table of contents
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- OPTIONS
- ANATOMY OF A WINDOW
- THE VIRTUAL DESKTOP
- USE ON MULTI-SCREEN DISPLAYS
- RANDR SUPPORT
- DESKTOP BEHAVIOUR
- INITIALIZATION
- COMPILATION OPTIONS
- ICONS AND IMAGES
- MODULES
- ICCCM COMPLIANCE
- EXTENDED WINDOW MANAGER HINTS
- CONFIGURATION
- FONTS
- BI-DIRECTIONAL TEXT
- KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
- SESSION MANAGEMENT
- BOOLEAN ARGUMENTS
- BUILTIN KEY AND MOUSE BINDINGS
- COMMAND EXECUTION
- QUOTING
- COMMAND EXPANSION
- SCRIPTING AND COMPLEX FUNCTIONS
- MENU CONCEPTS AND COMMANDS
- LIST OF FVWM COMMANDS
- ENVIRONMENT
- AUTHORS
- COPYRIGHT
- BUGS
- unstable 1.0.6a+ds-1
- 9wm
- aewm++
- afterstep
- awesome
- blackbox
- bspwm
- clfswm
- ctwm
- cwm
- dwm
- enlightenment
- evilwm
- fluxbox
- flwm
- fvwm
- fvwm-crystal
- fvwm1
- fvwm3
- herbstluftwm
- i3-wm
- icewm
- icewm-experimental
- icewm-lite
- jwm
- lwm
- marco
- matchbox-window-manager
- metacity
- muffin
- mutter
- mwm
- notion
- openbox
- pekwm
- ratpoison
- sawfish
- spectrwm
- ukwm
- vtwm
- w9wm
- windowlab
- wm2
- wmaker
- xfwm4
- xmonad
| FVWM3(1) | FVWM3(1) |
NAME¶
fvwm3 - F? Virtual Window Manager for X11
SYNOPSIS¶
fvwm3 [-c config-command] [-d displayname] [-f config-file] [-o logfile] [-s [screen_num]] [-v]
DESCRIPTION¶
Fvwm is a window manager for X11 optimised for speed.
Fvwm is intended to have a small memory footprint and is extremely customizable and extendible. A large virtual desktop and multiple disjoint desktops can be used separately or together. The virtual desktop pretends that the video screen is really quite large, and you can scroll around within the desktop. The multiple disjoint desktops pretend there are really several screens to work at, but each screen is completely unrelated to the others.
Fvwm provides keyboard accelerators that allow one to perform practically all window manager functions, including moving and resizing windows and operating the menus, using keyboard shortcuts.
Fvwm does not distinguish between configuration and action commands. Configuration commands typically set fonts, colors, menu contents, and key and mouse function bindings, while action commands do things like raising and lowering windows. Fvwm makes no such distinction and allows anything to be changed at any time.
OPTIONS¶
These are the command line options that are recognized by fvwm:
-i | --clientid id
-c | --cmd config-command
Any module started by command line arguments is assumed to be a module that sends back config commands. All command line modules have to quit before fvwm proceeds on to the StartFunction and setting border decorations and styles. There is a potential deadlock if you start a module other than FvwmCpp/FvwmM4/FvwmPerl but there is a timeout so fvwm eventually gets going.
As an example, starting the pager this way hangs fvwm until the timeout, but the following should work well:
fvwm -c "AddToFunc StartFunction I Module FvwmPager"
-d | --display displayname
-f config-file
-o logfile
-h | --help
-r | --replace
-F | --restore state-file
-s | --single-screen [screen_num]
-V | --version
-C | --visual visual-class
-I | --visualid id
-l | --color-limit limit
Display depth 8 (256 colors)
PseudoColor: 68 (4x4x4 color cube + 4 grey) GrayScale: 64 regular grey DirectColor: 32 (3x3x3 color cube + 5 grey)
Display depth 4 (16 colors)
PseudoColor: 10 (2x2x2 color cube + 2 grey) GrayScale: 8 regular grey DirectColor: 10 (2x2x2 color cube + 2 grey)
Note that if you use a private color map (i.e., fvwm is started with the -C or the -I options), then other defaults are used.
Now what to do if you encounter problems with colors? The first thing to do is to check if you really cannot run your X server with depth 15, 16 or better. Check your X server documentation. Note that some hardware can support two different depths on the same screen (typically depth 8 and depth 24). If depth 8 is the default, you can force fvwm to use the best depth by using the -C option with TrueColor as argument. So now we assume that you are forced to run in depth 8 with a dynamic visual because your hardware/driver cannot do better or because you need to use an application which needs to run under this mode (e.g., because this application needs read-write colors). What it should be understand is that you have only 256 colors and that all the applications which use the default color map must share these colors. The main problem is that there are applications which use a lot or even all the colors. If you use such application you may have no more free colors and some applications (which used only a few colors) may fail to start or are unusable. There are three things that can be done (and fvwm does not really play a particular role, all applications are concerned). The first is to run the applications which waste your (default) color map with a private color map. For example, run netscape with the -install option, run KDE or QT applications with the --cmap option, use the -C option for fvwm. The disadvantage of this method is that it is visually disturbing (see the ColormapFocus command for a better control of the color maps switching). The second method is to limit the number of colors that the applications use. Again, some applications have options to specify a given color limit. With fvwm you may try various values, 61 (a special "visual" palette), 56 (a 4x4x3 color cube plus 6 grey), 29 (a 3x3x3 color cube plus 2 grey), 10 or 9. Also, you may use the -L option. However, limiting the number of colors is not the definitive solution. The definitive solution is to try cause applications which use a lot of colors use the same colors. This is a difficult task as there are no formal standards for this goal. However, some toolkits as QT and GTK use color cubes as palettes. So, the idea is to configure your applications/toolkits to all use the same color cube. Moreover, you can use the colors in this color cube in your X resources configuration files and/or as arguments to colors options. Fvwm can use any color cube of the form RxGxB with 2 ⇐ R ⇐ 6, R = G, R-1 =< B ⇐ R and B >= 2. To get an RxGxB color cube give an argument to -l an integer c >= R*G*B and < (R+1)(G+1)*B if B=R and < R*G(B+1) if B < R (and different from 61). If c > R*G*B, then some grey may be added to the color cube. You can use the PrintInfo Colors [1] command to get information on your fvwm colors setting. In particular, this command prints the palette used by fvwm in rgb format (the last integer gives the number of times fvwm has allocated the colors).
-L | --strict-color-limit
-P | --visual-palette
-A | --allocate-palette
-S | --static-palette
--debug-stack-ring
-v | --verbose
Logging can also be dynamically toggled on and off using signals:
SIGUSR1 : used as a signal to restart Fvwm SIGUSR2 : used as a signal to toggle opening/closing debug log file
ANATOMY OF A WINDOW¶
Fvwm puts a decorative border around most windows. This border consists of a bar on each side and a small L-shaped section on each corner. There is an additional top bar called the title-bar which is used to display the name of the window. In addition, there are up to 10 title-bar buttons. The top, side, and bottom bars are collectively known as the side-bars. The corner pieces are called the frame.
With the built-in minimal configuration, dragging mouse button 1 in the frame or side-bars begins a resize operation on the window. Dragging mouse button 2 in the frame or side-bars begins a move operation. There are raise/lower operations bound to a single clicking on borders. Similarly for the window title.
Up to ten title-bar buttons may exist. Their use is completely user definable. One popular configuration uses one button on the left that is used to bring up a list of window options and two buttons on the right used to iconify and maximize the window. Another popular configuration adds a close button to the right. The number of title-bar buttons used depends on which ones have mouse actions bound to them. See the Mouse command.
THE VIRTUAL DESKTOP¶
Fvwm provides multiple virtual desktops for users who wish to use them. The screen is a viewport onto a desktop which may be larger than the screen. Several distinct desktops can be accessed (concept: one desktop for each project, or one desktop for each application, when view applications are distinct). Since each desktop can be larger than the physical screen, divided into m by n pages which are each the size of the physical screen, windows which are larger than the screen or large groups of related windows can easily be viewed.
The (m by n) size (i.e. number of pages) of the virtual desktops can be changed any time, by using the DesktopSize command. All virtual desktops must be (are) the same size. The total number of distinct desktops does not need to be specified, but is limited to approximately 4 billion total. All windows on a range of desktops can be viewed in the FvwmPager, a miniature view of the desktops. The pager is an accessory program, called a module, which is not essential for the window manager to operate. Windows may also be listed using the WindowList command or the FvwmIconMan module.
Fvwm keeps the windows on the desktop in a layered stacking order; a window in a lower layer never obscures a window in a higher layer. The layer of a window can be changed by using the Layer command. The concept of layers is a generalization of the StaysOnTop flag of older fvwm versions. The StaysOnTop and StaysPut Style options are now implemented by putting the windows in suitable layers and the previously missing StaysOnBottom Style option has been added.
Sticky windows are windows which transcend the virtual desktop by "Sticking to the screen’s glass". They always stay put on the screen. This is convenient for things like clocks and xbiffs, so you only need to run one such gadget and it always stays with you. Icons can also be made to stick to the glass, if desired.
Window geometries are specified relative to the current viewport. That is:
xterm -geometry +0+0
creates a window in the upper left hand corner of the visible portion of the screen. It is permissible to specify geometries which place windows on the virtual desktop, but off the screen. For example, if the visible screen is 1000 by 1000 pixels, and the desktop size is 3x3, and the current viewport is at the upper left hand corner of the desktop, invoking:
xterm -geometry +1000+1000
places a window just off of the lower right hand corner of the screen. It can be found by moving the mouse to the lower right hand corner of the screen and waiting for it to scroll into view. A geometry specified as something like:
xterm -geometry -5-5
places the window’s lower right hand corner 5 pixels from the lower right corner of the visible portion of the screen. Not all applications support window geometries with negative offsets. Some applications place the window’s upper right hand corner 5 pixels above and to the left of the upper left hand corner of the screen; others may do just plain bizarre things.
There are several ways to cause a window to map onto a desktop or page other than the currently active one. The geometry technique mentioned above (specifying x,y coordinates larger than the physical screen size), however, suffers from the limitation of being interpreted relative to the current viewport: the window may not consistently appear on a specific page, unless you always invoke the application from the same page.
A better way to place windows on a different page, screen or desk from the currently mapped viewport is to use the StartsOnPage or StartsOnScreen style specification (the successors to the older StartsOnDesk style) in your config file. The placement is consistent: it does not depend on your current location on the virtual desktop.
Some applications that understand standard Xt command line arguments and X resources, like xterm and xfontsel, allow the user to specify the start-up desk or page on the command line:
xterm -xrm "*Desk:1"
starts an xterm on desk number 1;
xterm -xrm "*Page:3 2 1"
starts an xterm two pages to the right and one down from the upper left hand page of desk number 3. Not all applications understand the use of these options, however. You could achieve the same results with the following lines in your .Xdefaults file:
XTerm*Desk: 1
or
XTerm*Page: 3 2 1
USE ON MULTI-SCREEN DISPLAYS¶
If the -s command line argument is not given, fvwm automatically starts up on every screen on the specified display. After fvwm starts each screen is treated independently. Restarts of fvwm need to be performed separately on each screen. The use of
EdgeScroll 0 0
is strongly recommended for multi-screen displays. You may need to quit on each screen to quit from the X session completely. This is not to be confused with RandR support.
RANDR SUPPORT¶
Fvwm supports the RandR X11 protocol. If Fvwm has been compiled wiith RandR support then it tracks the outputs (displays) which it finds. These outputs are stored by name, which can be found by running using the xrand(1) command.
In doing so, Fvwm tracks events from RandR, such as when a given output changes size, or has been removed. In such cases, Fvwm will react by moving windows. If an output is removed, those windows on that removed output will be moved to the next active output (the output which contains the mouse pointer). If the same output reappears, Fvwm will move those windows back again.
In addition to specific FvwmEvent conditions which can be used to track a monitor’s change, there is a function called RandRFunc which the user can define to be run when a screen event occurs (such as enabling/disabling/resolution change):
DestroyFunc RandRFunc AddToFunc RandRFunc + I Exec exec xmessage "A screen changed"
DESKTOP BEHAVIOUR¶
Because Fvwm has the capability to track outputs, Fvwm can be told how to handle those. This is controlled via the DesktopConfiguration command. By default, Fvwm treats all outputs it finds as one large screen, although Fvwm can be told to treat screens indepedantly of each other.
INITIALIZATION¶
During initialization, fvwm searches for a configuration file which describes key and button bindings, and many other things. The format of these files is described later. Fvwm first searches for configuration files using the command
Read config
This looks for file config in $FVWM_USERDIR and $FVWM_DATADIR directories, as described in Read. If this fails more files are queried for backward compatibility. Here is the complete list of all file locations queried in the default installation (only the first found file is used):
$HOME/.fvwm/config /usr/local/share/fvwm/config $HOME/.fvwm/.fvwm2rc $HOME/.fvwm2rc /usr/local/share/fvwm/.fvwm2rc /usr/local/share/fvwm/system.fvwm2rc /etc/system.fvwm2rc
Please note, the last 5 locations are not guaranteed to be supported in the future.
If a configuration file is not found, the left mouse button, or
or
keys on the root window bring up menus and forms that can create a starting configuration file.
Fvwm sets two environment variables which are inherited by its children. These are $DISPLAY which describes the display on which fvwm is running. $DISPLAY may be unix:0.0 or :0.0, which doesn’t work too well when passed through ssh to another machine, so $HOSTDISPLAY is set to a network-ready description of the display. $HOSTDISPLAY always uses the TCP/IP transport protocol (even for a local connection) so $DISPLAY should be used for local connections, as it may use Unix-domain sockets, which are faster.
If you want to start some applications or modules with fvwm, you can simply put
Exec app
or
Module FvwmXxx
into your config, but it is not recommended; do this only if you know what you are doing. It is usually important to start applications or modules after the entire config is read, because it contains styles or module configurations which can affect window appearance and functionality.
The standard way to start applications or modules on fvwm’s start up is to add them to an initialization function (usually StartFunction or InitFunction). This way they are only started after fvwm finishes to read and execute config file.
Fvwm has three special functions for initialization: StartFunction, which is executed on startups and restarts; InitFunction and RestartFunction, which are executed during initialization and restarts (respectively) just after StartFunction. These functions may be customized in a user’s config file using the AddToFunc command (described later) to start up modules, xterms, or whatever you’d like to have started by fvwm.
Fvwm has also a special exit function: ExitFunction, executed when exiting or restarting before actually quitting. It could be used to explicitly kill modules, etc.
If fvwm is run under a session manager, functions SessionInitFunction and SessionRestartFunction are executed instead of InitFunction and RestartFunction. This helps to define the user’s config file to be good for both running under a session manager and without it. Generally it is a bad idea to start xterms or other applications in "Session*" functions. Also someone can decide to start different modules while running under a session manager or not. For the similar purposes SessionExitFunction is used instead of ExitFunction.
DestroyFunc StartFunction AddToFunc StartFunction
+ I Module FvwmPager * *
+ I Module FvwmButtons DestroyFunc InitFunction AddToFunc InitFunction
+ I Module FvwmBanner
+ I Module FvwmIconMan
+ I Exec xsetroot -solid cyan
+ I Exec xterm
+ I Exec netscape DestroyFunc RestartFunction AddToFunc RestartFunction
+ I Module FvwmIconMan DestroyFunc SessionInitFunction AddToFunc SessionInitFunction
+ I Module FvwmBanner DestroyFunc SessionRestartFunction AddToFunc SessionRestartFunction
+ I Nop
You do not need to define all special functions if some are empty. Also note, all these special functions may be emulated now using StartFunction and ExitFunction, like this:
DestroyFunc StartFunction AddToFunc StartFunction + I Test (Init) Module FvwmBanner + I Module FvwmPager * * + I Test (Restart) Beep DestroyFunc ExitFunction AddToFunc ExitFunction + I Test (Quit) Echo Bye-bye + I KillModule MyBuggyModule + I Test (ToRestart) Beep
COMPILATION OPTIONS¶
Fvwm has a number of compile-time options. If you have trouble using a certain command or feature, check to see if support for it was included at compile time. Optional features are described in the config.h file that is generated during compilation.
ICONS AND IMAGES¶
Fvwm can load .xbm, .xpm, .png and .svg images. XBM images are monochrome. Fvwm can always display XBM files. XPM and PNG formats are color images. SVG is a vector graphics image format. Compile-time options determine whether fvwm can display XPM, PNG or SVG icons and images. See the INSTALL.fvwm file for more information.
The related SHAPE compile-time option can make fvwm display spiffy shaped icons.
SVG rendering options¶
SVG images are generated from (XML) text files. A really simple SVG file might look something like this:
<svg width="120" height="80"> <rect fill="red" width="40" height="40" x="0" y="0" /> <rect fill="lime" width="40" height="40" x="40" y="0" /> <rect fill="blue" width="40" height="40" x="80" y="0" /> <rect fill="cyan" width="40" height="40" x="0" y="40" /> <rect fill="magenta" width="40" height="40" x="40" y="40" /> <rect fill="yellow" width="40" height="40" x="80" y="40" /> </svg>
By default, SVG images are rendered as the image creator intended them to. But since SVG is a vector graphics format, the images can be rendered at any chosen size and rotation, e.g. making it possible to use the same icon file rendered at different sizes for the Icon and MiniIcon styles.
The rendering options are specified as a string appended to the SVG filename as follows:
_image.svg_:[!] [(1) _size_] [(2) _position_] [(3) _rotation_] [(4)
_scale_] ...
{empty}(1) [-]_width_{x}[-]_height_
{empty}(2) {- | +}_xpos_{- | +}_ypos_
{empty}(3) @[-]_angle_
{empty}(4) {* | }[-]_factor_[x | y]
The option string always starts with a colon (':') to separate it from the filename. An empty option string can skip this colon, but it might still be a good idea to include it to prevent ambiguity if the filename contains any colon.
filename_without_colon.svg filename:with:colon.svg:
An exclamation point ('!') transposes the entire final image (including the rendering area), i.e. all the horizontal and all the vertical coordinates are swapped with each other.
image.svg:!
width and height specifies the dimensions of the rendering area in pixels, i.e. the dimensions of the resulting image. The actual image is fitted to fill the entire rendering area.
image.svg:60x60
Use a width or height value of 0 to keep the aspect ratio.
image.svg:0x60 image.svg:60x0
A '-' before width mirrors the rendering area horizontally.
image.svg:-0x0
A '-' before height mirrors the rendering area vertically.
image.svg:0x-0
xpos and ypos specifies a translation of the image in pixels. A positive xpos value moves the image to the right. A positive ypos value moves it down. Moving it partially outside of the rendering area results in a cropped image.
image.svg:-30-0 image.svg:-0+10 image.svg:-30+10
angle specifies a rotation around the actual image center in degrees. This might result in a cropped image. A positive value rotates the image clockwise. Floating point values are recognized.
image.svg:@180 image.svg:@-90 image.svg:@30 image.svg:@57.3
factor specifes a scaling of the actual image (not the rendering area). Scaling it up results in a cropped image. Floating point values are recognized. Division by zero is ignored. If factor is directly followed by a 'x' or a 'y', the scaling is horizontal or vertical respectively. Otherwise the scaling is uniform.
image.svg:*2 image.svg:/2 image.svg:/3x image.svg:/2y
Scaling down a translated or rotated image can prevent cropping.
image.svg:@30*0.6
Repeated usage of translation, rotation, and scaling is allowed. Translation and rotation are additive. Scaling is multiplicative.
image.svg:*2/3 image.svg:/3x/2y
When combining affine transformations, the scaling is always done first, then the rotation, and finally the translation.
image.svg:-30+10@30/3x/2y
Use a negative scale factor to mirror the actual image.
image.svg:-30+10@30/-3x/2y
Mirroring of the rendering area is done after any scaling, rotation or translation of the image.
image.svg:-0x0-30+10@30/3x/2y
Transposing is done last of all, after everything else.
image.svg:!-0x0-30+10@30/3x/2y
MODULES¶
A module is a separate program which runs as a separate Unix process but transmits commands to fvwm to execute. Users can write their own modules to do any weird or bizarre manipulations without bloating or affecting the integrity of fvwm itself.
Modules must be spawned by fvwm so that it can set up two pipes for fvwm and the module to communicate with. The pipes are already open for the module when it starts and the file descriptors for the pipes are provided as command line arguments.
Modules can be spawned by fvwm at any time during the X session by use of the Module command. Modules can exist for the duration of the X session, or can perform a single task and exit. If the module is still active when fvwm is told to quit, then fvwm closes the communication pipes and waits to receive a SIGCHLD from the module, indicating that it has detected the pipe closure and has exited. If modules fail to detect the pipe closure fvwm exits after approximately 30 seconds anyway. The number of simultaneously executing modules is limited by the operating system’s maximum number of simultaneously open files, usually between 60 and 256.
Modules simply transmit commands to the fvwm command engine. Commands are formatted just as in the case of a mouse binding in the config setup file. Certain auxiliary information is also transmitted, as in the sample module FvwmButtons.
Please refer to the Module Commands section for details.
ICCCM COMPLIANCE¶
Fvwm attempts to be ICCCM 2.0 compliant. Check <http://tronche.com/gui/x/icccm/> for more info. In addition, ICCCM states that it should be possible for applications to receive any keystroke, which is not consistent with the keyboard shortcut approach used in fvwm and most other window managers. In particular you cannot have the same keyboard shortcuts working with your fvwm and another fvwm running within Xnest (a nested X server running in a window). The same problem exists with mouse bindings.
The ICCCM states that windows possessing the property
WM_HINTS(WM_HINTS): Client accepts input or input focus: False
should not be given the keyboard input focus by the window manager. These windows can take the input focus by themselves, however. A number of applications set this property, and yet expect the window manager to give them the keyboard focus anyway, so fvwm provides a window style, Lenience, which allows fvwm to overlook this ICCCM rule. Even with this window style it is not guaranteed that the application accepts focus.
The differences between ICCCM 1.1 and 2.0 include the ability to take over from a running ICCCM 2.0 compliant window manager; thus
fvwm; vi ~/.fvwm/config; fvwm -replace
resembles the Restart command. It is not exactly the same, since killing the previously running wm may terminate your X session, if the wm was started as the last client in your .Xclients or .Xsession file.
Further additions are support for client-side colormap installation (see the ICCCM for details) and the urgency hint. Clients can set this hint in the WM_HINTS property of their window and expect the window manager to attract the user’s attention to the window. Fvwm has two re-definable functions for this purpose, "UrgencyFunc" and "UrgencyDoneFunc", which are executed when the flag is set/cleared. Their default definitions are:
AddToFunc UrgencyFunc
+ I Iconify off
+ I FlipFocus
+ I Raise
+ I WarpToWindow !raise 5p 5p AddToFunc UrgencyDoneFunc
+ I Nop
EXTENDED WINDOW MANAGER HINTS¶
Fvwm attempts to respect the extended window manager hints (ewmh or EWMH for short) specification: <https://specifications.freedesktop.org/wm-spec/wm-spec-1.3.html> and some extensions of this specification.
This support is configurable with styles and commands. These styles and commands have EWMH as the prefix (so you can find them easily in this man page).
There is a new Context 'D' for the Key, PointerKey, Mouse commands. This context is for desktop applications (such as kdesktop and Nautilus desktop).
When a compliant taskbar asks fvwm to activate a window (typically when you click on a button which represents a window in such a taskbar), then fvwm calls the complex function EWMHActivateWindowFunc which by default is Iconify Off, Focus and Raise. You can redefine this function. For example:
DestroyFunc EWMHActivateWindowFunc AddToFunc EWMHActivateWindowFunc I Iconify Off + I Focus + I Raise + I WarpToWindow 50 50
additionally warps the pointer to the center of the window.
The EWMH specification introduces the notion of Working Area. Without ewmh support the Working Area is the full visible screen (or all your screens if you have a multi head setup with RandR). However, compliant applications (such as a panel) can ask to reserve space at the edge of the screen. If this is the case, the Working Area is your full visible screen minus these reserved spaces. If a panel can be hidden by clicking on a button the Working Area does not change (as you can unhide the panel at any time), but the Dynamic Working Area is updated: the space reserved by the panel is removed (and added again if you pop up the panel). The Dynamic Working Area may be used when fvwm places or maximizes a window. To know if an application reserves space you can type "xprop | grep _NET_WM_STRUT" in a terminal and select the application. If four numbers appear then these numbers define the reserved space as explained in the EwmhBaseStruts command.
CONFIGURATION¶
Configuration Files¶
The configuration file is used to describe mouse and button bindings, colors, the virtual display size, and related items. The initialization configuration file is typically called config (or .fvwm2rc). By using the Read command, it is easy to read in new configuration files as you go.
Lines beginning with '#' are ignored by fvwm. Lines starting with '*' are expected to contain module configuration commands (rather than configuration commands for fvwm itself). Like in shell scripts embedded newlines in a configuration file line can be quoted by preceding them with a backslash. All lines linked in this fashion are treated as a single line. The newline itself is ignored.
Fvwm makes no distinction between configuration commands and action commands, so anything mentioned in the fvwm commands section can be placed on a line by itself for fvwm to execute as it reads the configuration file, or it can be placed as an executable command in a menu or bound to a mouse button or a keyboard key. It is left as an exercise for the user to decide which function make sense for initialization and which ones make sense for run-time.
Supplied Configuration¶
A sample configuration file, is supplied with the fvwm distribution. It is well commented and can be used as a source of examples for fvwm configuration. It may be copied from /usr/local/share/fvwm/config file.
Alternatively, the built-in menu (accessible when no configuration file is found) has options to create an initial config file for the user.
FONTS¶
Font names and font loading¶
The fonts used for the text of a window title, icon titles, menus and geometry window can be specified by using the Font and IconFont Style, the Font MenuStyle and the DefaultFont commands. Also, all the Modules which use text have configuration command(s) to specify font(s). All these styles and commands take a font name as an argument. This section explains what is a font name for fvwm and which fonts fvwm loads.
First, you can use what we can call a usual font name, for example,
-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--10-100-75-75-m-60-ISO8859-1 -adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--10-* -*-fixed-medium-o-normal--14-*-ISO8859-15
That is, you can use an X Logical Font Description (XLFD for short). Then the "first" font which matches the description is loaded and used. This "first" font depends of your font path and also of your locale. Fonts which match the locale charset are loaded in priority order. For example with
-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--10-*
if the locale charset is ISO8859-1, then fvwm tries to load a font which matches
-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--10-*-ISO8859-1
with the locale charset ISO8859-15 fvwm tries to load
-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--10-*-ISO8859-15.
A font name can be given as an extended XLFD. This is a comma separated list of (simple) XLFD font names, for example:
-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--14-*,-*-courier-medium-r-normal--14-*
Each simple font name is tried until a matching font with the locale charset is found and if this fails each simple font name is tried without constraint on the charset.
More details on the XLFD can be found in the X manual page, the X Logical Font Description Conventions document (called xlfd) and the XLoadFont and XCreateFontSet manual pages. Some useful font utilities are: xlsfonts, xfontsel, xfd and xset.
If you have Xft support you can specify an Xft font name (description) of a true type (or Type1) font prefixed by "xft:", for example:
"xft:Luxi Mono" "xft:Luxi Mono:Medium:Roman:size=14:encoding=iso8859-1"
The "first" font which matches the description is loaded. This first font depends on the XftConfig configuration file with Xft1 and on the /etc/fonts/fonts.conf file with Xft2. One may read the Xft manual page and the fontconfig man page with Xft2. The first string which follows "xft:" is always considered as the family. With the second example Luxi Mono is the Family (Other XFree TTF families: "Luxi Serif", "Luxi Sans"), Medium is the Weight (other possible weights: Light, DemiBold, Bold, Black), Roman is the slant or the style (other possibilities: Regular, Oblique, Italic) size specifies the point size (for a pixel size use pixelsize=), encoding allows for enforce a charset (iso8859-1 or iso10646-1 only; if no encoding is given the locale charset is assumed). An important parameter is "minspace=bool" where bool is True or False. If bool is False (the default?) Xft gives a greater font height to fvwm than if bool is True. This may modify text placement, icon and window title height, line spacing in menus and FvwmIdent, button height in some fvwm modules ...etc. With a LCD monitor you may try to add "rgba=mode" where mode is either rgb, bgr, vrgb or vbgr to enable subpixel rendering. The best mode depends on the way your LCD cells are arranged. You can pass other specifications in between ":", as "foundry=foundry_name", "spacing=type" where type can be monospace, proportional or charcell, "charwidth=integer", "charheight=integer" or "antialias=bool" where bool is True or False. It seems that these parameters are not always taken in account.
To determine which Xft fonts are really loaded you can export XFT_DEBUG=1 before starting fvwm and take a look to the error log. With Xft2 you may use fc-list to list the available fonts. Anyway, Xft support is experimental (from the X and the fvwm point of view) and the quality of the rendering depends on number of parameters (the XFree and the freetype versions and your video card(s)).
After an Xft font name you can add after a ";" an XLFD font name (simple or extended) as:
xft:Verdana:pixelsize=14;-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--14-*
then, if either loading the Xft font fails or fvwm has no Xft support, fvwm loads the font "-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal—14-*". This allows for writing portable configuration files.
Font and string encoding¶
Once a font is loaded, fvwm finds its encoding (or charset) using its name (the last two fields of the name). fvwm assumes that the strings which are displayed with this font use this encoding (an exception is that if an iso10646-1 font is loaded, then UTF-8 is assumed for string encoding). In a normal situation, (i) a font is loaded by giving a font name without specifying the encoding, (ii) the encoding of the loaded font is the locale encoding, and then (iii) the strings in the fvwm configuration files should use the locale encoding as well as the window and icon name. With Xft the situation is bit different as Xft supports only iso10646-1 and iso8859-1. If you do not specify one of these encodings in the Xft font name, then fvwm does strings conversion using (iii). Note that with multibyte fonts (and in particular with "CJK" fonts) for good text rendering, the locale encoding should be the charset of the font.
To override the previous rules, it is possible to specify the string encoding in the beginning of a font description as follow:
StringEncoding=enc:_full_font_name_
where enc is an encoding supported by fvwm (usually font name charset plus some unicode encodings: UTF-8, USC-2, USC-4 and UTF-16).
For example, you may use an iso8859-1 locale charset and have an FvwmForm in Russian using koi8-r encoding. In this case, you just have to ask FvwmForm to load a koi8-r font by specifying the encoding in the font name. With a multibyte language, (as multibyte font works well only if the locale encoding is the charset of the font), you should use an iso10646-1 font:
StringEncoding=jisx0208.1983-0:-*-fixed-medium-r-*-ja-*-iso10646-1
or
"StringEncoding=jisx0208.1983-0:xft:Bitstream Cyberbit"
if your FvwmForm configuration uses jisx0208.1983-0 encoding. Another possibility is to use UTF-8 encoding for your FvwmForm configuration and use an iso10646-1 font:
-*-fixed-medium-r-*-ja-*-iso10646-1
or
"StringEncoding=UTF-8:xft:Bitstream Cyberbit"
or equivalently
"xft:Bitstream Cyberbit:encoding=iso10646-1"
In general iso10646-1 fonts together with UTF-8 string encoding allows the display of any characters in a given menu, FvwmForm etc.
More and more, unicode is used and text files use UTF-8 encoding. However, in practice the characters used range over your locale charset. For saving memory (an iso10646-1 font may have a very large number of characters) or because you have a pretty font without an iso10646-1 charset, you can specify the string encoding to be UTF-8 and use a font in the locale charset:
StringEncoding=UTF-8:-*-pretty_font-*-12-*
In most cases, fvwm correctly determines the encoding of the font. However, some fonts do not end with valid encoding names. When the font name isn’t normal, for example:
-misc-fixed-*--20-*-my_utf8-36
you need to add the encoding after the font name using a slash as a delimiter. For example:
MenuStyle * Font -misc-fixed-*--20-*-my_utf8-36/iso10646-1
If fvwm finds an encoding, fvwm uses the iconv system functions to do conversion between encodings. Unfortunately, there are no standards. For conversion between iso8859-1 and UTF-8: a GNU system uses "ISO-8859-1" and other systems use "iso881" to define the converters (these two names are supported by fvwm). Moreover, in some cases it may be necessary to use machine specific converters. So, if you experience problems you can try to get information on your iconv implementation ("man iconv" may help) and put the name which defines the converter between the font encoding and UTF-8 at the end of the font name after the encoding hint and a / (another possible solution is to use GNU libiconv). For example use:
Style * Font -misc-fixed-*--14-*-iso8859-1/*/latin1
to use latin1 for defining the converter for the iso8859-1 encoding. The "*" in between the "/" says to fvwm to determine the encoding from the end of the font name. Use:
Style * Font \ -misc-fixed-*--14-*-local8859-6/iso8859-6/local_iso8859_6_iconv
to force fvwm to use the font with iso8859-6 as the encoding (this is useful for bi-directionality) and to use local_iso8859_6_iconv for defining the converters.
Font Shadow Effects¶
Fonts can be given 3d effects. At the beginning of the font name (or just after a possible StringEncoding specification) add
Shadow=size [offset] [directions]]:
size is a positive integer which specifies the number of pixels of shadow. offset is an optional positive integer which defines the number of pixels to offset the shadow from the edge of the character. The default offset is zero. directions is an optional set of directions the shadow emanates from the character. The directions are a space separated list of fvwm directions:
N, North, Top, t, Up, u, -
E, East, Right, r, Right, r, ]
S, South, Bottom, b, Down, d, _
W, West, Left, l, Left, l, [
NE, NorthEast, TopRight, tr, UpRight, ur, ^
SE, SouthEast, BottomRight, br, DownRight, dr, >
SW, SouthWest, BottomLeft, bl, DownLeft, dl, v
NW, NorthWest, TopLeft, tl, UpLeft, ul, <
C, Center, Centre, .
A shadow is displayed in each given direction. All is equivalent to all the directions. The default direction is BottomRight. With the Center direction, the shadow surrounds the whole string. Since this is a super set of all other directions, it is a waste of time to specify this along with any other directions.
The shadow effect only works with colorsets. The color of the shadow is defined by using the fgsh option of the Colorset command. Please refer to the Colorsets section for details about colorsets.
Note: It can be difficult to find the font, fg, fgsh and bg colors to make this effect look good, but it can look quite good.
BI-DIRECTIONAL TEXT¶
Arabic and Hebrew text require bi-directional text support to be displayed correctly, this means that logical strings should be converted before their visual presentation, so left-to-right and right-to-left sub-strings are determined and reshuffled. In fvwm this is done automatically in window titles, menus, module labels and other places if the fonts used for displaying the text are of one of the charsets that require bidi (bi-directional) support. For example, this includes iso8859-6, iso8859-8 and iso10646-1 (unicode), but not other iso8859-* fonts.
This bi-directional text support is done using the fribidi library compile time option, see INSTALL.fvwm.
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS¶
Almost all window manager operations can be performed from the keyboard so mouse-less operation should be possible. In addition to scrolling around the virtual desktop by binding the Scroll command to appropriate keys, Popup, Move, Resize, and any other command can be bound to keys. Once a command is started the pointer is moved by using the up, down, left, and right arrows, and the action is terminated by pressing return. Holding down the Shift key causes the pointer movement to go in larger steps and holding down the control key causes the pointer movement to go in smaller steps. Standard emacs and vi cursor movement controls can be used instead of the arrow keys.
SESSION MANAGEMENT¶
Fvwm supports session management according to the X Session Management Protocol. It saves and restores window position, size, stacking order, desk, stickiness, shadiness, maximizedness, iconifiedness for all windows. Furthermore, some global state is saved.
Fvwm doesn’t save any information regarding styles, decors, functions or menus. If you change any of these resources during a session (e.g. by issuing Style commands or by using various modules), these changes are lost after saving and restarting the session. To become permanent, such changes have to be added to the configuration file.
Note further that the current implementation has the following anomaly when used on a multi-screen display: Starting fvwm for the first time, fvwm manages all screens by forking a copy of itself for each screen. Every copy knows its parent and issuing a Quit command to any instance of fvwm kills the master and thus all copies of fvwm. When you save and restart the session, the session manager brings up a copy of fvwm on each screen, but this time they are started as individual instances managing one screen only. Thus a Quit kills only the copy it was sent to. This is probably not a very serious problem, since with session management, you are supposed to quit a session through the session manager anyway. If it is really needed,
Exec exec killall fvwm
still kills all copies of fvwm. Your system must have the killall command though.
BOOLEAN ARGUMENTS¶
A number of commands take one or several boolean arguments. These take a few equivalent inputs: "yes", "on", "true", "t" and "y" all evaluate to true while "no", "off", "false", "f" and "n" evaluate to false. Some commands allow "toggle" too which means that the feature is disabled if it is currently enabled and vice versa.
BUILTIN KEY AND MOUSE BINDINGS¶
The following commands are built-in to fvwm:
Key Help R A Popup MenuFvwmRoot Key F1 R A Popup MenuFvwmRoot Key Tab A M WindowList Root c c NoDeskSort Key Escape A MC EscapeFunc Mouse 1 R A Menu MenuFvwmRoot Mouse 1 T A FuncFvwmRaiseLowerX Move Mouse 1 FS A FuncFvwmRaiseLowerX Resize Mouse 2 FST A FuncFvwmRaiseLowerX Move AddToFunc FuncFvwmRaiseLowerX + I Raise + M $0 + D Lower
The Help and F1 keys invoke a built-in menu that fvwm creates. This is primarily for new users that have not created their own configuration file. Either key on the root (background) window pops up an menu to help you get started.
The Tab key pressed anywhere with the Alt key (same as the key on PC keyboards) held down pop-ups a window list.
Mouse button 1 on the title-bar or side frame can move, raise or lower a window.
Mouse button 1 on the window corners can resize, raise or lower a window.
You can override or remove these bindings. To remove the window list binding, use this:
Key Tab A M -
COMMAND EXECUTION¶
Module and Function Commands¶
If fvwm encounters a command that it doesn’t recognize, it checks to see if the specified command should have been
Function (rest of command)
or
Module (rest of command)
This allows complex functions or modules to be invoked in a manner which is fairly transparent to the configuration file.
Example: the config file contains the line
HelpMe
Fvwm looks for an fvwm command called "HelpMe", and fails. Next it looks for a user-defined complex function called "HelpMe". If no such function exists, fvwm tries to execute a module called "HelpMe".
Delayed Execution of Commands¶
Note: There are many commands that affect look and feel of specific, some or all windows, like Style, Mouse, Colorset, TitleStyle and many others. For performance reasons such changes are not applied immediately but only when fvwm is idle, i.e. no user interaction or module input is pending. Specifically, new Style options that are set in a function are not applied until after the function has completed. This can sometimes lead to unwanted effects.
To force that all pending changes are applied immediately, use the UpdateStyles, Refresh or RefreshWindow commands.
QUOTING¶
Quotes are required only when needed to make fvwm consider two or more words to be a single argument. Unnecessary quoting is allowed. If you want a quote character in your text, you must escape it by using the backslash character. For example, if you have a pop-up menu called "Window-Ops", then you do not need quotes:
Popup Window-Ops
but if you replace the dash with a space, then you need quotes:
Popup "Window Ops"
The supported quoting characters are double quotes, single quotes and reverse single quotes. All three kinds of quotes are treated in the same way. Single characters can be quoted with a preceding backslash. Quoting single characters works even inside other kinds of quotes.
COMMAND EXPANSION¶
Whenever an fvwm command line is executed, fvwm performs parameter expansion. A parameter is a '$' followed by a word enclosed in brackets ($[...]) or a single special character. If fvwm encounters an unquoted parameter on the command line it expands it to a string indicated by the parameter name. Unknown parameters are left untouched. Parameter expansion is performed before quoting. To get a literal '$' use "$$".
If a command is prefixed with a '-' parameter expansion isn’t performed. This applies to the command immediately following the '-', in which the expansion normally would have taken place. When uesed together with other prefix commands it must be added before the other prefix.
Example:
Pick -Exec exec xmessage '$[w.name]'
opens an xmessage dialog with "$[w.name]" unexpanded.
The longer variables may contain additional variables inside the name, which are expanded before the outer variable.
In earlier versions of fvwm, some single letter variables were supported. It is deprecated now, since they cause a number of problems. You should use the longer substitutes instead.
Example:
# Print the current desk number, horizontal page number # and the window's class (unexpanded here, no window). Echo $[desk.n] $[page.nx] $[w.class]
Note: If the command is called outside a window context, it prints "$[w.class]" instead of the class name. It is usually not enough to have the pointer over a window to have a context window. To force using the window with the focus, the Current command can be used:
Current Echo $[desk.n] $[page.nx] $[w.class]
The parameters known by fvwm are:
$$
$.
$0 to $9
$*
$[n]
$[n-m]
$[n-]
$[*]
$[version.num]
$[version.info]
$[version.line]
$[vp.x] $[vp.y] $[vp.width] $[vp.height]
$[wa.x] $[wa.y] $[wa.width] $[wa.height]
$[dwa.x] $[dwa.y] $[dwa.width] $[dwa.height]
$[desk.n]
$[desk.name<n>]
$[desk.width] $[desk.height]
$[desk.pagesx] $[desk.pagesy]
$[page.nx] $[page.ny]
$[w.id]
$[w.name] $[w.iconname] $[w.class] $[w.resource] $[w.visiblename] $[w.iconfile] $[w.miniiconfile] $[w.iconfile.svgopts] $[w.miniiconfile.svgopts]
Note, the first 5 variables may include any kind of characters, so these variables are quoted. It means that the value is surrounded by single quote characters and any contained single quote is prefixed with a backslash. This guarantees that commands like:
Style $[w.resource] Icon norm/network.png
work correctly, regardless of any special symbols the value may contain, like spaces and different kinds of quotes.
In the case of the window’s visible name, this is the value returned from the literal title of the window shown in the titlebar. Typically this will be the same as $[w.name] once expanded, although in the case of using IndexedWindowName then this is more useful a distinction, and allows for referencing the specific window by its visible name for inclusion in things like Style commands.
$[w.x] $[w.y] $[w.width] $[w.height]
$[w.pagex] $[w.pagey]
$[w.desk]
$[w.layer]
$[w.screen]
$[cw.x] $[cw.y] $[cw.width] $[cw.height]
$[i.x], $[it.x], $[ip.x] $[i.y], $[it.y], $[ip.y] $[i.width], $[it.width], $[ip.width] $[i.height], $[it.height], $[ip.height]
$[pointer.x] $[pointer.y]
$[pointer.wx] $[pointer.wy]
$[pointer.cx] $[pointer.cy]
$[pointer.screen]
This is deprecated; use $[monitor.current] instead.
$[monitor.<n>.x], $[monitor.<n>.y], $[monitor.<n>.width], $[monitor.<n>.height], $[monitor.<n>.desk], $[monitor.<n>.pagex], $[monitor.<n>.pagey] $[monitor.primary], $[monitor.current], $[monitor.prev] $[monitor.output], $[monitor.count], $[monitor.<n>.prev_desk], $[monitor.<n>.prev_pagex], $[monitor.<n>.prev_pagey]
<n> should be a valid xrandr(1) output name.
"x" returns the monitor’s x position; "y" returns the monitor’s y position; "width" returns the monitor’s width (in pixels); "height" returns the monitor’s height (in pixels)
"current" is the same as the deprecated $[screen.pointer] variable; the monitor which has the mouse pointer.
"prev" returns the previously focused monitor, or the empty string if there isn’t one.
"count" returns the number of active monitors.
"desk" returns the current desk displayed on the referenced monitor.
"pagex" returns the X page on the referenced monitor.
"pagey" returns the Y page of the referenced monitor.
"primary" is the name of the output set as primary via xrandr(1).
"prev_desk" returns the previous desk on the referenced monitor.
"prev_pagex" returns the previous X page on the referenced monitor.
"prev_pagey" returns the previous Y page on the referenced monitor.
$[screen]
$[screen.count]
This is deprecated; use $[monitor.count] instead.
$[fg.cs<n>] $[bg.cs<n>] $[hilight.cs<n>] $[shadow.cs<n>] $[fgsh.cs<n>]
If .lighten<p> or .darken<p> is appended to the parameters, they are instead replaced with a color that is lighter or darker than the one defined in colorset <n> by a percentage value <p> (between 0 and 100). For example "$[bg.cs3.lighten15]" is expanded to the background color of colorset 3 and then lightened 15% (in rgb:rrrr/gggg/bbbb form).
If .hash is appened to the end the color output will use #rrggbb form (instead of rgb:rrrr/gggg/bbbb). For example, $[bg.cs3.hash] or $[bg.cs3.lighten15.hash].
Please refer to the Colorsets section for details about colorsets.
$[schedule.last]
$[schedule.next]
$[cond.rc]
$[func.context]
Mouse 3 FS N WindowShade $$[func.context]
$[debuglog.state]
$[gt.str]
$[infostore.key]
$[...]
Some examples can be found in the description of the AddToFunc command.
SCRIPTING AND COMPLEX FUNCTIONS¶
To achieve the more complex effects, fvwm has a number of commands that improve its scripting abilities. Scripts can be read from a file with Read, from the output of a command with PipeRead or written as a complex function with the AddToFunc command. For the curious, section 7 of the fvwm FAQ shows some real life applications of scripting. Please refer to the sections User Functions and Shell Commands and Conditional Commands for details. A word of warning: during execution of complex functions, fvwm needs to take all input from the mouse pointer (the pointer is "grabbed" in the slang of X). No other programs can receive any input from the pointer while a function is run. This can confuse some programs. For example, the xwd program refuses to make screen shots when run from a complex function. To achieve the same functionality you can use the Read or PipeRead command instead.
MENU CONCEPTS AND COMMANDS¶
Please refer to the fvwm3menus man page.
LIST OF FVWM COMMANDS¶
Please refer to the fvwm3commands and fvwm3styles man pages.
ENVIRONMENT¶
The environment variables that have an effect on how fvwm operates are the following:
DISPLAY
FVWM_USERDIR
FVWM3_LOGFILE
FVWM_DATADIR
FVWM_MODULEDIR
SESSION_MANAGER
SESSION_MANAGER_NAME
SM_SAVE_DIR
AUTHORS¶
Robert Nation with help from many people, based on twm code, which was written by Tom LaStrange. After Robert Nation came Charles Hines, followed by Brady Montz. Currently fvwm is developed by a number of people on the fvwm-workers mailing list.
COPYRIGHT¶
Fvwm and all the modules, scripts and other files coming with the distribution are subject to the GNU General Public License (GPL). Please refer to the COPYING file that came with fvwm for details.
BUGS¶
Bug reports can be sent to the fvwm-workers mailing list at <fvwm-workers@fvwm.org>
The official fvwm homepage is <http://fvwm.org/>.
| 2023-01-17 |