Global options¶

-e DEVICE, --device=DEVICE

Explicitly set the device beep shall use to generate beep tones. When not given a device explicitly, beep runs through an internal list of devices until one appears to work.

--debug, --verbose

Make the beep program more verbose.

Tone options¶

-f FREQ

Beep with a tone frequency of FREQ Hz, where 0 < FREQ < 20000. As a general ballpark, the regular terminal beep is around 750Hz. For backwards compatibility, you can give FREQ as a floating point number, but beep will round that to integer values as the kernel APIs expect them. Default value: 440 Hz.

-l LEN

Beep for a tone length of LEN milliseconds. Default value: 200 ms.

-r REPEATS

Repeat the tone including delays REPEATS times. Default value: 1 tone, not repeated.

-d DELAY | -D DELAY

Specify a delay of DELAY milliseconds between repetitions. Small letter -d specifies that this delay should only occur between beeps, that is, it should not occur after the last repetition. Capital letter -D specifies that the delay should occur after every repetition, including after the last one. Normally, -d is what you want, but if, for example, you are stringing several beep commands together to play the star wars anthem, you may want control over every delay. Default value: 100 ms delay between beeps with no delay after the last beep.

-n, --new

The --new option allows you to chain multiple beeps together on a single command line. Each time the --new is used, beep starts treating all further arguments as though they were for a new beep. So for example:

beep -f 1000 -n -f 2000 -n -f 1500

would produce a sequence of three beeps, the first with a frequency of 1000Hz (and otherwise default values), then a second beep with a frequency of 2000Hz (again, with things like delay and reps being set to their defaults), then a third beep, at 1500Hz. This is different from specifying a -r value, since -r repeats the same beep multiple times, whereas --new allows you to specify different beeps. After a --new, the new beep is created with all the default values, and any of these can be specified without altering values for preceding (or later) beeps. See the EXAMPLES section if this managed to confuse you.

-s, -c

Both the -s and the -c option put beep into input processing mode, reading from stdin and copying all received data to stdout. This makes it easy to slip beep into a text processing pipeline to acoustically monitor the data flow within that pipeline. See the EXAMPLES section.

Other Actions¶

-h, --help Display beep usage info and exit.

-v, -V, --version

Display beep version information and exit.

Devices and Permissions¶

When you run beep without explicitly giving a device to use, beep tries opening the following devices in sequence until one succeeds:

/dev/input/by-path/platform-pcspkr-event-spkr

Uses the evdev API, and system administrator can allow access to any set of users and groups using the normal file permissions.

/dev/tty0

Uses the console API, and the kernel insists you are root or own the TTY.

/dev/vc/0

Uses the console API, and the kernel insists you are root or own the TTY.

beep does not support running as setuid root or via sudo(1).

For non-root uses, the system administrator can set up a udev(7) rule to allow write access to /dev/input/by-path/platform-pcspkr-event-spkr for certain users and/or user groups. For details, see the beep /usr/share/doc/beep/PERMISSIONS.md file.

APIs¶

evdev

Uses the input event device driver, which means running write(2) on /dev/input/by-path/platform-pcspkr-event-spkr.

The permissions to this device file can be set up such that beep can be run by any non-root user the system administrator wants to.

Opening this device takes on the order of magnitude of 20ms in the Linux kernel for every time you start the beep command. Therefore, if you need to play multiple notes in a rhythmical sequence for a melody, use one beep command invocation with multiple notes, not several beep invocations playing one note each.

console

Uses the ancient console API, which means running the KIOCSOUND ioctl(2) on a tty device like /dev/tty0 or /dev/vc/0.

This requires being root, unless the non-root user happens be logged into the virtual console and be using that specific virtual console device like e.g. /dev/tty4. This makes the console driver useless for non-root users logged in via ssh, and often X11 or Wayland.

Use the evdev API instead.

Concurrent Invocations¶

Concurrent invocations of beep are not supported. There is only one tone generator in the PC hardware, and we do not manage access to that shared resource in any way. So if a first beep -f 1000 -l 10000 process starts a long 10 second beep with 1000Hz, and 2 seconds later a second quick beep -f 2050 -l 100 with 2050Hz comes in, you will hear that 2050Hz beep for 100ms, and then silence as the quick beep silences the tone generator. Now you will not hear that the first beep process is still running after having waited for the first 2100ms of its 10000ms. You will also not hear that the first beep process will silence the already silent speaker 7900ms later, i.e. 10000ms after the first beep started.

Sound Volume¶

The PC speaker hardware has no way to explicitly set the volume of a beep.

If you have a standalone PC, however, chances are you have a piezo beeper connected to the mainboard. If you prioritize a loud beep over a certain frequency beep, you can choose to beep at a frequency close to the resonance frequency of the piezo beeper. Typical piezo beepers have a resonance frequency around 2000Hz, so you can test frequencies around that range. The author's piezo beeper is the loudest at about 2050Hz.

If you have a PC laptop, chances are that your laptop will not have a piezo beeper hardware inside and that it will route the output of the pcspkr circuit to the laptop's internal speakers via the sound card mixer. In that case, you can and/or must change the mixer level for the beeper using a sound card mixer application.

Frequency Table¶

This frequency table might come in handy for translating musical notes to frequencies. The frequencies are rounded to integer numbers as the kernel driver only works with integers. The column for octave 4 is the octave of middle C.