.\" Copyright (C) 2013, Heinrich Schuchardt <xypron.glpk@gmx.de>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.TH fanotify_init 2 2023-07-08 "Linux man-pages 6.05.01"
.SH NAME
fanotify_init \- create and initialize fanotify group
.SH LIBRARY
Standard C library
.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" "            /* Definition of " O_* " constants */"
.B #include <sys/fanotify.h>
.PP
.BI "int fanotify_init(unsigned int " flags ", unsigned int " event_f_flags );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
For an overview of the fanotify API, see
.BR fanotify (7).
.PP
.BR fanotify_init ()
initializes a new fanotify group and returns a file descriptor for the event
queue associated with the group.
.PP
The file descriptor is used in calls to
.BR fanotify_mark (2)
to specify the files, directories, mounts, or filesystems for which fanotify
events shall be created.
These events are received by reading from the file descriptor.
Some events are only informative, indicating that a file has been accessed.
Other events can be used to determine whether
another application is permitted to access a file or directory.
Permission to access filesystem objects is granted by writing to the file
descriptor.
.PP
Multiple programs may be using the fanotify interface at the same time to
monitor the same files.
.PP
The number of fanotify groups per user is limited.
See
.BR fanotify (7)
for details about this limit.
.PP
The
.I flags
argument contains a multi-bit field defining the notification class of the
listening application and further single bit fields specifying the behavior
of the file descriptor.
.PP
If multiple listeners for permission events exist,
the notification class is used to establish the sequence
in which the listeners receive the events.
.PP
Only one of the following notification classes may be specified in
.IR flags :
.TP
.B FAN_CLASS_PRE_CONTENT
This value allows the receipt of events notifying that a file has been
accessed and events for permission decisions if a file may be accessed.
It is intended for event listeners that need to access files before they
contain their final data.
This notification class might be used by hierarchical storage managers,
for example.
Use of this flag requires the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability.
.TP
.B FAN_CLASS_CONTENT
This value allows the receipt of events notifying that a file has been
accessed and events for permission decisions if a file may be accessed.
It is intended for event listeners that need to access files when they
already contain their final content.
This notification class might be used by malware detection programs, for
example.
Use of this flag requires the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability.
.TP
.B FAN_CLASS_NOTIF
This is the default value.
It does not need to be specified.
This value only allows the receipt of events notifying that a file has been
accessed.
Permission decisions before the file is accessed are not possible.
.PP
Listeners with different notification classes will receive events in the
order
.BR FAN_CLASS_PRE_CONTENT ,
.BR FAN_CLASS_CONTENT ,
.BR FAN_CLASS_NOTIF .
The order of notification for listeners in the same notification class
is undefined.
.PP
The following bits can additionally be set in
.IR flags :
.TP
.B FAN_CLOEXEC
Set the close-on-exec flag
.RB ( FD_CLOEXEC )
on the new file descriptor.
See the description of the
.B O_CLOEXEC
flag in
.BR open (2).
.TP
.B FAN_NONBLOCK
Enable the nonblocking flag
.RB ( O_NONBLOCK )
for the file descriptor.
Reading from the file descriptor will not block.
Instead, if no data is available,
.BR read (2)
fails with the error
.BR EAGAIN .
.TP
.B FAN_UNLIMITED_QUEUE
Remove the limit on the number of events in the event queue.
See
.BR fanotify (7)
for details about this limit.
Use of this flag requires the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability.
.TP
.B FAN_UNLIMITED_MARKS
Remove the limit on the number of fanotify marks per user.
See
.BR fanotify (7)
for details about this limit.
Use of this flag requires the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability.
.TP
.BR FAN_REPORT_TID " (since Linux 4.20)"
.\" commit d0a6a87e40da49cfc7954c491d3065a25a641b29
Report thread ID (TID) instead of process ID (PID)
in the
.I pid
field of the
.I "struct fanotify_event_metadata"
supplied to
.BR read (2)
(see
.BR fanotify (7)).
Use of this flag requires the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability.
.TP
.BR FAN_ENABLE_AUDIT " (since Linux 4.15)"
.\" commit de8cd83e91bc3ee212b3e6ec6e4283af9e4ab269
Enable generation of audit log records about access mediation performed by
permission events.
The permission event response has to be marked with the
.B FAN_AUDIT
flag for an audit log record to be generated.
Use of this flag requires the
.B CAP_AUDIT_WRITE
capability.
.TP
.BR FAN_REPORT_FID " (since Linux 5.1)"
.\" commit a8b13aa20afb69161b5123b4f1acc7ea0a03d360
This value allows the receipt of events which contain additional information
about the underlying filesystem object correlated to an event.
An additional record of type
.B FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_FID
encapsulates the information about the object and is included alongside the
generic event metadata structure.
The file descriptor that is used to represent the object correlated to an
event is instead substituted with a file handle.
It is intended for applications that may find the use of a file handle to
identify an object more suitable than a file descriptor.
Additionally, it may be used for applications monitoring a directory or a
filesystem that are interested in the directory entry modification events
.BR FAN_CREATE ,
.BR FAN_DELETE ,
.BR FAN_MOVE ,
and
.BR FAN_RENAME ,
or in events such as
.BR FAN_ATTRIB ,
.BR FAN_DELETE_SELF ,
and
.BR FAN_MOVE_SELF .
All the events above require an fanotify group that identifies filesystem
objects by file handles.
Note that without the flag
.BR FAN_REPORT_TARGET_FID ,
for the directory entry modification events,
there is an information record that identifies the modified directory
and not the created/deleted/moved child object.
The use of
.B FAN_CLASS_CONTENT
or
.B FAN_CLASS_PRE_CONTENT
is not permitted with this flag and will result in the error
.BR EINVAL .
See
.BR fanotify (7)
for additional details.
.TP
.BR FAN_REPORT_DIR_FID " (since Linux 5.9)"
.\" commit 83b7a59896dd24015a34b7f00027f0ff3747972f
Events for fanotify groups initialized with this flag will contain
(see exceptions below) additional information about a directory object
correlated to an event.
An additional record of type
.B FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_DFID
encapsulates the information about the directory object and is included
alongside the generic event metadata structure.
For events that occur on a non-directory object, the additional structure
includes a file handle that identifies the parent directory filesystem object.
Note that there is no guarantee that the directory filesystem object will be
found at the location described by the file handle information at the time
the event is received.
When combined with the flag
.BR FAN_REPORT_FID ,
two records may be reported with events that occur on a non-directory object,
one to identify the non-directory object itself and one to identify the parent
directory object.
Note that in some cases, a filesystem object does not have a parent,
for example, when an event occurs on an unlinked but open file.
In that case, with the
.B FAN_REPORT_FID
flag, the event will be reported with only one record to identify the
non-directory object itself, because there is no directory associated with
the event.
Without the
.B FAN_REPORT_FID
flag, no event will be reported.
See
.BR fanotify (7)
for additional details.
.TP
.BR FAN_REPORT_NAME " (since Linux 5.9)"
.\" commit 929943b38daf817f2e6d303ea04401651fc3bc05
Events for fanotify groups initialized with this flag will contain additional
information about the name of the directory entry correlated to an event.
This flag must be provided in conjunction with the flag
.BR FAN_REPORT_DIR_FID .
Providing this flag value without
.B FAN_REPORT_DIR_FID
will result in the error
.BR EINVAL .
This flag may be combined with the flag
.BR FAN_REPORT_FID .
An additional record of type
.BR FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_DFID_NAME ,
which encapsulates the information about the directory entry, is included
alongside the generic event metadata structure and substitutes the additional
information record of type
.BR FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_DFID .
The additional record includes a file handle that identifies a directory
filesystem object followed by a name that identifies an entry in that
directory.
For the directory entry modification events
.BR FAN_CREATE ,
.BR FAN_DELETE ,
and
.BR FAN_MOVE ,
the reported name is that of the created/deleted/moved directory entry.
The event
.B FAN_RENAME
may contain two information records.
One of type
.B FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_OLD_DFID_NAME
identifying the old directory entry,
and another of type
.B FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_NEW_DFID_NAME
identifying the new directory entry.
For other events that occur on a directory object, the reported file handle
is that of the directory object itself and the reported name is '.'.
For other events that occur on a non-directory object, the reported file handle
is that of the parent directory object and the reported name is the name of a
directory entry where the object was located at the time of the event.
The rationale behind this logic is that the reported directory file handle can
be passed to
.BR open_by_handle_at (2)
to get an open directory file descriptor and that file descriptor along with
the reported name can be used to call
.BR fstatat (2).
The same rule that applies to record type
.B FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_DFID
also applies to record type
.BR FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_DFID_NAME :
if a non-directory object has no parent, either the event will not be reported
or it will be reported without the directory entry information.
Note that there is no guarantee that the filesystem object will be found at the
location described by the directory entry information at the time the event is
received.
See
.BR fanotify (7)
for additional details.
.TP
.B FAN_REPORT_DFID_NAME
This is a synonym for
.RB ( FAN_REPORT_DIR_FID | FAN_REPORT_NAME ).
.TP
.BR FAN_REPORT_TARGET_FID " (since Linux 5.17)"
.\" commit d61fd650e9d206a71fda789f02a1ced4b19944c4
Events for fanotify groups initialized with this flag
will contain additional information about the child
correlated with directory entry modification events.
This flag must be provided in conjunction with the flags
.BR FAN_REPORT_FID ,
.B FAN_REPORT_DIR_FID
and
.BR FAN_REPORT_NAME .
or else the error
.B EINVAL
will be returned.
For the directory entry modification events
.BR FAN_CREATE ,
.BR FAN_DELETE ,
.BR FAN_MOVE ,
and
.BR FAN_RENAME ,
an additional record of type
.BR FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_FID ,
is reported in addition to the information records of type
.BR FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_DFID ,
.BR FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_DFID_NAME ,
.BR FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_OLD_DFID_NAME ,
and
.BR FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_NEW_DFID_NAME .
The additional record includes a file handle
that identifies the filesystem child object
that the directory entry is referring to.
.TP
.B FAN_REPORT_DFID_NAME_TARGET
This is a synonym for
.RB ( FAN_REPORT_DFID_NAME | FAN_REPORT_FID | FAN_REPORT_TARGET_FID ).
.TP
.BR FAN_REPORT_PIDFD " (since Linux 5.15)"
.\" commit af579beb666aefb17e9a335c12c788c92932baf1
Events for fanotify groups initialized with this flag will contain
an additional information record alongside the generic
.I fanotify_event_metadata
structure.
This information record will be of type
.B FAN_EVENT_INFO_TYPE_PIDFD
and will contain a pidfd for the process that
was responsible for generating an event.
A pidfd returned in this information record object is
no different to the pidfd that is returned when calling
.BR pidfd_open (2).
Usage of this information record are for applications that
may be interested in reliably determining whether
the process responsible for generating an event
has been recycled or terminated.
The use of the
.B FAN_REPORT_TID
flag along with
.B FAN_REPORT_PIDFD
is currently not supported and
attempting to do so will result in the error
.B EINVAL
being returned.
This limitation is currently imposed by the pidfd API
as it currently only supports
the creation of pidfds for thread-group leaders.
Creating pidfds for non-thread-group leaders
may be supported at some point in the future,
so this restriction may eventually be lifted.
For more details on information records,
see
.BR fanotify (7).
.PP
The
.I event_f_flags
argument
defines the file status flags that will be set on the open file descriptions
that are created for fanotify events.
For details of these flags, see the description of the
.I flags
values in
.BR open (2).
.I event_f_flags
includes a multi-bit field for the access mode.
This field can take the following values:
.TP
.B O_RDONLY
This value allows only read access.
.TP
.B O_WRONLY
This value allows only write access.
.TP
.B O_RDWR
This value allows read and write access.
.PP
Additional bits can be set in
.IR event_f_flags .
The most useful values are:
.TP
.B O_LARGEFILE
Enable support for files exceeding 2\ GB.
Failing to set this flag will result in an
.B EOVERFLOW
error when trying to open a large file which is monitored by
an fanotify group on a 32-bit system.
.TP
.BR O_CLOEXEC " (since Linux 3.18)"
.\" commit 0b37e097a648aa71d4db1ad108001e95b69a2da4
Enable the close-on-exec flag for the file descriptor.
See the description of the
.B O_CLOEXEC
flag in
.BR open (2)
for reasons why this may be useful.
.PP
The following are also allowable:
.BR O_APPEND ,
.BR O_DSYNC ,
.BR O_NOATIME ,
.BR O_NONBLOCK ,
and
.BR O_SYNC .
Specifying any other flag in
.I event_f_flags
yields the error
.B EINVAL
(but see BUGS).
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success,
.BR fanotify_init ()
returns a new file descriptor.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B EINVAL
An invalid value was passed in
.I flags
or
.IR event_f_flags .
.B FAN_ALL_INIT_FLAGS
(deprecated since Linux 4.20)
.\" commit 23c9deeb3285d34fd243abb3d6b9f07db60c3cf4
defines all allowable bits for
.IR flags .
.TP
.B EMFILE
The number of fanotify groups for this user exceeds the limit.
See
.BR fanotify (7)
for details about this limit.
.TP
.B EMFILE
The per-process limit on the number of open file descriptors has been reached.
.TP
.B ENOMEM
The allocation of memory for the notification group failed.
.TP
.B ENOSYS
This kernel does not implement
.BR fanotify_init ().
The fanotify API is available only if the kernel was configured with
.BR CONFIG_FANOTIFY .
.TP
.B EPERM
The operation is not permitted because the caller lacks a required capability.
.SH VERSIONS
Prior to Linux 5.13,
.\" commit 7cea2a3c505e87a9d6afc78be4a7f7be636a73a7
calling
.BR fanotify_init ()
required the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability.
Since Linux 5.13,
.\" commit 7cea2a3c505e87a9d6afc78be4a7f7be636a73a7
users may call
.BR fanotify_init ()
without the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability to create and initialize
an fanotify group with limited functionality.
.TP
The limitations imposed on an event listener created by a user without the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability are as follows:
.RS
.IP \[bu] 3
The user cannot request for an unlimited event queue by using
.BR FAN_UNLIMITED_QUEUE .
.IP \[bu]
The user cannot request for an unlimited number of marks by using
.BR FAN_UNLIMITED_MARKS .
.IP \[bu]
The user cannot request to use either notification classes
.B FAN_CLASS_CONTENT
or
.BR FAN_CLASS_PRE_CONTENT .
This means that user cannot request permission events.
.IP \[bu]
The user is required to create a group that identifies filesystem objects by
file handles, for example, by providing the
.B FAN_REPORT_FID
flag.
.IP \[bu]
The user is limited to only mark inodes.
The ability to mark a mount or filesystem via
.BR fanotify_mark ()
through the use of
.B FAN_MARK_MOUNT
or
.B FAN_MARK_FILESYSTEM
is not permitted.
.IP \[bu]
The event object in the event queue is limited in terms of the information
that is made available to the unprivileged user.
A user will also not receive the pid that generated the event, unless the
listening process itself generated the event.
.RE
.SH STANDARDS
Linux.
.SH HISTORY
Linux 2.6.37.
.\" was introduced in Linux 2.6.36 and enabled in Linux 2.6.37.
.SH BUGS
The following bug was present before Linux 3.18:
.IP \[bu] 3
.\" Fixed by commit 0b37e097a648aa71d4db1ad108001e95b69a2da4
The
.B O_CLOEXEC
is ignored when passed in
.IR event_f_flags .
.PP
The following bug was present before Linux 3.14:
.IP \[bu] 3
.\" Fixed by commit 48149e9d3a7e924010a0daab30a6197b7d7b6580
The
.I event_f_flags
argument is not checked for invalid flags.
Flags that are intended only for internal use,
such as
.BR FMODE_EXEC ,
can be set, and will consequently be set for the file descriptors
returned when reading from the fanotify file descriptor.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR fanotify_mark (2),
.BR fanotify (7)