.\" Copyright (c) 1992 Drew Eckhardt <drew@cs.colorado.edu>, March 28, 1992
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.\" Modified by Michael Haardt <michael@moria.de>
.\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
.\" Modified 1996-11-04 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
.\" Modified 2001-06-04 by aeb
.\" Modified 2004-05-27 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.TH nice 2 2023-03-30 "Linux man-pages 6.05.01"
.SH NAME
nice \- change process priority
.SH LIBRARY
Standard C library
.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <unistd.h>
.PP
.BI "int nice(int " inc );
.fi
.PP
.RS -4
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
.BR feature_test_macros (7)):
.RE
.PP
.BR nice ():
.nf
    _XOPEN_SOURCE
        || /* Since glibc 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
        || /* glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BR nice ()
adds
.I inc
to the nice value for the calling thread.
(A higher nice value means a lower priority.)
.PP
The range of the nice value is +19 (low priority) to \-20 (high priority).
Attempts to set a nice value outside the range are clamped to the range.
.PP
Traditionally, only a privileged process could lower the nice value
(i.e., set a higher priority).
However, since Linux 2.6.12, an unprivileged process can decrease
the nice value of a target process that has a suitable
.B RLIMIT_NICE
soft limit; see
.BR getrlimit (2)
for details.
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success, the new nice value is returned (but see NOTES below).
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error.
.PP
A successful call can legitimately return \-1.
To detect an error, set
.I errno
to 0 before the call, and check whether it is nonzero after
.BR nice ()
returns \-1.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B EPERM
The calling process attempted to increase its priority by
supplying a negative
.I inc
but has insufficient privileges.
Under Linux, the
.B CAP_SYS_NICE
capability is required.
(But see the discussion of the
.B RLIMIT_NICE
resource limit in
.BR setrlimit (2).)
.SH VERSIONS
.SS C library/kernel differences
POSIX.1 specifies that
.BR nice ()
should return the new nice value.
However, the raw Linux system call returns 0 on success.
Likewise, the
.BR nice ()
wrapper function provided in glibc 2.2.3 and earlier returns 0 on success.
.PP
Since glibc 2.2.4, the
.BR nice ()
wrapper function provided by glibc provides conformance to POSIX.1 by calling
.BR getpriority (2)
to obtain the new nice value, which is then returned to the caller.
.SH STANDARDS
POSIX.1-2008.
.SH HISTORY
POSIX.1-2001, SVr4, 4.3BSD.
.\" SVr4 documents an additional
.\" .B EINVAL
.\" error code.
.SH NOTES
For further details on the nice value, see
.BR sched (7).
.PP
.IR Note :
the addition of the "autogroup" feature in Linux 2.6.38 means that
the nice value no longer has its traditional effect in many circumstances.
For details, see
.BR sched (7).
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR nice (1),
.BR renice (1),
.BR fork (2),
.BR getpriority (2),
.BR getrlimit (2),
.BR setpriority (2),
.BR capabilities (7),
.BR sched (7)