no match is found or entered after
.IR space\^ ,
a
.I tab\^
is inserted.
.RE
.PD
.PP
.SS "\ \ \ \ \ Motion Edit Commands"
.RS
These commands will move the cursor.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3l\fP
Cursor forward (right) one character.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3^[[C\fP
(Right arrow) Same as \f3l\fP.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3w\fP
Cursor forward one alphanumeric word.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3W\fP
Cursor to the beginning of the next word that follows a blank.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3e\fP
Cursor to end of word.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3E\fP
Cursor to end of the current blank delimited word.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3h\fP
Cursor backward (left) one character.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3^[[D\fP
(Left arrow) Same as \f3h\fP.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3b\fP
Cursor backward one word.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3B\fP
Cursor to preceding blank separated word.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3|\fP
Cursor to column
.IR count .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3f\fP\f2c\fP
Find the next character \fIc\fP in the current line.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3F\fP\f2c\fP
Find the previous character \fIc\fP in the current line.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3t\fP\f2c\fP
Equivalent to
.B f
followed by
.BR h .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3T\fP\f2c\fP
Equivalent to
.B F
followed by
.BR l .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3;\fP
Repeats
.I count
times,
the last single character find command,
.BR f ,
.BR F ,
.BR t ,
or
.BR T .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3,\fP
Reverses the last single character find command
.I count
times.
.TP 10
.B 0
Cursor to start of line.
.TP 10
.B ^[[H
(Home) Same as \f30\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[1~
Same as \f30\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[7~
Same as \f30\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[1;3D
(Alt-Left arrow) Same as \f3b\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[1;5D
(Ctrl-Left arrow) Same as \f3b\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[1;9D
(iTerm2 Alt-Left arrow) Same as \f3b\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[1;3C
(Alt-Right arrow) Same as \f3w\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[1;5C
(Ctrl-Right arrow) Same as \f3w\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[1;9C
(iTerm2 Alt-Right arrow) Same as \f3w\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[2~
(Insert) Same as \f3i\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[3;5~
(Ctrl-Delete) Same as \f3dw\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[OA
(Up Arrow) Same as \f3^[[A\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[OB
(Down Arrow) Same as \f3^[[B\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[OC
(Right Arrow) Same as \f3^[[C\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[OD
(Left Arrow) Same as \f3^[[D\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[O5C
(Ctrl-Right Arrow) Same as \f3w\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[O5D
(Ctrl-Left Arrow) Same as \f3b\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^
Cursor to first non-blank character in line.
.TP 10
.B $
Cursor to end of line.
.TP 10
.B ^[[F
(End) Same as \f3$\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[4~
Same as \f3$\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[8~
Same as \f3$\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^[[Y
Same as \f3$\fP.
.TP 10
.B ^G
Exit reverse search mode.
.TP 10
.B %
Moves to balancing
.BR ( ,
.BR ) ,
.BR { ,
.BR } ,
.BR [ ,
or
.BR ] .
If cursor is not on one of the above characters,
the remainder of the line is searched for the first
occurrence of one of the above characters first.
.RE
.PD
.PP
.SS "\ \ \ \ \ Search Edit Commands"
.RS
These commands access your command history.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3k\fP
Fetch previous command.
Each time
.B k
is entered
the previous command back in time is accessed.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3\-\fP
Equivalent to
.BR k .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3^[[A\fP
(Up arrow)
If cursor is at the end of the line it is equivalent to
.B /
with
.I string\^
set to the contents of the current line.
Otherwise, it is equivalent to
.BR k .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3j\fP
Fetch next command.
Each time
.B j
is entered
the next command forward in time is accessed.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3+\fP
Equivalent to
.BR j .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3^[[B\fP
(Down arrow)
Equivalent to
.BR j .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3G\fP
The command number
.I count
is fetched.
The default is the least recent history command.
.TP 10
.BI / string
Search backward through history for a previous command containing
.IR string .
.I String
is terminated by a `RETURN' or `NEW\ LINE'.
If string is preceded by a
.BR ^ ,
the matched line must begin with
.IR string .
If \fIstring\fP is empty, the previous string will be used.
.TP 10
.BI ? string
Same as
.B /
except that search will be in the forward direction.
.TP 10
.B n
Search for next match of the last pattern to
.B /
or
.B ?
commands.
.TP 10
.B N
Search for next match of the last pattern to
.B /
or
.BR ? ,
but in reverse direction.
.RE
.PD
.PP
.SS "\ \ \ \ \ Text Modification Edit Commands"
.RS
These commands will modify the line.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP 10
.B a
Enter input mode and enter text after the current character.
.TP 10
.B A
Append text to the end of the line.
Equivalent to
.BR $a .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3c\fP\f2motion\fP
.TP 10
\f3c\fP[\f2count\fP]\f2motion\fP
Delete current character through the character that
.I motion
would move the cursor to and enter input mode.
If \fImotion\fP is
.BR c ,
the entire line will be deleted and
input mode entered.
.TP 10
.B C
Delete the current character through the end of line and enter input mode.
Equivalent to
.BR c$ .
.TP 10
.B S
Equivalent to
.BR cc .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3s\fP
Replace characters under the cursor in input mode.
.TP 10
.B D
Delete the current character through the end of line.
Equivalent to
.BR d$ .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3d\fP\f2motion\fP
.TP 10
\f3d\fP[\f2count\fP]\f2motion\fP
Delete current character through the character that
.I motion
would move to.
If \fImotion\fP is
.B d ,
the entire line will be deleted.
.TP 10
.B i
Enter input mode and insert text before the current character.
.TP 10
.B I
Insert text before the first non-blank character.
Equivalent to
.BR ^i .
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3P\fP
Place the previous text modification before the cursor.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3p\fP
Place the previous text modification after the cursor.
.TP 10
.B R
Enter input mode and
replace characters on the screen with characters you type overlay fashion.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3r\fP\f2c\fP
Replace the
.I count
character(s) starting at the current cursor position with
.IR c ,
and advance the cursor.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3x\fP
Delete current character.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3^[[3~\fP
(Forward delete) Same as \f3x\fP.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3X\fP
Delete preceding character.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3.\fP
Repeat the previous text modification command.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3\(ap\fP
Invert the case of the
.I count
character(s) starting at the current cursor position and advance the cursor.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3_\fP
Causes the
.I count\^
word of the previous command to be appended and
input mode entered.
The last word is used
if
.I count\^
is omitted.
.TP 10
.B *
Causes an
.B *
to be appended to the current word and pathname expansion attempted.
If no match is found,
it rings the bell.
Otherwise, the word is replaced
by the matching pattern and input mode is entered.
.TP 10
.B \e
Command or file name completion as described above.
.RE
.PD
.PP
.SS "\ \ \ \ \ Other Edit Commands"
.RS
Miscellaneous commands.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3y\fP\f2motion\fP
.TP 10
\f3y\fP[\f2count\fP]\f2motion\fP
Yank current character through character that
.I motion
would move the cursor to and puts them into the delete buffer.
The text and cursor are unchanged.
.TP 10
.B yy
Yanks the entire line.
.TP 10
.B Y
Yanks from current position to end of line.
Equivalent to
.BR y$ .
.TP 10
.B u
Undo the last text modifying command.
.TP 10
.B U
Undo all the text modifying commands performed on the line.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3v\fP
Returns the command
.BI "hist \-e ${\s-1VISUAL\s+1:\-${\s-1EDITOR\s+1:\-vi}}" " count"
in the input buffer to call a full editor \(em
.BI vi
by default \(em on a history entry.
If
.I count\^
is omitted, then the current line is used.
.TP 10
.BI ^L
Line feed and print current line.
Has effect only in control mode.
.TP 10
.BI ^J
(New\ line) Execute the current line, regardless of mode.
.TP 10
.BI ^M
(Return) Execute the current line, regardless of mode.
.TP 10
.B #
If the first character of the command is a
.BR # ,
then this command deletes this
.B #
and each
.B #
that follows a newline.
Otherwise,
sends the line after
inserting a
.B #
in front of each line in the command.
Useful for causing the current line to be
inserted in the history as a comment and
uncommenting previously commented commands
in the history file.
.TP 10
[\f2count\fP]\f3=\fP
If \f2count\fP is not specified,
it generates the list of matching commands or
file names as described above.
Otherwise, the word under the cursor is replaced by the
\f2count\fP item from the most recently generated command or file list.
If the cursor is not on a word, it is inserted instead.
.TP 10
.BI @ letter
Your alias list is searched for an
alias by the name
.BI _ letter
and if an alias of this name is defined, its
value will be inserted on the input queue for processing.
.TP 10
.BI ^V
Display version of the shell.
.RE
.PD
.SS Built-in Commands.
The \fIsimple-command\fRs listed below are built in to the shell
and are executed in the same process as the shell.
The effects of any added Input/Output redirections are local to the command,
except for the \fBexec\fR and \fBredirect\fR commands.
Unless otherwise indicated, the output is written on standard output (file
descriptor 1) and the exit status, when there is no syntax error, is zero.
Except for
.BR : ,
.BR true ,
.BR false ,
and
.BR echo ,
all built-in commands accept
.B \-\-
to indicate end of options, and are self-documenting.
.PP
The self-documenting commands interpret the option
.B \-\-man
as a request to display that command's own manual page,
.B \-\-help
as a request to display the
.I OPTIONS
section from their manual page, and
.B \-?
as a request to print a brief usage message.
All these are processed as error messages, so they are written on standard
error (file descriptor 2) and to pipe them into a pager such as
.IR more (1)
you need to add a \fB2>&1\fR redirection before the \fB|\fR. The display of
boldface text depends on whether standard error is on a terminal, so is
disabled when using a pager. Exporting the \fBERROR_OPTIONS\fR environment
variable with a value containing \fIemphasis\fR will force this on; a value
containing \fInoemphasis\fR forces it off.
The \fBtest\fR/\fB[\fR command needs an additional \fB\-\-\fR argument to
recognize self-documentation options, e.g. \fBtest \-\-man \-\-\fR.
The \fBexec\fR and \fBredirect\fR commands, as they make redirections
permanent, should use self-documentation options in a subshell when
redirecting, for example: \fB(redirect \-\-man) 2>&1\fR.
There are advanced output options as well; see
.B getopts \-\-man
for more information.
.PP
Commands that are preceded by a \(dg symbol below are
.I special\ built-in\ commands
and are treated specially in the following ways:
.PD 0
.RS
.TP
1.
Variable assignment lists preceding the command
remain in effect when the command completes.
.TP
2.
I/O redirections are processed after variable assignments.
.TP
3.
Errors
cause a script
that contains them to abort.
.TP
4.
They are not valid function names.
.RE
.PD
.PP
Commands that are preceded by a \(dd symbol below are
.IR declaration\ commands .
Any following words
that are in the format of a variable assignment
are expanded with the same rules as a variable assignment.
This means that tilde expansion is performed after the
.B =
sign, array assignments of the form
\f2varname\^\fP\f3=(\fP\f2assign_list\^\fP\f3)\fP
are supported, and field splitting and pathname expansion are not
performed.
.PD
.TP
\(dg \f3:\fP \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
The command only expands parameters.
.br
.ne 2
.TP
\(dg \f3\|.\fP \f2name\^\fP \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
If
.I name\^
is a function defined with the
.B function
.I name\^
reserved word syntax,
the function is executed in the current environment
(as if it had been defined with the
.IB name ()
syntax).
Otherwise if
.I name\^
refers to a file, the
file is read in its entirety and the commands are
executed in the current shell environment.
The search path
specified by
.B
.SM PATH
is used to find the directory containing the file.
If any arguments
.I arg\^
are given,
they become the positional parameters while processing
the
.B .
command and the original positional parameters are restored upon completion.
Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.
The exit status is the exit status of the last command executed.
.TP
\f3[\fP \f2expression\fP \f3]\fP
The \f3[\fP command is the same as \f3test\fP, with the exception that an
additional closing \f3]\fP argument is required. See \f3test\fP below.
.TP
\f3alias\fP \*(OK \f3\-ptx\fP \*(CK  \*(OK \f2name\fP\*(OK \f3=\fP\f2value\^\fP  \*(CK \*(CK .\|.\|.
.B alias\^
with no arguments prints the list of aliases
in the form
.I name=value\^
on standard output.
The
.B \-p
option
causes the word
.B alias
to be inserted before each one.
When one or more arguments are given,
an
.I alias\^
is defined
for each
.I name\^
whose
.I value\^
is given.
A trailing space in
.I value\^
causes the next word to be checked for
alias substitution.
With the
.B \-t
option, each name is looked up as a command in
.B $PATH
and its path is added to the hash table as a 'tracked alias'.
If no name is given, this prints the hash table. See
.BR hash.
Without the
.B \-t
option,
for each
.I name\^
in the argument list
for which no
.I value\^
is given, the name
and value of the alias is printed.
The obsolete
.B \-x
option has no effect in most contexts, although if it's used with
.B \-t
it will suppress all output.
The exit status is non-zero if a
.I name\^
is given, but no value, and no alias has been defined for the
.IR name\^ .
.TP
\f3autoload\fP \f2name\^\fP .\|.\|.
Marks each \f2name\fP undefined so that the \f3FPATH\fP variable will be
searched to find the function definition when the function is referenced.
The same as
.BR typeset\ \-fu .
.TP
\f3bg\fP \*(OK \f2job\^\fP.\|.\|. \*(CK
This command is only on systems that support job control.
Puts each specified
.I job\^
into the background.
The current job is put in the background
if
.I job\^
is not specified.
See
.I Jobs
for a description of the format of
.IR job .
.TP
\(dg \f3break\fP \*(OK \f2n\^\fP \*(CK
Exit from the enclosing
.BR for\^ ,
.BR while\^ ,
.BR until\^ ,
or
.B select\^
loop, if any.
If
.I n\^
is specified, then break
.I n\^
levels.
.TP
\f3builtin\fP \*(OK \f3\-ds\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-f\fP \f2file\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2name\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
If
.I name\^
is not specified,
and no
.B \-f
option is specified,
the built-ins are printed on standard output.
The
.B \-s
option prints only the special built-ins.
Otherwise, each
.I name\^
represents the pathname whose basename is the name of the built-in.
The entry point function name is determined by prepending
.B b_
to the built-in name.
A built-in specified by a pathname will only be executed when that pathname
would be found during the path search.  Built-ins found in libraries loaded
via the
.B .paths
file will associate with the pathname of the directory containing the
.B .paths
file.
.IP
The ISO C/C++ prototype is
\f3b_\fP\f2mycommand\fP\f3(int\fP \f2argc\fP, \f3char *\fP\f2argv\fP\f3[]\fP, \f3void *\fP\f2context\fP\f3)\fP
for the builtin command
.I mycommand\^
where
.I argv\^
is array an of
.I argc\^
elements and context is an optional pointer to a
.B Shell_t
structure as described in
.BR <ast/shell.h> .
.IP
Special built-ins cannot be bound to a pathname or deleted.
The
.B \-d
option deletes each of the given built-ins.
On systems that support dynamic loading, the
.B \-f
option names a shared library containing the code for built-ins.
The shared library prefix and/or suffix, which depend on the system,
can be omitted.
Once a library is loaded, its symbols become available
for subsequent invocations of
.BR builtin .
Multiple libraries can be specified with separate invocations
of the
.B builtin
command.
Libraries are searched in the reverse order in which they are specified.
When a library is loaded, it looks for a function in the library
whose name is
.B lib_init()
and invokes this function with an argument of
.BR 0 .
.TP
.PD 0
\f3cd\fP \*(OK \f3\-L\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3-eP\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP \*(CK
.TP
\f3cd\fP \*(OK \f3\-L\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3-eP\fP \*(CK \f2old\^\fP \f2new\^\fP
.PD
This command can be in either of two forms.
In the first form it
changes the current directory to
.IR arg .
If
.I arg\^
is
.B \-
the directory is changed to the previous
directory.
The shell
variable
.B
.SM HOME
is the default
.IR arg .
The variable
.SM
.B PWD
is set to the current directory.
The shell variable
.B
.SM CDPATH
defines the search path for
the directory containing
.IR arg .
Alternative directory names are separated by
a colon
.RB ( : ).
The default path is
the empty string
(specifying the current directory).
Note that the current directory may be specified by a dot
.RB ( . )
or by an empty path name,
either of which can appear immediately after the equal sign
or between the colon delimiters anywhere else in the path list.
If
.I arg
begins with a \f3/\fP then the search path
is not used.
Otherwise, each directory in the path is
searched for
.IR arg .
.sp .5
The second form of
.B cd
substitutes the string
.I new
for the string
.I old
in the current directory name,
.BR PWD ,
and tries to change to this new directory.
.sp .5
By default, symbolic link names are treated literally when
finding the directory name.
This is equivalent to the
.B \-L
option.
The
.B \-P
option causes
symbolic links to be resolved when determining the directory.
The last instance of
.B \-L
or
.B \-P
on the command line
determines which method is used.
.sp .5
If
.B \-e
and
.B \-P
are both in effect and the correct
.BR PWD
could not be determined after successfully changing the directory,
.B cd
will return with exit status one and produce no output.
If any other error occurs while both flags are active,
the exit status is greater than one.
.sp .5
The
.B cd\^
command may not be executed by
.if \nZ=0 .B rsh\^.
.if \nZ=1 .B rksh\^.
.if \nZ=2 .B rksh93\^.
.TP
\f3command\fP \*(OK \f3\-pvxV\fP \*(CK \f2name\^\fP \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
With the
.B \-v
option,
.B command
is equivalent to the built-in
.B whence
command described below.
The
.B \-V
option causes
.B command
to act like
.BR "whence \-v" .
.IP
Without the
.B \-v
or
.B \-V
options,
.B command
executes
.I name\^
with the arguments given by
.IR arg .
Functions and aliases will not be searched for when finding
.IR name .
If
.I name\^
refers to a special built-in,
as marked with \fB\(dg\fR in this manual,
.B command
disables the special properties described above for that mark,
executing the command as a regular built-in.
(For example, using
.B "command set \-o"
.I "option-name"
prevents a script from terminating when an invalid
option name is given.)
.IP
The
.B \-p
option causes
the operating system's standard utilities path
(as output by \f3getconf PATH\fP) to be searched
rather than the one defined by the value of
.BR PATH .
.IP
The
.B \-x
option searches for
.I name\^
as an external command, bypassing built-ins.
If the arguments contain at least one word that expands to multiple arguments,
for example \f3*.txt\fP or \f3"$@"\fP, then the
.B \-x
option also allows executing external commands with argument lists that are
longer than the operating system allows. This functionality is similar to
.BR xargs (1)
but is easier to use. The shell does this by invoking the external command
multiple times if needed, dividing the expanded argument list over the
invocations. Any arguments that come before the first word that expands to
multiple arguments, as well as any that follow the last such word, are
repeated for each invocation. This allows
each invocation to use the same command options, as well as the same trailing
destination arguments for commands like
.BR cp (1)
or
.BR mv (1).
When all invocations are completed,
.B "command \-x"
exits with the status of the invocation that had the highest exit status.
(Note that
.B "command \-x"
may still fail with an "argument list too long" error if a single argument
exceeds the maximum length of the argument list, or if a long arguments
list contains no word that expands to multiple arguments.)
.TP
\(dd \f3compound\fP \f2vname\fP\*(OK\f3=\fP\f2value\^\fP\*(CK .\|.\|.
Causes each
.I vname\^
to be a compound variable.
The same as
.BR typeset\ \-C .
.TP
\(dg \f3continue\fP \*(OK \f2n\^\fP \*(CK
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing
.BR for\^ ,
.BR while\^ ,
.BR until\^ ,
or
.B select\^
loop.
If
.I n\^
is specified, then resume at the
.IR n -th
enclosing loop.
.TP
\f3disown\fP \*(OK \f2job\^\fP.\|.\|. \*(CK
Causes the shell not to send a HUP signal to
each given
.IR job ,
or all active jobs if
.I job
is omitted,
when a login shell terminates.
.TP
\f3echo\fP \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
When the first
.I arg\^
does not begin with a \-, and
none of the arguments contain a \e,
then
.B echo
prints each of its arguments separated by a space
and terminated by a new-line.
Otherwise, the behavior of
.B echo
is system dependent
and
.B print
or
.B printf
described below should be used.
See
.IR echo (1)
for usage and description.
.TP
\(dd \f3enum\fP \*(OK \f3\-i\fP \*(CK \f2type\^\fP\*(OK=(\f2value\^\fP .\|.\|.) \*(CK .\|.\|.
Creates, for each \f2type\^\fP specified,
an enumeration type declaration command named \f2type\^\fP.
Variables of the created type can only store any one of the \f2value\fPs given.
For example, \f3enum bool=(false true)\fP creates a Boolean variable
type of which variables may be declared like \f3bool x=true y=false\fP.
If \f3=(\fP\f2value\^\ .\|.\|.\|\fP\f3)\fP is
omitted, then \f2type\^\fP must be an indexed array variable with at
least two elements and the values are taken from this array variable.
If
.B -i
is specified the values are case-insensitive.
Declaration commands are created as special builtins that cannot be
removed or overridden by shell functions.
Each created declaration command has a \f3--man\fP option that
shows documentation on its type's behavior and possible values.
.RS
.PP
Within arithmetic expressions (see
.I "Arithmetic Evaluation"
above), enumeration type values translate to index numbers between 0 and the
number of defined values minus 1. It is an error for an arithmetic expression
to assign a value outside of that range. Decimal fractions are ignored.
Taking the \f3bool\fP type from the example above,
if a variable of this type is used in an arithmetic expression,
\f3false\fP translates to 0 and \f3true\fP to 1.
Enumeration values may also be used directly in an arithmetic expression
that refers to a variable of an enumeration type.
To continue our example, for a \f3bool\fP variable \f3v\fP,
\f3((v==true))\fP is the same as \f3((v==1))\fP
and if a variable named \f3true\fP exists, it is ignored.
.RE
.TP
\(dg \f3eval\fP \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
The arguments are read as input
to the shell
and the resulting command(s) executed.
.TP
\(dg \f3exec\fP \*(OK \f3\-c\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-a\fP \f2name\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
If
.I arg\^
is given,
the command specified by
the arguments is executed in place of this shell
without creating a new process.
The value of the
.SM
.B SHLVL
environment variable is decreased by one,
unless the shell replaced is a subshell.
The
.B \-c
option causes the environment to be cleared before applying
variable assignments associated with the
.B exec
invocation.
The
.B \-a
option
causes
.I name\^
rather than the first
.IR arg ,
to become
.B argv[0]
for the new process.
If
.I arg\^
is not given and only I/O redirections are given,
then this command persistently modifies file descriptors as in
.BR redirect.
.TP
\(dg \f3exit\fP \*(OK \f2n\^\fP \*(CK
Causes the shell to exit
with the exit status specified by
.IR n .
The value will be the least significant 8 bits of
.I n\^
(if specified) or of the exit status of the last command executed.
An end-of-file will also cause the shell to exit,
except for an interactive shell that has the
.B ignoreeof
option turned on (see
.B set
below).
.TP
\(dg\(dd \f3export\fP \*(OK \f3\-p\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2name\^\fP\*(OK\f3=\fP\f2value\^\fP\*(CK \*(CK .\|.\|.
If
.I name\^
is not given,
the names and values of each variable with
the export attribute are printed with the values
quoted in a manner that allows them to be re-input.
The
.B export
command is the same as
.B typeset \-x
except that if you use
.B export
within a function, no local
variable is created.
The
.B \-p
option
causes the word
.B export
to be inserted before each one.
Otherwise, the given
.IR name s
are marked for automatic
export to the
.I environment\^
of subsequently-executed commands.
.TP
\f3false\fP
Does nothing, and exits 1. Used with
.B until
for infinite loops.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3fc\fP \*(OK \f3\-e\fP \f2ename\^\fP \ \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-N\fP \f2num\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-nlr\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2first\^\fP \*(OK \f2last\^\fP \*(CK \*(CK
.TP
\f3fc \-s \fP \*(OK \f2old\fP\f3\=\fP\f2new\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2command\^\fP \*(CK
.PD
The same as
.BR hist .
.TP
\f3fg\fP \*(OK \f2job\^\fP.\|.\|. \*(CK
This command is only on systems that support job control.
Each
.I job\^
specified is brought to the foreground and waited for in
the specified order.
Otherwise, the current job is
brought into the foreground.
See
.I Jobs
for a description of the format of
.IR job .
.TP
\(dd \f3float\fP \f2vname\fP\*(OK\f3=\fP\f2value\^\fP\*(CK .\|.\|.
Declares each \f2vname\fP to be a long floating point number.
The same as
.BR typeset\ \-lE .
.TP
\f3functions\fP \*(OK \f3\-Stux\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2name\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
Lists functions.
The same as
.BR typeset\ \-f .
.TP
\f3getconf\fP \*(OK \f2name\^\fP \*(OK \f2pathname\^\fP \*(CK \*(CK
Prints the current value of the configuration parameter given by
.IR name .
The configuration parameters are defined by the IEEE POSIX 1003.1
and IEEE POSIX 1003.2 standards.
(See
.IR pathconf (2)
and
.IR sysconf (3).)
The
.I pathname
argument is required for parameters whose value depends on
the location in the file system.
If no arguments are given,
.B getconf
prints the names and values of the current configuration
parameters.
The pathname
.B /
is used for each of the parameters that requires
.IR pathname .
.TP
\f3getopts\fP \*(OK \f3\-a\fP \f2name\^\fP \*(CK \f2optstring vname\^\fP \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
Checks
.I arg
for legal options.
If
.I arg
is omitted,
the positional parameters are used.
An option argument begins with a
.B +
or a
.BR \- .
An option not beginning with
.B +
or
.B \-
or the argument
.B \-\|\-
ends the options.
Options beginning with
.B +
are only recognized when
.I optstring\^
begins with a
.BR + .
.I optstring\^
contains the letters that
.B getopts
recognizes.
If a letter is followed by a
.BR : ,
that option is expected to have an argument.
The options can be separated from the argument by blanks.
The option
.B \-?
causes
.B getopts
to generate a usage message on standard error.
The
.B \-a
argument can be used to specify the name to use for the
usage message, which defaults to
.BR $0 .
.sp .5
.B
getopts
places the next option letter it finds inside variable
.I vname\^
each time it is invoked.
The option letter will be prepended with a
.B +
when
.I arg
begins with a
.BR + .
The index of the next
.I arg
is stored in
.BR OPTIND .
The option argument,
if any,
gets stored in
.BR OPTARG .
.sp .5
A leading
.B :
in
.I optstring
causes
.B getopts
to store the letter of an invalid
option in
.BR OPTARG ,
and to set
.I vname
to
.B ?
for an unknown option and to
.B :
when a required option argument is missing.
Otherwise,
.B getopts
prints an error message.
The exit status is non-zero when there are no more options.
.sp .5
There is no way to specify any of the options
.BR : ,
.BR + ,
.BR \- ,
.BR ? ,
.BR [ ,
and
.BR ] .
The option
.B #
can only be specified as the first option.
.TP
\f3hash\fP \*(OK \f3\-r\fP \f2\^\fP\*(CK \*(OK \f3utility\^\fP \*(CK
.B hash
displays or modifies the hash table with the locations of recently used
programs. If given no arguments, it lists all command/path associations
(a.k.a. 'tracked aliases') in the hash table. Otherwise,
.B hash
performs a
.B PATH
search for each
.I utility\^
supplied and adds the result to the hash table.
The
.B \-r
option empties the hash table. This can also be achieved by resetting
.BR PATH.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3hist\fP \*(OK \f3\-e\fP \f2ename\^\fP \ \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-N\fP \f2num\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-nlr\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2first\^\fP \*(OK \f2last\^\fP \*(CK \*(CK
.TP
\f3hist \-s\fP \*(OK \f2old\fP\f3\=\fP\f2new\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2command\^\fP \*(CK
.PD
In the first form,
a range of commands from
.I first\^
to
.I last\^
is selected from the last
.SM
.B HISTSIZE
commands that were typed at the terminal.
The arguments
.I first\^
and
.I last\^
may be specified as a number or as a string.
A string is used to locate the most recent command starting with
the given string.
A negative number is used as an offset to the current command number.
If the
.B \-l
option
is selected,
the commands are listed on standard output.
Otherwise, the editor program
.I ename\^
is invoked on a file containing these
keyboard commands.
If
.I ename\^
is not supplied, then the value of the variable
.SM
.B HISTEDIT
is used.
If
.SM
.B HISTEDIT
is not set, then
.SM
.B FCEDIT
(default
.BR /bin/ed\^ )
is used as the editor.
When editing is complete, the edited command(s)
is executed if the changes have been saved.
If
.I last\^
is not specified,
then it will be set to
.IR first .
If
.I first\^
is not specified,
the default is the previous command
for editing and \-16 for listing.
The option
.B \-r
reverses the order of the commands and
the option
.B \-n
suppresses command numbers when listing.
In the second form,
.I command\^
is interpreted as
.I first\^
described above
and defaults to the last command executed.
The resulting command is executed
after the optional substitution
\f2old\^\fP\f3=\fP\f2new\^\fP
is performed.
The option
.B \-N
causes
.BR hist
to start
.I num
commands back.
.TP
\(dd \f3integer\fP \f2vname\fP\*(OK\f3=\fP\f2value\^\fP\*(CK .\|.\|.
Declares each \f2vname\fP to be a long integer number.
The same as
.BR typeset\ \-li .
.TP
\f3jobs\fP \*(OK \f3\-lnp\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2job\^\fP \.\|.\|. \*(CK
Lists information about each given job; or all active jobs if
.I job
is omitted.
The
.B \-l
option lists process IDs in addition to the normal information.
The
.B \-n
option only displays jobs that have stopped or exited since last
notified.
The
.B \-p
option causes only the process group to be listed.
See
.I Jobs
for a description of the format of
.IR job .
.TP
.PD 0
\f3kill\fP \*(OK \f3\-s\fP \f2signame\^\fP \*(CK \f2job\^\fP .\|.\|.
.TP
.PD 0
\f3kill\fP \*(OK \f3\-n\fP \f2signum\^\fP \*(CK \f2job\^\fP .\|.\|.
.TP
\f3kill\fP \f3\-Ll\fP \*(OK \f2sig\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
.PD
Sends either the TERM (terminate) signal or the
specified signal to the specified jobs or processes.
Signals are either given by number with the
.B \-n
option or by name with the
.B \-s
option
(as given in
.BR <signal.h> ,
stripped of the prefix ``SIG''.
For backward compatibility, the
.B n
and
.B s
can be omitted and the number or name placed immediately
after the
.BR \- .
If the signal being sent is TERM (terminate) or HUP (hangup),
then the job or process will be sent a CONT (continue) signal
if it is stopped.
The argument
.I job\^
can be the process ID of a process that is not a member of one of the
active jobs.
See
.I Jobs
for a description of the format of
.IR job .
In the third form,
.B "kill \-l"
or
.BR "kill \-L" ,
if
.I sig\^
is not specified,
the signal names are listed.
The
.B \-l
option lists only the signal names.
The
.B \-L
option lists each signal name and corresponding number.
Otherwise, for each
.I sig\^
that is a name, the corresponding signal number is listed.
For each
.I sig\^
that is a number, the signal name corresponding to the
least significant 8 bits of
.I sig\^
is listed.
.TP
\f3let\fP \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|.
Each
.I arg
is a separate
.I "arithmetic expression"
to be evaluated.
.B let
only recognizes octal numbers starting with
.B 0
when the
.B set
option
.B letoctal
is on.
See
.I "Arithmetic Evaluation"
above for a description of arithmetic expression evaluation.
.sp .5
The exit status is
0 if the value of the last expression
is non-zero, and 1 otherwise.
.TP
\(dd \f3nameref\fP \f2vname\fP\*(OK\f3=\fP\f2refname\^\fP\*(CK .\|.\|.
Declares each \f2vname\fP to be a variable name reference.
The same as
.BR typeset\ \-n .
.TP
\f3print\fP \*(OK \f3\-CRenprsv\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-u\fP \f2unit \^\fP\*(CK \*(OK \f3\-f\fP \f2format\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
With no options or with option
.B \-
or
.BR \-\|\- ,
each
.I arg
is printed
on standard output.
The
.B \-f
option causes the arguments to be printed as
described by
.BR printf .
In this case, any
.BR e ,
.BR n ,
.BR r ,
.B R
options are ignored.
Otherwise,
unless the
.BR \-C ,
.BR \-R ,
.BR \-r ,
or
.B \-v
are specified, the following
escape conventions will be applied:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
.B \ea
The alert character (ASCII
.BR 07 ).
.TP
.B \eb
The backspace character (ASCII
.BR 010 ).
.TP
.B \ec
Causes
.B print
to end without processing more arguments and
not adding a new-line.
.TP
.B \ef
The formfeed character (ASCII
.BR 014 ).
.TP
.B \en
The newline character (ASCII
.BR 012 ).
.TP
.B \er
The carriage return character (ASCII
.BR 015 ).
.TP
.B \et
The tab character (ASCII
.BR 011 ).
.TP
.B \ev
The vertical tab character (ASCII
.BR 013 ).
.TP
.B \eE
The escape character (ASCII
.BR 033 ).
.TP
.B \e\e
The backslash character \e.
.TP
.BI \e0 x
The character defined by the 1, 2, or 3-digit octal
string given by \fIx\fP.
.PD
.PP
The
.B \-R
option will print all subsequent arguments and options
other than
.BR \-n .
The
.B \-e
causes the above escape conventions to be applied.
This is the default behavior.
It reverses the effect of an earlier
.BR \-r .
The
.B \-p
option causes the
arguments to be written onto the pipe
of the process spawned with
.B |&
instead of standard output.
The
.B \-v
option treats each
.I arg\^
as a variable name and writes the value in
the
.B printf
.B %B
format.
The
.B \-C
option treats each
.I arg\^
as a variable name and writes the value in
the
.B printf
.B %#B
format.
The
.B \-s
option causes the
arguments to be written onto the history file
instead of standard output.
The
.B \-u
option can be used to specify a one digit
file descriptor unit number
.I unit\^
on which the
output will be placed.
The default is 1.
If the option
.B \-n
is used, no
.B new-line\^
is added to the output.
.RE
.TP
\f3printf\fP \*(OK \f3\-v\fP \f2vname\fP \*(CK \f2format\^\fP \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
The arguments
.I arg\^
are printed on standard output
in accordance with the ANSI C
formatting rules associated with the format string
.IR format .
If the number of arguments exceeds the number of
format specifications, the
.B format\^
string is reused to format remaining arguments.
The following extensions can also be used:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
.B %b
A
.B %b
format can be used instead of
.B %s
to cause escape sequences in the corresponding
.I arg\^
to be expanded as described in
.BR print.
.TP
.B %B
A
.B %B
option causes each of the arguments to be treated
as variable names and the binary value of variable
will be printed.
The alternate flag
.B #
causes a compound variable to be output on a single line.
This is most useful for compound variables and variables whose attribute
is
.BR \-b .
.TP
.B %H
A
.B %H
format can be used instead of
.B %s
to cause characters in
.I arg\^
that are special in HTML and XML
to be output as their entity name.
The alternate flag
.B #
formats the output for use as a URI.
.TP
.B %p
A
.B %p
format will convert the given number to hexadecimal.
.TP
.B %P
A
.B %P
format can be used instead of
.B %s
to cause
.I arg\^
to be interpreted as an extended regular
expression and be printed as a shell pattern.
.TP
.B %q
A
.B %q
format can be used instead of
.B %s
to cause the resulting string to be quoted in a manner than can
be reinput to the shell.
When
.B q
is preceded by the alternative format specifier,
.BR # ,
the string is quoted in manner suitable as a field in a
.B .csv
format file.
.TP
.BI %( date-format )T
A
.BI %( date-format )T
format can be used to treat an argument as a date/time string
and to format the date/time according to the
.IR date-format .
.TP
.B %Q
A
.B %Q
format will convert the given number of seconds to readable time.
.TP
.B %R
A
.B %R
format can be used instead of
.B %s
to cause
.I arg\^
to be interpreted as a shell pattern
and to be printed as an extended regular expression.
.TP
.B %Z
A
.B %Z
format will output a byte whose value is 0.
.TP
.B %d
The precision field of the
.B %d
format can be followed by a
.B .
and the output base.
In this case, the
.B #
flag character causes
.IB base #
to be prepended.
When an output base is specified without giving a precision (e.g.
.BR %..2d ),
the precision defaults to 1 instead of 0.
.TP
.B #
The
.B #
flag, when used with the
.B %d
format without an output base,
displays the output in powers of 1000 indicated by one of the
following suffixes:
.BR "k M G T P E" ,
and when used with the
.B %i
format displays the output in powers of 1024 indicated by one of
the following suffixes:
.BR "Ki Mi Gi Ti Pi Ei" .
.TP
.B =
The
.B =
flag centers the output within the specified field width.
.TP
.B L
The
.B L
flag, when used with the
.B %c
or
.B %s
formats, treats precision as character width instead of byte count.
.TP
.B ,
The
.B ,
flag, when used with the
.B %d
or
.B %f
formats, separates groups of digits with the grouping delimiter
.RB  ( ,
on groups of 3 in the C locale).
.PD
.PP
The \f3\-v\fP option assigns the output directly to a variable instead of
writing it to standard output. This is faster than capturing the output using a
command substitution and avoids the latter's stripping of final linefeed
characters (\fB\\n\fR). The \f2vname\fP argument should be a valid variable
name, optionally with one or more array subscripts in square brackets.
Note that square brackets should be quoted to avoid pathname expansion.
.RE

.TP
\f3pwd\fP \*(OK \f3\-LP\fP \*(CK
Outputs the value of the current working
directory.
The
.B \-L
option is the default; it prints the logical name of the current directory.
If the
.B \-P
option is given,
all symbolic links are resolved from the name.
The last instance of
.B \-L
or
.B \-P
on the command line
determines which method is used.
.TP
\f3read\fP \*(OK \f3\-ACSaprsv\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-d\fP \f2delim \^\fP\*(CK \*(OK \f3\-n\fP \f2n \^\fP\*(CK \*(OK \f3\-N\fP \f2n \^\fP\*(CK \*(OK \f3\-t\fP \f2timeout \^\fP\*(CK \*(OK \f3\-u\fP \f2unit \^\fP\*(CK \*(OK \f2vname\f3?\f2prompt\^\f1 \*(CK \*(OK \f2vname\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
The shell input mechanism.
One line is read and
is broken up into fields using the characters in
.B
.SM IFS
as separators.
The escape character,
.BR \e ,
is used to remove any special meaning for the next
character and for line continuation.
The first
field is assigned to the first
.IR vname ,
the second field
to the second
.IR vname ,
etc., with leftover fields assigned to the last
.IR vname .
If
.I vname\^
is omitted, then
.SM
.B REPLY
is used as the default
.IR vname .
When
.IR vname
has the binary attribute and
.B \-n
or
.B \-N
is specified, the bytes that are read are stored directly
into the variable.
If you append \f3?\fP\f2prompt\fP to the first
.IR vname\^ ,
then
.B read\^
will display
.I prompt\^
on standard error before reading if standard input is a terminal or pipe; the
.B ?\^
should be quoted to protect it from pathname expansion.
The exit status is 0 unless an end-of-file is encountered or
.B read
has timed out.
The options for the
.B read\^
command have meaning as follows:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP 8
.B \-A
Causes the variable
.I vname\^
to be unset and each field that is read to be stored in
successive elements of the indexed array
.IR vname.
.TP 8
.B \-C
Causes the variable
.I vname\^
to be read as a compound variable.  Blanks will be ignored when
finding the beginning open parenthesis.
.TP 8
.B \-N
Causes
.I n\^
bytes to be read unless an end-of-file has been encountered or
the read times out because of the
.B \-t
option.
.TP 8
.B \-S
Causes the line to be treated like a record in a
.B .csv
format file so that double quotes can be used to allow the delimiter
character and the new-line character to appear within a field.
.TP 8
.B \-a
Same as
.BR \-A .
.TP 8
.B \-d
Causes the read to continue to the first character of
.I delim\^
instead of the newline control character.
Multibyte characters for
.I delim\^
are not supported.
.TP 8
.B \-n
Causes at most
.I n\^
bytes to be read instead of a full line,
but will return when reading from a slow device
as soon as any characters have been read.
.TP 8
.B \-p
Input is read from the current co-process spawned by the shell using
.BR \(bv& .
An end-of-file causes
.B read\^
to disconnect the co-process so that another can be created.
.TP 8
.B \-r
Raw mode. The
.B \e
character is not treated specially.
.TP 8
.B \-s
The input will be saved as a command in the history file.
.TP 8
.B \-t
Used to specify a timeout in
seconds when reading from a terminal or pipe.
.TP 8
.B \-u
This option can be used to specify a one-digit file
descriptor unit
.I unit\^
to read from.
The file descriptor can be opened with the
.B exec\^
or
.B redirect\^
built-in command.
If
.I unit\^
is
.BR p ,
input is read from the current co-process as with the
.B \-p
option.
The default value of
.I unit\^
is 0.
.TP 8
.B \-v
The value of the first
.I vname\^
will be used as a default value when reading from a terminal device.
.RE

.TP
\(dg\(dd \f3readonly\fP \*(OK \f3\-p\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2vname\fP\*(OK\f3=\fP\f2value\^\fP\*(CK \*(CK .\|.\|.
If
.I vname\^
is not given,
the names and values of each variable with
the read-only attribute is printed with the values
quoted in a manner that allows them to be re-input.
The
.B \-p
option
causes the word
.B readonly
to be inserted before each one.
Otherwise, the given
.IR vname s
are marked
read-only and these
names cannot be changed
by subsequent assignment.
Unlike
.B typeset\ -r ,
.B readonly
does not create a function-local scope and the given
.IR vname s
are marked globally read-only by default.
When defining a type, if the value of a read-only subvariable is not defined,
the value is required when creating each instance.

.TP
\f3redirect\fP
This command only accepts input/output redirections.
It can open and close files and modify file descriptors from
.B 0
to
.B 9
as specified by the input/output redirection list (see the
.I Input/Output\^
section above),
with the difference that the effect persists past the execution of the
.B redirect
command.
When invoking another program, file descriptors greater than
.B 2
that were opened with this mechanism are only passed on if they are explicitly
redirected to themselves as part of the invocation (e.g. \fB4>&4\fR)
or if the \fBposix\fR option is set.

.TP
\(dg \f3return\fP \*(OK \f2n\^\fP \*(CK
Causes a shell function, dot script (see \f3\|.\fP and \f3source\fP),
or profile script to return to the invoking shell environment with the
exit status specified by
.IR n .
This status value can use the full signed integer range as shown by the
commands \f3getconf INT_MIN\fP and \f3getconf INT_MAX\fP. A value
outside that range will produce a warning and an exit status of 128.
If
.I n\^
is omitted, then the value of \f3$?\fP is assumed, i.e., the exit
status of the last command executed is passed on.
If
.B return
is invoked while not in a function, dot script, or profile script,
then it behaves the same as
.BR exit .

.TP
\(dg \f3set\fP \*(OK \f3\(+-BCGHabefhkmnprstuvx\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\(+-o\fP \*(OK \f2option\^\fP \*(CK \*(CK .\|.\|. \*(OK \f3\(+-A\fP \f2vname\^\fP \*(CK  \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
The options for this command have meaning as follows:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP 8
.B \-A
Array assignment.
Unset the variable
.I vname
and assign values sequentially from the
.I arg\^
list.
If
.B +A
is used, the variable
.I vname
is not unset first.
.TP 8
.B \-B
Enable brace group expansion. On by default, except
if ksh is invoked as \fBsh\fR or \fBrsh\fR.
.TP 8
.B \-C
Prevents redirection
.B >
from truncating existing files.
Files that are created are opened with the O_EXCL mode.
Requires
.B >|
to truncate a file when turned on.
.TP 8
.B \-G
Enables recursive pathname expansion.
This adds the double-star pattern
.B **
to the pathname expansion (see
.I "Pathname Expansion\^"
above).
By itself, it matches the recursive contents of the current directory,
which is to say, all files and directories in the current directory
and in all its subdirectories, sub-subdirectories, and so on.
If the pathname pattern ends in
.BR **/ ,
only directories and subdirectories are matched,
including symbolic links that point to directories.
A prefixed directory name is not included in the results unless that
directory was itself found by a pattern. For example,
.B dir/**
matches the recursive contents of
.B dir
but not
.B dir
itself, whereas
.B di[r]/**
matches both
.B dir
itself and the recursive contents of
.BR dir .
Symbolic links to non-directories are not followed.
Symbolic links to directories are followed if they are specified literally
or match a pattern as described under
.IR "Pathname Expansion\^" ,
but not if they result from a double-star pattern.
.TP 8
.B \-H
Enable \f3!\fP-style history expansion similar to
.IR csh (1).
See \f2History Expansion\fP above.
.
.TP 8
.B \-a
All variables that are assigned a value while this option is on
are automatically exported, unless they have a dot in their name.
Variables created in namespaces declared with the
.B namespace
keyword (see
.I Name Spaces
above) are only exported while their name space is active.
.TP 8
.B \-b
Prints job completion messages as soon as a background job changes
state rather than waiting for the next prompt.
If one of the shell line editors is in use (see
.I In-line Editing Options
above), the completion message is inserted directly above the
command line being typed.
.TP 8
.B \-e
Unless contained in a
.B ||
or
.B &&
command, or the command following an
.B if
.B while
or
.B until
command or in the pipeline following
.BR ! ,
if a command has a non-zero exit status,
execute the
.SM
.B ERR
trap, if set,
and exit.
This mode is disabled while reading profiles.
.TP 8
.B \-f
Disables pathname expansion.
.TP 8
.B \-h
Obsolete; no effect.
.TP 8
.B \-k
All variable assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a command,
not just those that precede the command name.
.TP 8
.B \-m
Background jobs will run in a separate process group
and a line will print upon completion.
The exit status of background jobs is reported in a completion message.
A pipeline will not terminate until all component commands of the pipeline
have terminated.
On systems with job control,
this option is turned on automatically for
interactive shells.
.TP 8
.B \-n
Read commands and check them for syntax errors, but do not execute them.
Ignored for interactive shells.
.TP 8
.B \-o
The following argument can be one of the following option names:
.RS
.TP 8
.B allexport
Same as
.BR \-a .
.TP 8
.B backslashctrl
The backslash character
.B \\\\
escapes the next control character in the
.B emacs
built-in editor and the next
.I erase
or
.I kill
character in the
.B vi
built-in editor.
On by default.
.TP 8
.B bgnice
All background jobs are run at a lower priority.
This is the default mode.
.TP 8
.B braceexpand
Same as
.BR \-B .
.TP 8
.B emacs
Activates the
.IR emacs -style
command line editor.
See
.I "Emacs Editing Mode\^"
above.
.TP 8
.B errexit
Same as
.BR \-e .
.TP 8
.B functrace
Causes the
.B \-x
option's state and the
.B DEBUG
trap action to be inherited by functions defined using the
.B function
keyword (see
.I "Functions\^"
above) instead of being reset to default.
Changes made to them within the function
do not propagate back to the parent scope.
Similarly, this option also causes the
.B DEBUG
trap action to be inherited by subshells.
.TP 8
.B globcasedetect
When this option is turned on, globbing (see
.I "Pathname Expansion\^"
above) and
file name listing and completion (see
.I "In-line Editing Options\^"
above) automatically become case-insensitive on file systems where the
difference between upper- and lowercase is ignored for file names. This is
transparently determined for each directory, so a path pattern that spans
multiple file systems can be part case-sensitive and part case-insensitive.
In more precise terms, each slash-separated path name component pattern \fIp\fR
is treated as \fB~(i:\fR\fIp\fR\fB)\fR
if its parent directory exists on a case-insensitive file system.
This option is only present on operating systems that support
case-insensitive file systems.
.TP 8
.B globstar
Same as
.BR \-G .
.TP 8
.B gmacs
Activates the
.IR emacs -style
command line editor with modified
.BR ^T .
See
.I "Emacs Editing Mode\^"
above.
.TP 8
.B histexpand
Same as
.BR \-H .
.TP 8
.B histreedit
If a history expansion (see
.BR \-H )
fails, the command line is reloaded
into the next prompt's edit buffer, allowing corrections.
.TP 8
.B histverify
The results of a history expansion (see
.BR \-H )
are not immediately executed.
Instead, the expanded line is loaded into the next prompt's edit buffer,
allowing further changes.
.TP 8
.B ignoreeof
An interactive shell will not exit on end-of-file.
The command
.B exit
must be used.
.TP 8
.B keyword
Same as
.BR \-k .
.TP 8
.B letoctal
The
.B let
command allows octal numbers starting with
.BR 0 .
On by default if ksh is invoked as \fBsh\fR or \fBrsh\fR.
.TP 8
.B markdirs
All directory names resulting from pathname expansion have a trailing
.B /
appended.
.TP 8
.B monitor
Same as
.BR \-m .
.TP 8
.B multiline
The built-in editors will use multiple lines on the screen for lines
that are longer than the width of the screen.  This may not work
for all terminals.
The shell uses the system default
.BR tput (1)
command to obtain the terminal escape codes for the necessary operations.
Multi-line editing is disabled if this fails.
On most systems, setting the
.B TERM
variable to your terminal's type and exporting it corrects this situation.
The
.B multiline
option is ineffectual on systems whose
.BR tput (1)
command supports neither
.BR terminfo (5)
nor
.BR termcap (5)
capability names.
.TP 8
.B noclobber
Same as
.BR \-C .
.TP 8
.B noexec
Same as
.BR \-n .
.TP 8
.B noglob
Same as
.BR \-f .
.TP 8
.B nolog
Obsolete; has no effect.
.TP 8
.B notify
Same as
.BR \-b .
.TP 8
.B nounset
Same as
.BR \-u .
.TP 8
.B pipefail
The exit status of the entire pipeline will be that of the last component
command that exited with a non-zero exit status, or zero if no command
exited with a non-zero exit status.
The shell will wait for all component commands of the pipeline to terminate,
instead of only waiting for the last component command.
.TP 8
.B posix
Enables the POSIX standard mode for maximum compatibility with other compliant
shells. At the moment that the \fBposix\fR option is turned on, it also turns
on \fBletoctal\fR and turns off \fB\-B\fR/\fBbraceexpand\fR; the reverse is
done when \fBposix\fR is turned back off. (These options can still be
controlled independently in between.) Furthermore, the \fBposix\fR option
is automatically turned on upon invocation if the shell is invoked as \fBsh\fR
or \fBrsh\fR, or if \fB\-o posix\fR or \fB\-\-posix\fR is specified on the
shell invocation command line, or when executing scripts without a \fB#!\fR path
with this option active in the invoking shell. In that case, the invoked shell
will not import type attributes for variables (such as integer or left/right
justify) from the environment.
.RS 8
.PP
In addition, while on, the \fBposix\fR option
.IP \[bu] 3
disables exporting variable type attributes to the environment for other ksh
processes to import;
.IP \[bu]
disallows brace expansion on the results of unquoted expansions
(if the \fB\-B\fR/\fBbraceexpand\fR option is turned back on);
.IP \[bu]
disables the special handling of repeated
.I isspace
class characters in the
.B IFS
variable;
.IP \[bu]
causes file descriptors > 2 to be left open when invoking another program;
.IP \[bu]
disables the \fB&>\fR redirection shorthand;
.IP \[bu]
disables fast filescan loops of type
\f3while\fP \f2inputredirection\^\fP \f3;do\fP \f2list\^\fP \f3;done\fP;
.IP \[bu]
makes the \fB<>\fR redirection operator default to redirecting standard input
if no file descriptor number precedes it;
.IP \[bu]
causes the shell to use a standard UNIX
.IR pipe (2)
instead of a
.IR socketpair (2)
to connect commands in a pipeline
(when reading directly from a pipeline, the
.BI <# pattern
and
.BI <## pattern
redirection operators will not work and the
.B -n
option to the
.B read
built-in will not return early when reading from a slow device);
.IP \[bu]
disables the special floating point constants \fBInf\fR and \fBNaN\fR in
arithmetic evaluation so that, e.g., \fB$((inf))\fR and \fB$((nan))\fR refer
to the variables by those names;
.IP \[bu]
enables the recognition of a leading zero as introducing an octal number in
all arithmetic evaluation contexts, except in the \fBlet\fR built-in while
\fBletoctal\fR is off;
.IP \[bu]
disables zero-padding of seconds in the output of the
.B time
and
.B times
built-ins;
.IP \[bu]
stops the \fB.\fR command (but not \fBsource\fR) from looking up functions
defined with the \fBfunction\fR syntax;
.IP \[bu]
disables the recognition of unexpanded shell arithmetic expressions for the
numerical conversion specifiers of the
.B printf
built-in command, causing them to print a warning for operands that are not
valid decimal, \fB0x\fR-prefixed hexadecimal or \fB0\fR-prefixed octal numbers;
.IP \[bu]
disables the special handling of \f3/dev/fd/\fP\f2n\fP in file existence and
access test operators in \fBtest\fR/\fB[\fR and \fB[[\fR, causing these to
operate on the file \f3/dev/fd/\fP\f2n\fP in the file system;
.IP \[bu]
disables the recognition of unexpanded shell arithmetic expressions in the
numerical comparison operators
.BR \-eq ,
.BR \-ne ,
.BR \-gt ,
.BR \-ge ,
.B \-lt
and
.B \-le
of the \fBtest\fR/\fB[\fR built-in command, causing them to accept only
decimal numbers as operands;
.IP \[bu]
changes the \fBtest\fR/\fB[\fR built-in command to make its deprecated
\fIexpr1\fR \fB-a\fR \fIexpr2\fR and \fIexpr1\fR \fB-o\fR \fIexpr2\fR operators
work even if \fIexpr1\fR equals "\fB!\fR" or "\fB(\fR" (which means the
nonstandard unary \fB-a\fR \fIfile\fR and \fB-o\fR \fIoption\fR operators
cannot be directly negated using \fB!\fR or wrapped in parentheses);
and
.IP \[bu]
disables a hack that makes \fBtest -t\fR (\fB[ -t ]\fR) equivalent to
\fBtest -t 1\fR (\fB[ -t 1 ]\fR).
.RE
.TP 8
.B privileged
Same as
.BR \-p .
.TP 8
.B showme
When enabled, simple commands or pipelines preceded by a semicolon
.RB ( ; )
will be displayed as if the
.B xtrace
option were enabled but will not be executed.
Otherwise, the leading
.B ;
will be ignored.
.TP 8
.B trackall
Same as
.BR \-h .
.TP 8
.B verbose
Same as
.BR \-v .
.TP 8
.B vi
Activates the
.IR vi -style
command line editor, initially in input mode.
See
.I "Vi Editing Mode\^"
above.
.TP 8
.B viraw
Obsolete; has no effect.
.TP 8
.B xtrace
Same as
.BR \-x .
.PD
.PP
If no option name is supplied, then the current option settings are printed.
.RE
.TP 8
.B \-p
Disables processing of the
.B \s-1$HOME\s+1/.profile
file and uses the file
.B /etc/suid_profile
instead of the
.SM
.B ENV
file.
This mode is on whenever the effective UID (GID)
is not equal to the real UID (GID).
Turning this off causes the effective UID and GID to be
set to the real UID and GID.
.PD 0
.TP 8
.B \-r
Enables the restricted shell.  This option cannot be unset
once set.
.TP 8
.B \-s
Sort the positional parameters lexicographically.
.TP 8
.B \-t
(Obsolete).  Exit after reading and executing one command.
.TP 8
.B \-u
Treat unset parameters as an error when substituting.
.B "$@"
and
.B "$*"
are exempt.
.TP 8
.B \-v
Print shell input lines as they are read.
.TP 8
.B \-x
Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
.TP 8
.B \-\|\-
Do not change any of the options; useful in setting
.B $1
to a value beginning with
.BR \- .
If no arguments follow this option then the positional parameters are unset.
.PD
.PP
As an obsolete feature,
if the first
.I arg\^
is
.B \-
then the
.B \-x
and
.B \-v
options are turned off and the next
.I arg
is treated as the first argument.
Using
.B \+
rather than
.B \-
causes these options to be turned off.
These options can also be used upon invocation of the shell.
The current set of options may be found in
.BR $\- .
Unless
.B \-A
is specified,
the remaining arguments are positional
parameters and are assigned, in order, to
.B $1
.B $2
\&.\|.\|.\^.
If no arguments are given, then the names and values
of all variables are printed on the standard output.
.RE
.TP
\(dg \f3shift\fP \*(OK \f2n\^\fP \*(CK
.br
The positional parameters from
\f3$\fP\f2n\fP\f3+1\fP
\&.\|.\|.
are renamed
.B $1
\&.\|.\|.\^
, default
.I n\^
is 1.
The parameter
.I n\^
can be any arithmetic expression that evaluates to a non-negative
number less than or equal to
.BR $# .
.TP
\f3sleep\fP \*(OK \f3\-s\^\fP \*(CK \f2duration\^\fP
Suspends execution for the number of decimal seconds or fractions of a
second given by
.IR duration .
.I duration
can be an integer, floating point value or ISO 8601 duration specifying
the length of time to sleep.
The option
.B \-s
causes the sleep builtin to terminate when it receives any signal.
If
.I duration
is not specified in conjunction with
.BR \-s ,
.BR sleep
will wait for a signal indefinitely.
.TP
\f3source\fP \f2name\^\fP \*(OK \f2arg\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
Same as
.BR \|.\^ ,
except it is not treated as a special built-in command.
.TP
\f3stop\fP \f2job\^\fP .\|.\|.
Sends a
.B SIGSTOP
signal to one or more processes specified by
.IR job ,
suspending them until they receive
.BR SIGCONT .
The same as
.BR kill\ -s\ STOP .
.TP
\f3suspend\fP
Sends a
.B SIGSTOP
signal to the main shell process, suspending the script
or child shell session until it receives
.B SIGCONT
(for instance, when typing
.B fg
in the parent shell). Equivalent to
.BR kill\ -s\ STOP\ "$$" ,
except that it accepts no operands and refuses to suspend a login shell.
.TP
\f3test\fP \f2expression\fP
The \f3test\fP and \f3[\fP commands execute conditional expressions similar
to those specified for the \f3[[\fP compound command under
.I Conditional Expressions
above, but with several important differences. The \f3=\fP, \f3==\fP and
\f3!=\fP operators test for string (in)equality without pattern matching;
\f3==\fP is nonstandard and unportable. The \f3&&\fP and \f3||\fP operators are
not available. Instead, the \f3-a\fP and \f3-o\fP binary operators can be
used, but they are fraught with pitfalls due to grammatical ambiguities and
therefore deprecated in favor of invoking separate \f3test\fP commands. Most
importantly, as \f3test\fP and \f3[\fP are simple regular commands, field
splitting and pathname expansion \f2are\fP performed on all their
arguments and all aspects of regular shell grammar (such as redirection)
remain active. This is usually harmful, so care must be taken to quote
arguments and expansions to avoid this. To avoid the many pitfalls
arising from these issues, the \f3[[\fP compound command should be used
instead. The primary purpose of the \f3test\fP and \f3[\fP commands is
compatibility with other shells that lack \f3[[\fP.
.RS
.PP
The \f3test\fP/\f3[\fP command does not parse options except if there are
two arguments and the second is \f3\-\-\fP. To access the inline documentation
with an option such as \f3\-\-man\fP, you need one of the forms
.B test\ \-\-man\ \-\-
or
.BR [\ \-\-man\ \-\-\ ] .
.RE
.TP
\f3times\fP
Displays the accumulated user and system CPU times, one line with the times
used by the shell and another with those used by all of the shell's child
processes. No options are supported.
Seconds are zero-padded unless the
.B posix
shell option is on.
.TP
\(dg \f3trap\fP \*(OK \f3\-p\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2action\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2sig\^\fP \*(CK .\|.\|.
The
.B \-p
option causes the trap
action associated with each trap as specified by the arguments
to be printed with appropriate quoting.
Otherwise,
.I action\^
will be processed as if it were an argument to
.B eval
when the shell
receives signal(s)
.IR sig .
Each
.I sig\^
can be given as a number or as the name of the signal.
Trap commands are executed in order of signal number.
Any attempt to set a trap on a signal that
was ignored on entry to the current shell
is ineffective.
If
.I action\^
is omitted and the first
.I sig\^
is a number, or if
.I action\^
is
.BR \- ,
then the trap(s) for each
.I sig\^
are reset
to their original values.
If
.I action\^
is the empty string,
then this signal is ignored by the shell and by the commands
it invokes.
If
.I sig\^
is
.SM
.B ERR
then
.I action\^
will be executed whenever a command has a non-zero exit status.
If
.I sig\^
is
.SM
.B DEBUG
then
.I action\^
will be executed before each command.
The variable
.B .sh.command
will contain the current command line
when
.I action\^
is running, in the same format as the output generated by the
.B xtrace
option (minus the preceding
.B PS4
prompt).
If the exit status of the trap is
.B 2
the command will not be executed.
If the exit status of the trap is
.B 255
and inside a function or a dot script,
the function or dot script will return.
If
.I sig\^
is
.B 0
or
.SM
.B EXIT
and the
.B trap
statement is executed inside the body of a function defined with the
.B function
.I name\^
syntax,
then the command
.I action\^
is executed
after the function completes.
If
.I sig\^
is
.B 0
or
.SM
.B EXIT
for a
.B trap
set outside any function
then the command
.I action\^
is executed
on exit from the shell.
If
.I sig\^
is
.BR KEYBD ,
then
.I action\^
will be executed whenever a key is read
while in
.BR emacs ,
.BR gmacs ,
or
.B vi\^
mode.
The
.B trap
command
with no arguments prints a list
of commands associated with each signal number.
.PP
An
.B exit
or
.B return
without an argument in a trap action will
preserve the exit status of the command that invoked the trap.
.TP
\f3true\fP
Does nothing, and exits 0. Used with
.B while
for infinite loops.
.TP
\f3type\fP \*(OK \f3\-afpPqt\fP \*(CK \f2name\^\fP .\|.\|.
The same as
.BR whence\ \-v .
.TP
\(dg\(dd \f3typeset\fP \*(OK \f3\(+-ACHSbflmnprstux\^\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\(+-EFLRXZi\*(OK\f2n\^\fP\*(CK \*(CK   \*(OK \f3\+-M  \*(OK \f2mapname\fP \*(CK \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-T  \*(OK \f2tname\fP=(\f2assign_list\fP) \*(CK \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-h \f2str\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f3\-a\fP \*(OK \f2\*(OKtype\*(CK\fP \*(CK \*(CK \*(OK \f2vname\^\fP\*(OK\f3=\fP\f2value\^\fP \*(CK \^ \*(CK .\|.\|.
Sets attributes and values for shell variables and functions.
When invoked inside a function defined with the
.B function
.I name\^
syntax,
a new instance of the variable
.I vname\^
is created,
and the variable's value and type are restored
when the function completes.
The following list of attributes may be specified:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
.B \-A
Declares
.I vname\^
to be an associative array.
Subscripts are strings rather than arithmetic
expressions.
.TP
.B \-C
Causes each
.I vname\^
to be a compound variable. If
.I value\^
names a compound variable, it is copied into
.IR vname .
Otherwise, the empty compound value is assigned to
.IR vname .
.TP
.B \-a
Declares
.I vname\^
to be an indexed array. This is the default.
Subscripts are numerical and start at 0.
To make it possible to use alphanumeric enumeration constants of a given type
as subscripts, an option value of the form \f3\*(OK\fP\f2type\fP\f3\*(CK\fP
can be specified (including the surrounding square brackets), which should be
quoted to avoid pathname expansion), where
.I type\^
must be the name of an enumeration
type created with the
.B enum
command.
.TP
.B \-E
Declares
.I vname\^
to be a double precision floating point number.
If
.I n\^
is non-zero, it defines the number of significant figures
that are used when expanding
.IR vname .
Otherwise, ten significant figures will be used.
.TP
.B \-F
Declares
.I vname\^
to be a double precision floating point number.
If
.I n\^
is non-zero, it defines the number of places after the
decimal point that are used when expanding
.IR vname .
Otherwise ten places after the decimal point will be used.
.TP
.B \-H
This option provides UNIX to host-name file mapping on non-UNIX
machines.
.TP
.B \-L
Left justify and remove leading blanks from
.IR value .
If
.I n\^
is non-zero, it defines the width
of the field,
otherwise it is determined by the width of the value of
first assignment.
When the variable is assigned to, it is
filled on the right with blanks or truncated, if necessary, to
fit into the field.
The
.B \-R
option is turned off.
.TP
.B \-M
Use the character mapping
.I mapping\^
defined by
.IR wctrans (3).
such as
.B tolower
and
.B toupper
when assigning a value to each of the specified operands.
When
.I mapping\^
is specified and there are not operands, all variables
that use this mapping are written to standard output.
When
.I mapping\^
is omitted and there are no operands, all mapped
variables are written to standard output.
.TP
.B \-R
Right justify and fill with leading blanks.
If
.I n\^
is non-zero, it defines the width
of the field,
otherwise it is determined by the width of the value of
first assignment.
The field is left filled with blanks or
truncated from the end if the
variable is reassigned.
The
.B \-L
option is turned off.
.TP
.B \-S
When used within the
.I assign_list\^
of a type definition, it causes the specified subvariable
to be shared by all instances of the type.
When used inside a function defined with the
.B function
reserved word, the specified variables will have
.I "function static\^"
scope.
Otherwise, the variable is unset prior to processing the assignment list.
.TP
.B \-T
If followed by \fItname\^\fP, it
creates a type named by \fItname\^\fP using the compound
assignment
.I assign_list\^
to \f2tname\fP.
Otherwise, it writes all the type definitions to standard output.
.TP
.B \-X
Declares
.I vname\^
to be a double precision floating point number
and expands using the
.B %a
format of ISO-C99.
If
.I n\^
is non-zero, it defines the number of hex digits after
the radix point that is used when expanding
.IR vname .
The default is 10.
.TP
.B \-Z
Right justify and fill with leading zeros if
the first non-blank character is a digit and the
.B \-L
option has not been set.
Remove leading zeros if the
.B \-L
option is also set.
If
.I n\^
is non-zero, it defines the width
of the field,
otherwise it is determined by the width of the value of
first assignment.
.TP
.B \-f
The names refer to function names rather than
variable names.
No assignments can be made and the only other
valid options are
.BR \-S ,
.BR \-t ,
.B \-u
and
.BR \-x .
The \-S
can be used with discipline functions defined in a type to indicate that
the function is static.
For a static function, the same method will be used by all instances of
that type no matter which instance references it.
In addition, it can only use value of variables from the original
type definition.
These discipline functions cannot be redefined in any type instance.
The
.B \-t
option
turns on execution tracing for this function.
The
.B \-u
option
causes this function to be marked undefined.
The
.SM
.B FPATH
variable will be searched to find the function definition
when the function is referenced.
If no options other than
.B \-f
is specified, then the function definition will be displayed
on standard output.  If
.B +f
is specified, then a line containing the function name followed
by a shell comment containing the line number and path name of the
file where this function was defined, if any, is displayed.
The exit status can be used to determine whether the function is
defined so that
.BI "typeset \-f .sh.math." name\^
will return 0 when math function
.I name\^
is defined and non-zero otherwise.
.TP
.B \-b
The variable can hold any number of bytes of data.
The data can be text or binary.
The value is represented by the base64 encoding of the data.
If
.B \-Z
is also specified, the size in bytes of the
data in the buffer will be determined by the size associated with the
.BR \-Z .
If the base64 string assigned results in more data, it will be
truncated.  Otherwise, it will be filled with bytes
whose value is zero.
The
.B printf
format
.B %B
can be used to output the actual data in this buffer instead
of the base64 encoding of the data.
.TP
.B \-g
Forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope,
even when
.B typeset
is executed in a function defined by the
.B function
.I name
syntax (see
.I Functions\^
above) or in a name space (see
.I Name Spaces\^
above).
.TP
.B \-h
Used within type definitions to add information when generating
information about the subvariable on the man page.
It is ignored when used outside of a type definition.
When used with
.B \-f
the information is associated with the corresponding discipline
function.
.TP
.B \-i
Declares
.I vname\^
to be represented internally as integer.
The right hand side of an assignment is evaluated as an
arithmetic expression when assigning to an integer.
If
.I n\^
is non-zero, it defines the output arithmetic base,
otherwise the output base will be ten.
.TP
.B \-l
Used with
.BR \-i ,
.B \-E
or
.BR \-F ,
to indicate long integer, or long float.
Otherwise, all uppercase characters are
converted to lowercase.
The uppercase option,
.BR \-u ,
is turned off.
Equivalent to
.B "\-M tolower" .
.TP
.B \-m
Moves or renames the variable.
The value is the name of a variable whose value will be moved to
.IR vname\^ .
The original variable will be unset.
Cannot be used with any other options.
.TP
.B \-n
Declares
.I vname\^
to be a reference to the variable whose name is
defined by the value of variable
.IR vname .
This is usually used to reference a variable inside
a function whose name has been passed as an argument.
Cannot be used with other options except
.BR \-g .
.TP
.B \-p
The name, attributes and values for the given
.IR vname s
are written on standard output in a form that can be
used as shell input.
If
.B +p
is specified, then the values are not displayed.
.TP
.B \-r
The given
.IR vname s
are marked
read-only and these
names cannot be changed
by subsequent assignment.
.TP
.B \-s
When given along with
.BR \-i ,
restricts integer size to short.
.TP
.B \-t
Tags the variables.
Tags are user definable and have no special
meaning to the shell.
.TP
.B \-u
When given along with
.BR \-i ,
specifies unsigned integer.
Otherwise, all lowercase characters are converted
to uppercase.
The lowercase option,
.BR \-l ,
is turned off.
Equivalent to
.B "\-M toupper" .
.TP
.B \-x
The given
.IR vname s
are marked for automatic
export to the
.I environment\^
of subsequently-executed commands.
Variables whose names contain a \fB\s+2.\s-2\fP
cannot be exported.
.PD
.PP
The
.BR \-i ,
.BR \-F ,
.BR \-E ,
and
.B \-X
options cannot be specified along with
.BR \-R ,
.BR \-L ,
or
.BR \-Z .
The
.B \-b
option cannot be specified along with
.BR \-L ,
.BR \-u ,
or
.BR \-l .
The
.BR \-f ,
.BR \-m ,
.BR \-n ,
and
.B \-T
options cannot be used together with any other option.
.PP
Using
.B \+
rather than
.B \-
causes these options to be turned off.
If no
.I vname\^
arguments are given,
a list of
.I vnames\^
(and optionally the
.IR values\^ )
of the
.I variables\^
is printed.
(Using
.B \+
rather than
.B \-
keeps the
values from being printed.)
The
.B \-p
option causes
.B typeset
followed by the option letters
to be printed before each name
rather than the names of the options.
If any option other than
.B \-p
is given,
only those variables
which have all of the given
options are printed.
Otherwise, the
.IR vname s
and
.I attributes\^
of all
.I variables\^
that have attributes
are printed.
.RE
.TP
\f3ulimit\fP \*(OK \f3\-HSaMctdfkxlqenVuPpmrRbiswTv\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2limit\^\fP \*(CK
Set or display a resource limit.
The available resource limits are listed below.
Many systems do not support one or more of these limits.
The limit for a specified resource is set when
.I limit\^
is specified.
The value of
.I limit\^
can be a number in the unit specified below with each resource,
or the value
.BR unlimited .
The
.B \-H
and
.B \-S
options specify whether the hard limit or the
soft limit for the given resource is set.
A hard limit cannot be increased once it is set.  A soft
limit can be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
If neither the
.B H
nor
.B S
option is specified, the limit applies to both.
The current resource limit is printed when
.I limit\^
is omitted.
In this case, the soft limit is printed unless
.B H
is specified.
When more than one resource is specified, then the limit
name and unit is printed before the value.
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
.B \-a
Lists all of the current resource limits.
.TP
.B \-b
The socket buffer size in bytes.
.TP
.B \-c
The number of 512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps.
.TP
.B \-d
The number of K-bytes on the size of the data area.
.TP
.B \-e
The scheduling priority.
.TP
.B \-f
The number of 512-byte blocks on files that can be written by the
current process or by child processes (files of any size may be read).
.TP
.B \-i
The signal queue size.
.TP
.B \-k
The max number of kqueues created by the current user.
.TP
.B \-l
The locked address space in K-bytes.
.TP
.B \-M
The address space limit in K-bytes.
.TP
.B \-m
The number of K-bytes on the size of physical memory.
.TP
.B \-n
The number of file descriptors plus 1.
.TP
.B \-P
The max number of pseudo-terminals created by the current user.
.TP
.B \-p
The number of 512-byte blocks for pipe buffering.
.TP
.B \-q
The message queue size in K-bytes.
.TP
.B \-R
The max time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds.
If this limit is exceeded the process is sent a
.B SIGXCPU
signal.
.TP
.B \-r
The max real-time priority.
.TP
.B \-s
The number of K-bytes on the size of the stack area.
.TP
.B \-T
The number of threads.
.TP
.B \-t
The number of CPU seconds to be used by each process.
.TP
.B \-u
The number of processes.
.TP
.B \-V
The number of open vnode monitors.
.TP
.B \-v
The number of K-bytes for virtual memory.
.TP
.B \-w
The swap size in K-bytes.
.TP
.B \-x
The number of file locks.
.PD
.PP
If no option is given,
.B \-f
is assumed.
.RE
.TP
\f3umask\fP \*(OK \f3\-S\fP \*(CK \*(OK \f2mask\^\fP \*(CK
The user file-creation mask is set to
.I mask\^
(see
.IR umask (2)).
.I mask
can either be an octal number or
a symbolic value as described in
.IR chmod (1).
If a symbolic value is given,
the new
umask value is the complement of the result of
applying
.I mask\^
to the complement of the previous umask value.
If
.I mask\^
is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.
The
.B \-S
option causes the mode to be printed as a symbolic
value.  Otherwise, the
mask is printed in octal.
.TP
\f3unalias\fP \*(OK \f3\-a\fP \*(CK \f2name\^\fP .\|.\|.
The aliases
given by the list of
.IR name s
are removed from the alias list.
The
.B \-a
option causes all the
aliases to be unset.
.TP
\(dg \f3unset\fP \*(OK \f3\-fnv\fP \*(CK \f2vname\^\fP .\|.\|.
The variables given by the list of
.IR vname s
are unassigned,
i.e.,
except for subvariables within a type,
their values and attributes are erased.
For subvariables of a type, the values are reset to the
default value from the type definition.
Readonly variables cannot be unset.
If the
.B \-f
option
is set, then the names refer to
.I function\^
names.
If the
.B \-v
option is set, then the names refer to
.I variable\^
names.
The
.B \-f
option overrides
.BR \-v .
If
.B \-n
is set and
.I name\^
is a name reference, then
.I name\^
will be unset rather than the variable
that it references.
The default is equivalent to
.BR \-v .
Unsetting
.BR LINENO ,
.BR MAILCHECK ,
.BR OPTARG ,
.BR OPTIND ,
.BR RANDOM ,
.BR SECONDS ,
.BR TMOUT ,
and
.SM
.B _
removes their special meaning even if they are
subsequently assigned to.
.TP
\f3wait\fP \*(OK \f2job\^\fP .\|.\|. \*(CK
Wait for the specified
.I job
and
report its termination status.
If
.I job\^
is not given, then all currently active child processes are waited for.
The exit status from this command is that of
the last process waited for if
.I job\^
is specified; otherwise it is zero.
See
.I Jobs
for a description of the format of
.IR job .
.TP
\f3whence\fP \*(OK \f3\-afpPqtv\fP \*(CK \f2name\^\fP .\|.\|.
For each
.IR name ,
indicate how it
would be interpreted if used as a command name.
.sp .5
The
.B \-v
option
produces a more verbose report.
The
.B \-f
option skips the search for functions.
The
.B \-p
and
.B \-P
options
do a path search for
.I name\^
even if name is an alias, a function, or a reserved word.
Both of these options turn off the
.B \-v
option.
The
.B \-q
option causes
.BR whence
to enter quiet mode.
.BR whence
will return zero if all arguments are built-ins, functions, or
are programs found on the path.
The
.B \-t
option only outputs the type of the given command.
Like
.B \-p
and
.BR \-P ,
.B \-t
will turn off the
.B \-v
option.
The
.B \-a
option
is similar to the
.B \-v
option but causes
all interpretations of the given name to be reported.
.SS Invocation.
If the shell is invoked by
.IR exec (2),
initialization depends on argument zero
.RB ( $0 )
as follows.
If the first character of
.B $0
is
.BR \- ,
or the
.B \-l
option is given on the invocation command line,
then the shell is assumed to be a
.I login
shell.
If the basename of the command path in
.B $0
is
.BR rsh ,
.BR rksh ,
or
.BR krsh ,
then the shell becomes restricted.
If the basename is
.B sh
or
.BR rsh ,
or the
.B \-o\ posix
option is given on the invocation command line, then
the shell is initialized in full POSIX compliance mode
(see the
.B set
builtin command above for more information).
After this, if the shell was assumed to be a
.I login
shell, commands are read from
.B /etc/profile
and then from
.BR \s-1$HOME\s+1/.profile
if it exists.
Alternatively, the option
.B \-l
causes the shell to be treated as a
.I login
shell.
Next, for interactive shells, commands are read from
the file named by
.SM
.B ENV
if the file exists, its name being determined by
performing parameter expansion, command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion on
the value of that environment variable.
If the
.B \-s
option is not present and
.I arg\^
and a file by the name of
.I arg\^
exists, then it reads and executes this script.
Otherwise, if the first
.I arg\^
does not contain a
.BR / ,
a path search is performed on the first
.I arg\^
to determine the name of the script to execute.
The script
.I arg\^
must have execute permission and any
.I setuid
and
.I setgid
settings will be ignored.
If the script is not found on the path,
.I arg\^
is processed as if it named a built-in command or function.
Commands are then read as described below;
the following options are interpreted by the shell
when it is invoked:
.PP
.PD 0
.TP 8
.B \-D
A list of all double quoted strings that are preceded by a
.B $
will be printed on standard output and the shell will exit.
This set of strings will be subject to language translation
when the locale is not C or POSIX.
No commands will be executed.
.PD
.TP 8
.BR \-E \ or\  \-o\ rc \ or\  \-\-rc
Read the file named by the
.B ENV
variable or by
.B \s-1$HOME\s+1/\f3.\fPkshrc
if not defined after the profiles.
On by default for interactive shells. Use
.BR +E ,
.B +o\ rc
or
.B \-\-norc
to turn off.
.TP 8
.BI \-c
Read and execute a script from the first
.I arg
instead of a file.
The second
.IR arg ,
if present, becomes that script's command name
.RB ( $0 ).
Any third and further
.IR arg s
become positional parameters starting at
.BR $1 .
.TP
.B \-s
Read and execute a script from standard input instead of a file.
The command name
.RB ( $0 )
cannot be set.
Any
.IR arg s
become the positional parameters starting at
.BR $1 .
This option is forced on if no
.I arg
is given and is ignored if
.B \-c
is also specified.
.TP
.BR \-i \ or\  \-o\ interactive \ or\  \-\-interactive
If the
.B \-i
option is present or
if the shell's standard input and standard error are attached
to a terminal (as told by
.IR tcgetattr (3)),
then this shell is
.IR interactive .
In this case \s-1TERM\s+1 is ignored (so that \f3kill 0\fP
does not kill an interactive shell) and \s-1INTR\s+1 is caught and ignored
(so that
.B wait
is interruptible).
In all cases, \s-1QUIT\s+1 is ignored by the shell.
.TP
.BR \-r \ or\  \-o\ restricted \ or\  \-\-restricted
If the
.B \-r
option is present, the shell is a restricted shell.
.PP
The remaining options and arguments are described under the
.B set
command above.
An optional
.B \-
as the first argument is ignored.
.if \nZ=0 \{.SS Rsh Only.
.I Rsh\}
.if \nZ=1 \{.SS Rksh Only.
.I Rksh\}
.if \nZ=2 \{.SS Rksh93 Only.
.I Rksh93\}
is used to set up login names and execution environments whose
capabilities are more controlled than those of the standard shell.
The actions of
.if \nZ=0 .B rsh\^
.if \nZ=1 .B rksh\^
.if \nZ=2 .B rksh93\^
are identical to those of
.if \nZ=0 .BR sh\^ ,
.if \nZ=1 .BR ksh\^ ,
.if \nZ=2 .BR ksh93\^ ,
except that the following are disallowed:
.RS
.IP \[bu]
unsetting the restricted option
.IP \[bu]
changing directory (see
.IR cd (1))
.IP \[bu]
setting or unsetting the value or attributes of
.BR SHELL ,
.BR ENV ,
.BR FPATH ,
or
.BR PATH\*S
.IP \[bu]
specifying path or
command names containing
.BR / 
.IP \[bu]
redirecting output
.RB ( > ,
.BR >| ,
.BR <> ,
and
.BR >> ) 
.IP \[bu]
adding or deleting built-in commands
.IP \[bu]
using
.B "command -p"
to invoke a command
.PD
.RE
.PP
The restrictions above are enforced
after \f3.profile\fP and the
.SM
.B ENV
files are interpreted.
.PP
When a command to be executed is found to be a shell procedure,
.if \nZ=0 \{.B rsh\^
invokes
.I sh\^\}
.if \nZ=1 \{.B rksh\^
invokes
.I ksh\^\}
.if \nZ=2 \{.B rksh93\^
invokes
.I ksh93\^\}
to execute it.
Thus, it is possible to provide to the end-user shell procedures
that have access to the full power of
the standard shell,
while imposing a limited menu of commands;
this scheme assumes that the end-user does not have write and
execute permissions in the same directory.
.PP
The net effect of these rules is that the writer of the
.B .profile
has complete control over user actions,
by performing guaranteed setup actions
and leaving the user in an appropriate directory
(probably
.I not\^
the login directory).
.PP
The system administrator often sets up a directory
of commands
(e.g.,
.BR /usr/rbin )
that can be safely invoked by
.if \nZ=0 .BR rsh .
.if \nZ=1 .BR rksh .
.if \nZ=2 .BR rksh93 .
.SH EXIT STATUS
Errors detected by the shell, such as syntax errors,
cause the shell
to return a non-zero exit status.
If the shell is being used non-interactively,
then execution of the shell file is abandoned
unless the error occurs inside a subshell in which case
the subshell is abandoned.
Otherwise, the shell returns the exit status of
the last command executed (see also the
.B exit
command above).
Run time errors detected by the shell are reported by
printing the command or function name and the error condition.
If the line number that the error occurred on is greater than one,
then the line number is also printed in square brackets
.RB ( "[]" )
after the command or function name.
.SH FILES
.TP
.B /etc/profile
The system wide initialization file, executed for login shells.
.if \nZ=2 \{.br
.TP
.B /etc/ksh.kshrc
The system wide startup file, executed for interactive shells.
\}
.TP
.B \s-1$HOME\s+1/\f3.\fPprofile
The personal initialization file, executed for login shells after /etc/profile.
.TP
.B \s-1$HOME\s+1/\f3.\fPkshrc
Default personal initialization file, executed for interactive shells when
.SM
.B ENV
is not set.
.TP
.B /etc/suid_profile
Alternative initialization file, executed instead of the personal initialization
file when the real and effective user or group ID do not match.
.TP
.B /dev/null
The null device.
.SH SEE ALSO
.IR cat (1),
.IR cd (1),
.IR chmod (1),
.IR cut (1),
.IR date (1),
.IR echo (1),
.IR emacs (1),
.IR env (1),
.IR gmacs (1),
.IR grep (1),
.IR stty (1),
.IR test (1),
.IR umask (1),
.IR vi (1),
.IR dup (2),
.IR exec (2),
.IR fork (2),
.IR getpwnam (3),
.IR ioctl (2),
.IR lseek (2),
.IR paste (1),
.IR pathconf (2),
.IR pipe (2),
.IR sysconf (3),
.IR umask (2),
.IR ulimit (2),
.IR wait (2),
.IR strftime (3),
.IR wctrans (3),
.IR rand (3),
.IR profile (5),
.IR environ (7).
.PP
Morris I. Bolsky and David G. Korn,
.IR "The New KornShell Command and Programming Language" ,
Prentice Hall, 1995.
.PP
.IR "POSIX \- Part 2: Shell and Utilities" ,
IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, ISO/IEC 9945-2, IEEE, 1993.
.SH CAVEATS
If a command
is executed, and then a command with the same name is
installed in a directory in the search path before the directory where the
original command was found, the shell will continue to
.I exec\^
the original command.
Use the
.B hash\^
command or the
.B \-t
option of the
.B alias\^
command to correct this situation.
.PP
Using the
.B hist\^
built-in command within a compound command will cause the whole
command to disappear from the history file.
.PP
The built-in command \f3\|.\fP \f2file\^\fP
reads the whole file before any commands are executed.
Therefore,
.B alias
and
.B unalias
commands in the file
will not apply to any commands defined in the file.
.PP
Traps are not processed while a job is waiting for a foreground process.
Thus, a trap on
.B CHLD
won't be executed until the foreground job terminates.
.PP
In locales that use a multibyte character set such as UTF-8, the
.B KEYBD
trap is only triggered for ASCII characters (1-127).
.PP
It is a good idea to leave a space after the comma operator in
arithmetic expressions to prevent the comma from being interpreted
as the decimal point character in certain locales.