query¶

The query subroutine fulfills the need for a generalized question-response subroutine, with programmatic defaulting, validation, condition and error checking.

Given $prompt and $flags, and possibly additional arguments, depending upon the characters in $flags, query issues a prompt to STDOUT and solicits input from STDIN. The input is validated against a set of test criteria as configured by the characters in $flags; if any of the tests fail, an error message is noted, and the query is reattempted.

When STDIN is not a tty (not interactive), prompts are not issued, and errors cause a return rather than attempting to obtain more input. This non-interactive behaviour can be disabled by setting the variable $Foce_Interactive as below:

    $Term::Query::Force_Interactive = 1;

When $Force_Interactive is a non-null, non-zero value, query will issue prompts, error messages, and ask for additional input even when the input is not interactive.

query_table¶

The query_table subroutine performs multiple queries, by invoking query, setting associated variables with the results of each query. Prompts, flags, and other arguments for each query are given in an array, called a query table, which is passed to the query_table subroutine by reference.

query_table_set_defaults¶

The query_table_set_defaults subroutine causes any variables named in the given query table array to be assigned their corresponding default values, if any. This is a non-interactive subroutine.

query_table_process¶

A general interface to processing a query table is available with the query_table_process subroutine. It accepts a query table array, and two subroutine references, a &flagsub and a &querysub. The &flagsub is invoked on each each flag character given in the $flags argument of the query table (see below). The &querysub is invoked for each query in the query table.

The query_table and query_table_set_defaults subroutines both use query_table_process to perform their functions.

Query Table¶

The format of the query table array passed to query_table, query_table_set_defaults, and query_table_process subroutines is:

 @array = ( $prompt1, $flags1, [ $arglist1, ... ],
            $prompt2, $flags2, [ $arglist2, ... ],
            ...
            $promptN, $flagsN, [ $arglistN, ... ] );

In English, there are three items per query: a prompt string, a flags string, and an array of arguments. Note that the syntax used above uses "[ ... ]" to denote a Perl 5 anonymous array, not an optional set of arguments. Of course, if there are no arguments for a particular query, the corresponding anonymous array can be the null string or zero.

The query table design is such that a query table can be created with a set of variables, their defaults, value constraints, and help strings, and it can be used to both initialize the variables' values and to interactively set their new values. The query_table_set_defaults subroutine performs the former, while query_table does the latter.

Flag Characters¶

With typical usage, given $prompt and $flags, query prints $prompt and then waits for input from the user. The handling of the response depends upon the flag characters given in the $flags string.

The flag characters indicate the type of input, how to process it, acceptable values, etc. Some flags simply indicate the type or processing of the input, and do not require additional arguments. Other flags require that subsequent arguments to the query subroutine be given. The arguments must be given in the same order as their corresponding flag characters.

The ordering of the flags in the $flags argument is important -- it determines the ordering of the tests. For example, if both the a and m flags are given as "am", then this indicates that an after subroutine call should be performed first, followed by a regular expression match test.

All tests are applied in the order given in the $flags until a particular test fails. When a test fails, an error message is generated and the input is reattempted, except in the case of the I flag.

Flag Characters Without Arguments¶

i

The input must be an integer.

n

The input must be a number, real or integer.

Y

The input is a "yes" or "no", with a default answer of "yes".

N

The input is a "yes" or "no", with a default answer of "no".

r

Some input is required; an empty response will be refused. This option is only meaningful when there is no default input (see the d flag character below).

s

Strip and squeeze the input. Leading and trailing blanks are eliminated, and embedded whitespace is "squeezed" to single blank characters. This flag is implied by the k and K flags.

H

Do not treat input of ? as a request for help. This disables automatic help, unless implemented with the after (a flag) subroutine.

Flag Characters With Arguments¶

The following flag characters indicate the presence of an argument to query. The arguments must occur in the same order as their corresponding flag characters. For example, if both the V and h flags are given as "Vh", then the first argument must be the variable name, and the next the help string, in that order.

a \&after

The next argument is the after subroutine, to be invoked after the input has been solicited. This feature provides for an "open ended" input validation, completely at the control of the user of the Query module. The after subroutine is invoked in this manner:

  &$after( \$input );
    

If the after sub returns an "undef", then query processing stops with an immediate "undef" return value.

If the after sub returns a null or zero value, then the input is rejected and resolicted. No error messages are displayed except the "Please try again." message.

Since the after sub has the reference to the $input variable, it is free to change the value of input indirectly; ie:

  $$input = $some_new_value;
    

b \&before

The next argument is the before subroutine, to be invoked before any input is attempted. If the before sub returns a non-null, non-zero value, the current query will be attempted. If a null or zero value is returned, the current query will be abandoned, with a null return.

This feature, used in a query table, allows for selective queries to be programmed by using before subs on the optional queries. For example, using the following anonymous sub as the b flag argument:

  sub { $> == 0; }
    

will cause the corresponding query to only be issued for the "root" user.

The ordering of the b flag in the $flags argument is unimportant, since, by definition, this test is always performed before attempting any input.

d $default

The next argument is the default input. This string is used instead of an empty response from the user. The default value can be a scalar value, a reference to a scalar value, or a reference to a subroutine, which will be invoked for its result only if a default value is needed (no input is given).

h $help_string

The next argument is the help string, which is printed in response to an input of "?". In order to enter a ? as actual text, it must be prefixed with a backslash: "\".

k \@array

The next argument is a reference to an array of allowable keywords. The input is matched against the array elements in a case-insensitive manner, with unambiguous abbreviations allowed. This flag implies the s flag.

The matching can be made case-sensitive by setting the following variable prior to the invocation of query:

  $Query::Case_sensitive = 1;
    

By default, this variable is null.

K \@array

The next argument is a reference to an array of disallowed keywords In this case, for the input to be unacceptable, it must match exactly, case-insensitive, one of the array elements. This flag implies the s flag.

The k option is useful for soliciting new, unique keywords to a growing list. Adding new fields to a database, for example.

The matching can be made case-sensitive by setting the $Query::Case_sensitive variable (see above).

l $maxlen

The next argument specifies the maximum length of the input.

m $regular_expression

The next argument specifies a regular expression pattern against which the input will be matched.

I $reference

The next argument is the input: either a simple scalar value, or a reference to a value, such as a "SCALAR" variable reference (eg: "\$somevar"), or a "CODE" reference (eg: "sub {..}"). In any case, the resulting value is used as input instead of reading from STDIN.

If the input returned by the reference does not match other constraints, additional input is not attempted. An error message is noted, and an "undef" return is taken.

This option is handy for applications which have already acquired the input, and wish to use the validation features of "query".

It is also useful to embed a query definition in a query table which does not actually perform a query, but instead does a variable assignment dynamically, using the I reference value.

J $reference

The next argument is the input reference, as with the I flag, except that if the input fails any of the constraints, additional input is solicited from the input. In other words, the J flag sets a one-time only input reference. Think of it as jumping into the query loop with an initial input.

V variable_name_or_ref

The next argument is the variable name or reference to receive the validated input as its value. This option, and its corresponding variable name, would normally be present on all entries used with query_table in order to retain to the values resulting from each query.

The value can either be a string representing the variable name, or a reference to a variable, eg: "\$some_var".

Details¶

The query processing proceeds basically in the same order as defined by the flags argument, with some exceptions. For example, the before subroutine is always performed prior to input.

There are implicit precedences in the ordering of some of the flag tests. Generally, flags have their corresponding tests performed in the same order as the given flags. Some flag tests, however, require that other flags' tests be performed beforehand in order to be effective. For example, when given the k flag and an s flag, stripping the input would only be effective if the strip were done on the input before testing the input against the keyword table. In other words, the s flag has precedence over the k flag. If the user supplies the flags string as "ks", the effective ordering would still be "sk".

The table below indicates the precedences of the flag tests:

  Given Flag       Flags With Higher Precedence
  ==========       ================================
  i (int)          s (strip), d (default), h (help)
  k (key)          s (strip), d (default), h (help)
  K (nonkey)       s (strip), d (default), h (help)
  l (maxlen)                  d (default), h (help)
  m (match)                   d (default), h (help)
  n (numeric)      s (strip), d (default), h (help)
  N (no)           s (strip), d (default), h (help)
  r (required)                d (default), h (help)
  s (strip)                   d (default), h (help)
  Y (yes)          s (strip), d (default), h (help)

Except for the implied precedence indicated in the table above, the ordering of the flag tests proceeds in the same order as given in the flags argument.

Excepting the precedences above, query processing proceeds generally as described below.

• If the b flag was given, the "before" subroutine is invoked as a "pre-input" test. If the sub returns a 0, empty string, or undef, the query is abandoned. Otherwise, processing continues.
• If the I or J flags were given, then input is obtained, without prompting, from the associated reference. If the reference type is "CODE", then it is invoked and the resulting return value is used as the input. Otherwise the reference is evaluated in a scalar context and used as the input. The J flag test is only done once, on the first entry into the input loop.
• In the absence either the I or J flags, "query" will issue the given prompt and obtain input from STDIN. If an EOF occurs, an "undef" value will result.
• The input is examined for "null" input (that is, the empty string), and processing quits in this case. Since most input is obtained from STDIN, a null input indicates an end-of-file (EOF). If the input is not null, a terminating newline is removed, and the input testing continues. At this point, an empty input string does not indicate an EOF.
• If the s, k, or K flags were given, the input is trimmed of leading and trailing blanks, and all whitespace is "squeezed" to single blanks.
• If the input is an empty response, and there is a default input (d flag), use it instead.
• Unless the H flag is given, if the input is the character "?" with nothing else, then print some helpful information. If the user had supplied a help string, it is printed, otherwise the message:

  You are being asked "$prompt"

  is displayed. Also, some information about the expected response, according to any given flag characters, is displayed. Finally, the user is returned to the prompt, and given another opportunity to enter a response.

• If input is required (indicated by the r flag), and if the input is empty, produce an error message, and query again.
• If there was a a flag, the corresponding after subroutine is invoked with the input reference as its argument. If the subroutine returns a non-null, non-zero value, the input succeeds, otherwise it fails. It is up to the after subroutine to display any appropriate error messages.
• If the query was flagged Y or N, match the input against the pattern:

      /^(y(es?)?|no?)$/i
      

  If the match fails, print an error message, and query again. When the match succeeds, replace the input with the complete word "yes" or "no";

• If an integer response is required (i flagged), check for integer input. If not, print an error, and query again. A successful integer input is returned.
• If a numeric response is required (n flagged), check for proper numeric input (either integer or real format). Errors produce a warning, and another query.
• If the query was given a keyword table (flagged with k), the input is matched against the allowable keyword list. If an exact match is found, the keyword is returned as the input. Failing an exact match, an abbreviation search is performed against the keywords. If a single match is found, it is returned as the input. If no match is found, an error message is produced, and the user is returned to the query to try again. Otherwise, the input was ambiguous, an error noted showing the matches, and the user is queried again.

  The matching is case-insensitive or not, according to the value of the variable $Query::Case_sensitive, which is nil, by default. The variable may be set by the user to change the matching from case-insensitive to case-sensitive.

• If the query was given an unacceptable keyword list (flagged with K), the input is compared against the unacceptable keywords. If it matches any keywords exactly, an error is noted, and the query is performed again.

  The matching is case-insensitive by default. Set the variable $Query::Case_sensitive to a non-null, non-zero value to make the keyword matching case-sensitive.

• If the query was m flagged with a Perl regular expression pattern, then the input is matched against the pattern. Failures are noted with an error message, and the query reattempted.
• If the query was l flagged with a maximum input length, the length of the input is checked against the maximum. A length violation is noted with an error message and the user is queried again.
• If the query has a variable defined with the V flag, the variable is assigned the input string. This is always done last, after and only if all tests are successful.

  If the variable is a string name and not qualified with a package name (ie: $foo::variable), then the variable is qualified at the level outside of the Query.pm module.

• Finally, having passed whatever conditions were flagged, the input is returned to the user.