\ .\" This man page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source. .\" Do not hand-hack it! If you have bug fixes or improvements, please find .\" the corresponding HTML page on the Netpbm website, generate a patch .\" against that, and send it to the Netpbm maintainer. .TH "Pamfunc User Manual" 1 "09 September 2020" "netpbm documentation" .SH NAME pamfunc - Apply a simple monadic arithmetic function to a Netpbm image .UN synopsis .SH SYNOPSIS \fBpamfunc\fP { \fB-multiplier=\fP\fIrealnum\fP | \fB-divisor=\fP\fIrealnum\fP | \fB-adder=\fP\fIinteger\fP | \fB-subtractor=\fP\fIinteger\fP | \fB-min=\fP\fIwholenum\fP | \fB-max=\fP\fIwholenum\fP \fB-andmask=\fP\fIhexmask\fP \fB-ormask=\fP\fIhexmask\fP \fB-xormask=\fP\fIhexmask\fP \fB-not\fP \fB-shiftleft=\fP\fIcount\fP \fB-shiftright=\fP\fIcount\fP [\fB-changemaxval\fP] } [\fIfilespec\fP] .PP All options can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix. You may use two hyphens instead of one. You may separate an option name and its value with white space instead of an equals sign. .UN description .SH DESCRIPTION .PP This program is part of .BR "Netpbm" (1)\c \&. .PP \fBpamfunc\fP reads a Netpbm image as input and produces a Netpbm image as output, with the same format, and dimensions as the input. \fBpamfunc\fP applies a simple transfer function to each sample in the input to generate the corresponding sample in the output. The options determine what function. .PP The samples involved are PAM samples. If the input is PBM, PGM, or PPM, the output will be that same format, but \fBpamfunc\fP applies the functions to the PAM equivalent samples, yielding PAM equivalent samples. This can be nonintuitive in the .UR #pbmoddness PBM .UE \& case. .PP \fBpamarith\fP is the same thing for binary functions -- it takes two images as input and applies a specified simple arithmetic function (e.g. addition) on pairs of samples from the two to produce the single output image. .UN values .SS Values .PP The functions fall into two categories: arithmetic (such as multiply by 5) and bit string (such as and with 01001000). For the arithmetic functions, the function arguments and results are the fraction that a sample is of the maxval, i.e. normal interpretation of PAM tuples. But for the bit string functions, the value is the the bit string whose value as a binary cipher is the sample value, and the maxval indicates the width of the bit string. .B Arithmetic functions .PP The arithmetic functions are those selected by the options \fB-multiplier\fP, \fB-divisor\fP, \fB-adder\fP, \fB-subtractor\fP, \fB-min\fP, and \fB-max\fP. .PP As an example, consider an image with maxval 100 and a sample value of 10 and a function of "multiply by 5." The argument to the function is 10/100 (0.1) and the result is 5 * 0.1 = 0.5. In the simplest case, the maxval of the output is also 100, so the output sample value is 0.5 * 100 = 50. As you can see, we could just talk about the sample values themselves instead of these fractions and get the same result (10 * 5 = 50), but we don't. .PP Where it makes a practical difference whether we consider the values to be the fraction of the maxval or the sample value alone is where \fBpamfunc\fP uses a different maxval in the output image than it finds in the input image. See \fB-changemaxval\fP. .PP So remember in reading the descriptions below that the values are 0.1 and 0.5 in this example, not 10 and 50. All arguments and results are in the range [0,1]. .B Bit string functions .PP The bit string functions are those selected by the options \fB-andmask\fP, \fB-ormask\fP, \fB-xormask\fP, \fB-not\fP, \fB-shiftleft\fP, and \fB-shiftright\fP. .PP With these functions, the maxval has a very different meaning than in normal Netpbm images: it tells how wide (how many bits) the bit string is. The maxval must be a full binary count (a power of two minus one, such as 0xff) and the number of ones in it is the width of the bit string. .PP As an example, consider an image with maxval 15 and a sample value of 5 and a function of "and with 0100". The argument to the function is 0101 and the result is 0100. .PP In this example, it doesn't make any practical difference what we consider the width of the string to be, as long as it is at least 3. If the maxval were 255, the result would be the same. But with a bit shift operation, it matters. Consider shifting left by 2 bits. In the example, where the input value is 0101, the result is 0100. But if the maxval were 255, the result would be 00010100. .PP For a masking function, the mask value you specify must not have more significant bits than the width indicated by the maxval. .PP For a shifting operation, the shift count you specify must not be greater than the width indicated by the maxval. .UN pbmoddness .B PBM Oddness .PP If you're familiar with the PBM format, you may find \fBpamfunc\fP's operation on PBM images to be nonintuitive. Because in PBM black is represented as 1 and white as 0 (1.0 and 0.0 normlized), you might be expecting adding 1 to white to yield black. .PP But the PBM format is irrelevant, because \fBpamfunc\fP operates on the numbers found in the PAM equivalent (see above). In a PAM black and white image, black is 0 and white is 1 (0.0 and 1.0 normalized). So white plus 1 (clipped to the maximum of 1.0) is white. .UN options .SH OPTIONS .PP In addition to the options common to all programs based on libnetpbm (most notably \fB-quiet\fP, see .UR index.html#commonoptions Common Options .UE \&), \fBpamfunc\fP recognizes the following command line options: .TP \fB-multiplier=\fIrealnum\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of multiplying by \fIrealnum\fP. \fIrealnum\fP must be nonnegative. If the result is greater than one, it is clipped to one. .sp Where the input is a PGM or PPM image, this has the effect of dimming or brightening it. For a different kind of brightening, see .BR "\fBpambrighten\fP" (1)\c \& and .BR "\fBppmflash\fP" (1)\c \& .sp Also, see .BR "\fBppmdim\fP" (1)\c \&, which does the same thing as \fBpamfunc -multiplier\fP on a PPM image with a multiplier between zero and one, except it uses integer arithmetic, so it may be faster. .sp And .BR "\fBppmfade\fP" (1)\c \& can generate a whole sequence of images of brightness declining to black or increasing to white, if that's what you want. .TP \fB-divisor=\fIrealnum\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of dividing by \fIrealnum\fP. \fIrealnum\fP must be nonnegative. If the result is greater than one, it is clipped to one. .sp This is the same function as you would get with \fB-multiplier\fP, specifying the multiplicative inverse of \fIrealnum\fP. .TP \fB-adder=\fIinteger\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of adding \fIinteger\fP/\fImaxval\fP. If the result is greater than one, it is clipped to one. If it is less than zero, it is clipped to zero. .sp Note that in mathematics, this entity is called an "addend," and an "adder" is a snake. We use "adder" because it makes more sense. .TP \fB-subtractor=\fIinteger\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of subtracting \fIinteger\fP/\fImaxval\fP. If the result is greater than one, it is clipped to one. If it is less than zero, it is clipped to zero. .sp Note that in mathematics, this entity is called a "subtrahend" rather than a "subtractor." We use "subtractor" because it makes more sense. .sp This is the same function as you would get with \fB-adder\fP, specifying the negative of \fIinteger\fP. .TP \fB-min=\fIwholenum\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of taking the maximum of the argument and \fIwholenum\fP/\fImaxval\fP. I.e the minimum value in the output will be \fIwholenum\fP/\fImaxval\fP. If \fIwholenum\fP/\fImaxval\fP is greater than one, though, every value in the output will be one. .TP \fB-max=\fIwholenum\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of taking the minimum of the argument and \fIwholenum\fP/\fImaxval\fP. I.e the maximum value in the output will be \fIwholenum\fP/\fImaxval\fP. If \fIwholenum\fP/\fImaxval\fP is greater than one, the function is idempotent -- the output is identical to the input. .TP \fB-andmask=\fIhexmask\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise anding with \fIhexmask\fP. .sp \fIhexmask\fP is in hexadecimal. Example: \f(CW0f\fP .sp This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007). .TP \fB-ormask=\fIhexmask\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise inclusive oring with \fIhexmask\fP. .sp This is analogous to \fB-andmask\fP. .sp This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007). .TP \fB-xormask=\fIhexmask\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise exclusive oring with \fIhexmask\fP. .sp This is analogous to \fB-andmask\fP. .sp This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007). .TP \fB-not\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise logical inversion (e.g. sample value 0xAA becomes 0x55). .sp \fBpnminvert\fP does the same thing for a bilevel visual image which has maxval 1 or is of PBM type. .sp This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007). .TP \fB-shiftleft=\fIcount\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise shifting left by \fIcount\fP bits. .sp This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007). .TP \fB-shiftright=\fIcount\fP\fP .sp This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise shifting right by \fIcount\fP bits. .sp This is analogous to \fB-shiftleft\fP. .sp This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007). .TP \fB-changemaxval\fP .sp This option tells \fBpamfunc\fP to use a different maxval in the output image than the maxval of the input image, if it helps. By default, the maxval of the output is unchanged from the input and \fBpamfunc\fP modifies the sample values as necessary to perform the operation. .sp But there is one case where \fBpamfunc\fP can achieve the same result just by changing the maxval and leaving the sample values unchanged: dividing by a number 1 or greater, or multiplying by a number 1 or less. For example, to halve all of the values, \fBpamfunc\fP can just double the maxval. .sp With \fB-changemaxval\fP, \fBpamfunc\fP will do just that. .sp As the Netpbm formats have a maximum maxval of 65535, for large divisors, \fBpamfunc\fP may not be able to use this method. .sp An advantage of dividing by changing the maxval is that you don't lose precision. The higher maxval means higher precision. For example, consider an image with a maxval of 100 and sample value of 10. You divide by 21 and then multiply by 21 again. If \fBpamfunc\fP does this by changing the sample values while retaining maxval 100, the division will result in a sample value of 0 and the multiplication will also result in zero. But if \fBpamfunc\fP instead keeps the sample value 10 and changes the maxval, the division will result in a maxval of 2100 and the multiplication will change it back to 100, and the round trip is idempotent. .sp This option was new in Netpbm 10.65 (December 2013). .UN seealso .SH SEE ALSO .BR "ppmdim" (1)\c \&, .BR "pambrighten" (1)\c \&, .BR "pamdepth" (1)\c \&, .BR "pamarith" (1)\c \&, .BR "pamsummcol" (1)\c \&, .BR "pamsumm" (1)\c \&, .BR "ppmfade" (1)\c \&, .BR "pnminvert" (1)\c \&, .BR "pam" (1)\c \&, .BR "pnm" (1)\c \&, .UN history .SH HISTORY .PP This program was added to Netpbm in Release 10.3 (June 2002). .SH DOCUMENT SOURCE This manual page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source. The master documentation is at .IP .B http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pamfunc.html .PP