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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "FFI::Platypus 3pm"
.TH FFI::Platypus 3pm "2016-10-29" "perl v5.24.1" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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.nh
.SH "NAME"
FFI::Platypus \- Write Perl bindings to non\-Perl libraries with FFI. No XS required.
.SH "VERSION"
.IX Header "VERSION"
version 0.45
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 1
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(undef); # search libc
\& 
\& # call dynamically
\& $ffi\->function( puts => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq )\->call("hello world");
\& 
\& # attach as a xsub and call (much faster)
\& $ffi\->attach( puts => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
\& puts("hello world");
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
Platypus is a library for creating interfaces to machine code libraries 
written in languages like C, \*(C+, 
Fortran, 
Rust, 
Pascal. Essentially anything that gets 
compiled into machine code.  This implementation uses \f(CW\*(C`libffi\*(C'\fR to 
accomplish this task.  \f(CW\*(C`libffi\*(C'\fR is battle tested by a number of other 
scripting and virtual machine languages, such as Python and Ruby to 
serve a similar role.  There are a number of reasons why you might want 
to write an extension with Platypus instead of \s-1XS:\s0
.IP "\s-1FFI /\s0 Platypus does not require messing with the guts of Perl" 4
.IX Item "FFI / Platypus does not require messing with the guts of Perl"
\&\s-1XS\s0 is less of an \s-1API\s0 and more of the guts of perl splayed out to do 
whatever you want.  That may at times be very powerful, but it can also
be a frustrating exercise in hair pulling.
.IP "\s-1FFI /\s0 Platypus is portable" 4
.IX Item "FFI / Platypus is portable"
Lots of languages have \s-1FFI\s0 interfaces, and it is subjectively easier to 
port an extension written in \s-1FFI\s0 in Perl or another language to \s-1FFI\s0 in 
another language or Perl.  One goal of the Platypus Project is to reduce 
common interface specifications to a common format like \s-1JSON\s0 that could 
be shared between different languages.
.IP "\s-1FFI /\s0 Platypus could be a bridge to Perl 6" 4
.IX Item "FFI / Platypus could be a bridge to Perl 6"
One of those \*(L"other\*(R" languages could be Perl 6 and Perl 6 already has an 
\&\s-1FFI\s0 interface I am told.
.IP "\s-1FFI /\s0 Platypus can be reimplemented" 4
.IX Item "FFI / Platypus can be reimplemented"
In a bright future with multiple implementations of Perl 5, each 
interpreter will have its own implementation of Platypus, allowing 
extensions to be written once and used on multiple platforms, in much 
the same way that Ruby-FFI extensions can be use in Ruby, JRuby and 
Rubinius.
.IP "\s-1FFI /\s0 Platypus is pure perl (sorta)" 4
.IX Item "FFI / Platypus is pure perl (sorta)"
One Platypus script or module works on any platform where the libraries 
it uses are available.  That means you can deploy your Platypus script 
in a shared filesystem where they may be run on different platforms.  It 
also means that Platypus modules do not need to be installed in the 
platform specific Perl library path.
.IP "\s-1FFI /\s0 Platypus is not C or \*(C+ centric" 4
.IX Item "FFI / Platypus is not C or centric"
\&\s-1XS\s0 is implemented primarily as a bunch of C macros, which requires at 
least some understanding of C, the C pre-processor, and some \*(C+ caveats 
(since on some platforms Perl is compiled and linked with a \*(C+ 
compiler). Platypus on the other hand could be used to call other 
compiled languages, like Fortran, 
Rust, 
Pascal, \*(C+, 
or even assembly, allowing you to focus 
on your strengths.
.IP "\s-1FFI /\s0 Platypus does not require a parser" 4
.IX Item "FFI / Platypus does not require a parser"
Inline isolates the extension developer from \s-1XS\s0 to some extent, but 
it also requires a parser.  The various Inline language bindings are 
a great technical achievement, but I think writing a parser for every 
language that you want to interface with is a bit of an anti-pattern.
.PP
This document consists of an \s-1API\s0 reference, a set of examples, some 
support and development (for contributors) information.  If you are new 
to Platypus or \s-1FFI,\s0 you may want to skip down to the 
\&\s-1EXAMPLES\s0 to get a taste of what you can do with Platypus.
.PP
Platypus has extensive documentation of types at FFI::Platypus::Type 
and its custom types \s-1API\s0 at FFI::Platypus::API.
.SH "CONSTRUCTORS"
.IX Header "CONSTRUCTORS"
.SS "new"
.IX Subsection "new"
.Vb 1
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new(%options);
.Ve
.PP
Create a new instance of FFI::Platypus.
.PP
Any types defined with this instance will be valid for this instance 
only, so you do not need to worry about stepping on the toes of other 
\&\s-1CPAN FFI /\s0 Platypus Authors.
.PP
Any functions found will be out of the list of libraries specified with 
the lib attribute.
.PP
\fIoptions\fR
.IX Subsection "options"
.IP "lib" 4
.IX Item "lib"
Either a pathname (string) or a list of pathnames (array ref of strings) 
to pre-populate the lib attribute.
.IP "ignore_not_found" 4
.IX Item "ignore_not_found"
[version 0.15]
.Sp
Set the ignore_not_found attribute.
.IP "lang" 4
.IX Item "lang"
[version 0.18]
.Sp
Set the lang attribute.
.SH "ATTRIBUTES"
.IX Header "ATTRIBUTES"
.SS "lib"
.IX Subsection "lib"
.Vb 2
\& $ffi\->lib($path1, $path2, ...);
\& my @paths = $ffi\->lib;
.Ve
.PP
The list of libraries to search for symbols in.
.PP
The most portable and reliable way to find dynamic libraries is by using 
FFI::CheckLib, like this:
.PP
.Vb 8
\& use FFI::CheckLib 0.06;
\& $ffi\->lib(find_lib_or_die lib => \*(Aqarchive\*(Aq); 
\&   # finds libarchive.so on Linux
\&   #       libarchive.bundle on OS X
\&   #       libarchive.dll (or archive.dll) on Windows
\&   #       cygarchive\-13.dll on Cygwin
\&   #       ...
\&   # and will die if it isn\*(Aqt found
.Ve
.PP
FFI::CheckLib has a number of options, such as checking for specific 
symbols, etc.  You should consult the documentation for that module.
.PP
As a special case, if you add \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR as a \*(L"library\*(R" to be searched, 
Platypus will also search the current process for symbols. This is 
mostly useful for finding functions in the standard C library, without 
having to know the name of the standard c library for your platform (as 
it turns out it is different just about everywhere!).
.PP
You may also use the \*(L"find_lib\*(R" method as a shortcut:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& $ffi\->find_lib( lib => \*(Aqarchive\*(Aq );
.Ve
.SS "ignore_not_found"
.IX Subsection "ignore_not_found"
[version 0.15]
.PP
.Vb 2
\& $ffi\->ignore_not_found(1);
\& my $ignore_not_found = $ffi\->ignore_not_found;
.Ve
.PP
Normally the attach and function methods will 
throw an exception if it cannot find the name of the function you 
provide it.  This will change the behavior such that 
function will return \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR when the function is not 
found and attach will ignore functions that are not found. 
This is useful when you are writing bindings to a library and have many 
optional functions and you do not wish to wrap every call to 
function or attach in an \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fR.
.SS "lang"
.IX Subsection "lang"
[version 0.18]
.PP
.Vb 1
\& $ffi\->lang($language);
.Ve
.PP
Specifies the foreign language that you will be interfacing with. The 
default is C.  The foreign language specified with this attribute 
changes the default native types (for example, if you specify 
Rust, you will get \f(CW\*(C`i32\*(C'\fR as an alias for 
\&\f(CW\*(C`sint32\*(C'\fR instead of \f(CW\*(C`int\*(C'\fR as you do with C).
.PP
If the foreign language plugin supports it, this will also enable 
Platypus to find symbols using the demangled names (for example, if you 
specify \s-1CPP\s0 for \*(C+ you can use method names 
like \f(CW\*(C`Foo::get_bar()\*(C'\fR with \*(L"attach\*(R" or \*(L"function\*(R".
.SH "METHODS"
.IX Header "METHODS"
.SS "type"
.IX Subsection "type"
.Vb 2
\& $ffi\->type($typename);
\& $ffi\->type($typename => $alias);
.Ve
.PP
Define a type.  The first argument is the native or C name of the type.  
The second argument (optional) is an alias name that you can use to 
refer to this new type.  See FFI::Platypus::Type for legal type 
definitions.
.PP
Examples:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqsint32\*(Aq); # oly checks to see that sint32 is a valid type
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqsint32\*(Aq => \*(Aqmyint\*(Aq); # creates an alias myint for sint32
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqbogus\*(Aq); # dies with appropriate diagnostic
.Ve
.SS "custom_type"
.IX Subsection "custom_type"
.Vb 6
\& $ffi\->custom_type($alias => {
\&   native_type         => $native_type,
\&   native_to_perl      => $coderef,
\&   perl_to_native      => $coderef,
\&   perl_to_native_post => $coderef,
\& });
.Ve
.PP
Define a custom type.  See FFI::Platypus::Type#Custom\-Types for details.
.SS "load_custom_type"
.IX Subsection "load_custom_type"
.Vb 1
\& $ffi\->load_custom_type($name => $alias, @type_args);
.Ve
.PP
Load the custom type defined in the module \fI\f(CI$name\fI\fR, and make an alias 
\&\fI\f(CI$alias\fI\fR. If the custom type requires any arguments, they may be passed 
in as \fI\f(CI@type_args\fI\fR. See FFI::Platypus::Type#Custom\-Types for 
details.
.PP
If \fI\f(CI$name\fI\fR contains \f(CW\*(C`::\*(C'\fR then it will be assumed to be a fully 
qualified package name. If not, then \f(CW\*(C`FFI::Platypus::Type::\*(C'\fR will be 
prepended to it.
.SS "types"
.IX Subsection "types"
.Vb 2
\& my @types = $ffi\->types;
\& my @types = FFI::Platypus\->types;
.Ve
.PP
Returns the list of types that \s-1FFI\s0 knows about.  This will include the 
native \f(CW\*(C`libffi\*(C'\fR types (example: \f(CW\*(C`sint32\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`opaque\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR) and 
the normal C types (example: \f(CW\*(C`unsigned int\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`uint32_t\*(C'\fR), any types 
that you have defined using the type method, and custom types.
.PP
The list of types that Platypus knows about varies somewhat from 
platform to platform, FFI::Platypus::Type includes a list of the core 
types that you can always count on having access to.
.PP
It can also be called as a class method, in which case, no user defined 
or custom types will be included in the list.
.SS "type_meta"
.IX Subsection "type_meta"
.Vb 2
\& my $meta = $ffi\->type_meta($type_name);
\& my $meta = FFI::Platypus\->type_meta($type_name);
.Ve
.PP
Returns a hash reference with the meta information for the given type.
.PP
It can also be called as a class method, in which case, you won't be 
able to get meta data on user defined types.
.PP
The format of the meta data is implementation dependent and subject to 
change.  It may be useful for display or debugging.
.PP
Examples:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& my $meta = $ffi\->type_meta(\*(Aqint\*(Aq);        # standard int type
\& my $meta = $ffi\->type_meta(\*(Aqint[64]\*(Aq);    # array of 64 ints
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqint[128]\*(Aq => \*(Aqmyintarray\*(Aq);
\& my $meta = $ffi\->type_meta(\*(Aqmyintarray\*(Aq); # array of 128 ints
.Ve
.SS "function"
.IX Subsection "function"
.Vb 2
\& my $function = $ffi\->function($name => \e@argument_types => $return_type);
\& my $function = $ffi\->function($address => \e@argument_types => $return_type);
.Ve
.PP
Returns an object that is similar to a code reference in that it can be 
called like one.
.PP
Caveat: many situations require a real code reference, so at the price 
of a performance penalty you can get one like this:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& my $function = $ffi\->function(...);
\& my $coderef = sub { $function\->(@_) };
.Ve
.PP
It may be better, and faster to create a real Perl function using the 
attach method.
.PP
In addition to looking up a function by name you can provide the address 
of the symbol yourself:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& my $address = $ffi\->find_symbol(\*(Aqmy_functon\*(Aq);
\& my $function = $ffi\->function($address => ...);
.Ve
.PP
Under the covers, function uses find_symbol 
when you provide it with a name, but it is useful to keep this in mind 
as there are alternative ways of obtaining a functions address.  
Example: a C function could return the address of another C function 
that you might want to call, or modules such as FFI::TinyCC produce 
machine code at runtime that you can call from Platypus.
.PP
Examples:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& my $function = $ffi\->function(\*(Aqmy_function_name\*(Aq, [\*(Aqint\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq);
\& my $return_string = $function\->(1, "hi there");
.Ve
.SS "attach"
.IX Subsection "attach"
.Vb 6
\& $ffi\->attach($name => \e@argument_types => $return_type);
\& $ffi\->attach([$c_name => $perl_name] => \e@argument_types => $return_type);
\& $ffi\->attach([$address => $perl_name] => \e@argument_types => $return_type);
\& $ffi\->attach($name => \e@argument_types => $return_type, sub { ... });
\& $ffi\->attach([$c_name => $perl_name] => \e@argument_types => $return_type, sub { ... });
\& $ffi\->attach([$address => $perl_name] => \e@argument_types => $return_type, sub { ... });
.Ve
.PP
Find and attach a C function as a real live Perl xsub.  The advantage of 
attaching a function over using the function method is that 
it is much much much faster since no object resolution needs to be done.  
The disadvantage is that it locks the function and the FFI::Platypus 
instance into memory permanently, since there is no way to deallocate an 
xsub.
.PP
If just one \fI\f(CI$name\fI\fR is given, then the function will be attached in 
Perl with the same name as it has in C.  The second form allows you to 
give the Perl function a different name.  You can also provide an 
address (the third form), just like with the function 
method.
.PP
Examples:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& $ffi\->attach(\*(Aqmy_functon_name\*(Aq, [\*(Aqint\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach([\*(Aqmy_c_functon_name\*(Aq => \*(Aqmy_perl_function_name\*(Aq], [\*(Aqint\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq);
\& my $string1 = my_function_name($int);
\& my $string2 = my_perl_function_name($int);
.Ve
.PP
[version 0.20]
.PP
If the last argument is a code reference, then it will be used as a 
wrapper around the attached xsub.  The first argument to the wrapper 
will be the inner xsub.  This can be used if you need to verify/modify 
input/output data.
.PP
Examples:
.PP
.Vb 8
\& $ffi\->attach(\*(Aqmy_function\*(Aq, [\*(Aqint\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq, sub {
\&   my($my_function_xsub, $integer, $string) = @_;
\&   $integer++;
\&   $string .= " and another thing";
\&   my $return_string = $my_function_xsub\->($integer, $string);
\&   $return_string =~ s/Belgium//; # HHGG remove profanity
\&   $return_string;
\& });
.Ve
.SS "closure"
.IX Subsection "closure"
.Vb 1
\& my $closure = $ffi\->closure($coderef);
.Ve
.PP
Prepares a code reference so that it can be used as a \s-1FFI\s0 closure (a 
Perl subroutine that can be called from C code).  For details on 
closures, see FFI::Platypus::Type#Closures.
.SS "cast"
.IX Subsection "cast"
.Vb 1
\& my $converted_value = $ffi\->cast($original_type, $converted_type, $original_value);
.Ve
.PP
The \f(CW\*(C`cast\*(C'\fR function converts an existing \fI\f(CI$original_value\fI\fR of type 
\&\fI\f(CI$original_type\fI\fR into one of type \fI\f(CI$converted_type\fI\fR.  Not all types 
are supported, so care must be taken.  For example, to get the address 
of a string, you can do this:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& my $address = $ffi\->cast(\*(Aqstring\*(Aq => \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq, $string_value);
.Ve
.PP
Something that won't work is trying to cast an array to anything:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& my $address = $ffi\->cast(\*(Aqint[10]\*(Aq => \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq, \e@list);  # WRONG
.Ve
.SS "attach_cast"
.IX Subsection "attach_cast"
.Vb 2
\& $ffi\->attach_cast("cast_name", $original_type, $converted_type);
\& my $converted_value = cast_name($original_value);
.Ve
.PP
This function attaches a cast as a permanent xsub.  This will make it 
faster and may be useful if you are calling a particular cast a lot.
.SS "sizeof"
.IX Subsection "sizeof"
.Vb 1
\& my $size = $ffi\->sizeof($type);
.Ve
.PP
Returns the total size of the given type in bytes.  For example to get 
the size of an integer:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& my $intsize = $ffi\->sizeof(\*(Aqint\*(Aq);   # usually 4
\& my $longsize = $ffi\->sizeof(\*(Aqlong\*(Aq); # usually 4 or 8 depending on platform
.Ve
.PP
You can also get the size of arrays
.PP
.Vb 3
\& my $intarraysize = $ffi\->sizeof(\*(Aqint[64]\*(Aq);  # usually 4*64
\& my $intarraysize = $ffi\->sizeof(\*(Aqlong[64]\*(Aq); # usually 4*64 or 8*64
\&                                              # depending on platform
.Ve
.PP
Keep in mind that \*(L"pointer\*(R" types will always be the pointer / word size 
for the platform that you are using.  This includes strings, opaque and 
pointers to other types.
.PP
This function is not very fast, so you might want to save this value as 
a constant, particularly if you need the size in a loop with many 
iterations.
.SS "alignof"
.IX Subsection "alignof"
[version 0.21]
.PP
.Vb 1
\& my $align = $ffi\->alignof($type);
.Ve
.PP
Returns the alignment of the given type in bytes.
.SS "find_lib"
.IX Subsection "find_lib"
[version 0.20]
.PP
.Vb 1
\& $ffi\->find_lib( lib => $libname );
.Ve
.PP
This is just a shortcut for calling FFI::CheckLib#find_lib and 
updating the \*(L"lib\*(R" attribute appropriately.  Care should be taken 
though, as this method simply passes its arguments to 
FFI::CheckLib#find_lib, so if your module or script is depending on a 
specific feature in FFI::CheckLib then make sure that you update your 
prerequisites appropriately.
.SS "find_symbol"
.IX Subsection "find_symbol"
.Vb 1
\& my $address = $ffi\->find_symbol($name);
.Ve
.PP
Return the address of the given symbol (usually function).
.SS "package"
.IX Subsection "package"
[version 0.15]
.PP
.Vb 2
\& $ffi\->package($package, $file); # usually _\|_PACKAGE_\|_ and _\|_FILE_\|_ can be used
\& $ffi\->package;                  # autodetect
.Ve
.PP
If you have used Module::Build::FFI to bundle C code with your 
distribution, you can use this method to tell the FFI::Platypus 
instance to look for symbols that came with the dynamic library that was 
built when your distribution was installed.
.SS "abis"
.IX Subsection "abis"
.Vb 2
\& my $href = $ffi\->abis;
\& my $href = FFI::Platypus\->abis;
.Ve
.PP
Get the legal ABIs supported by your platform and underlying 
implementation.  What is supported can vary a lot by \s-1CPU\s0 and by 
platform, or even between 32 and 64 bit on the same \s-1CPU\s0 and platform. 
They keys are the \*(L"\s-1ABI\*(R"\s0 names, also known as \*(L"calling conventions\*(R".  The 
values are integers used internally by the implementation to represent 
those ABIs.
.SS "abi"
.IX Subsection "abi"
.Vb 1
\& $ffi\->abi($name);
.Ve
.PP
Set the \s-1ABI\s0 or calling convention for use in subsequent calls to 
\&\*(L"function\*(R" or \*(L"attach\*(R".  May be either a string name or integer 
value from the \*(L"abis\*(R" method above.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Here are some examples.  These examples 
are provided in full with the Platypus distribution in the \*(L"examples\*(R" 
directory.  There are also some more examples in FFI::Platypus::Type 
that are related to types.
.SS "Integer conversions"
.IX Subsection "Integer conversions"
.Vb 1
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(undef);
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(puts => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(atoi => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& 
\& puts(atoi(\*(Aq56\*(Aq));
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: \f(CW\*(C`puts\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`atoi\*(C'\fR should be part of the standard C 
library on all platforms.  \f(CW\*(C`puts\*(C'\fR prints a string to standard output, 
and \f(CW\*(C`atoi\*(C'\fR converts a string to integer.  Specifying \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR as a 
library tells Platypus to search the current process for symbols, which 
includes the standard c library.
.SS "libnotify"
.IX Subsection "libnotify"
.Vb 2
\& use FFI::CheckLib;
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& 
\& # NOTE: I ported this from the like named eg/notify.pl that came with FFI::Raw
\& # and it seems to work most of the time, but also seems to SIGSEGV sometimes.
\& # I saw the same behavior in the FFI::Raw version, and am not really familiar
\& # with the libnotify API to say what is the cause.  Patches welcome to fix it.
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(find_lib_or_exit lib => \*(Aqnotify\*(Aq);
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(notify_init   => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(notify_uninit => []       => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach([notify_notification_new    => \*(Aqnotify_new\*(Aq]    => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq]           => \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach([notify_notification_update => \*(Aqnotify_update\*(Aq] => [\*(Aqopaque\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach([notify_notification_show   => \*(Aqnotify_show\*(Aq]   => [\*(Aqopaque\*(Aq, \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq]                     => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq);
\& 
\& notify_init(\*(AqFFI::Platypus\*(Aq);
\& my $n = notify_new(\*(Aq\*(Aq,\*(Aq\*(Aq,\*(Aq\*(Aq);
\& notify_update($n, \*(AqFFI::Platypus\*(Aq, \*(AqIt works!!!\*(Aq, \*(Aqmedia\-playback\-start\*(Aq);
\& notify_show($n, undef);
\& notify_uninit();
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: libnotify is a desktop \s-1GUI\s0 notification library for the 
\&\s-1GNOME\s0 Desktop environment. This script sends a notification event that 
should show up as a balloon, for me it did so in the upper right hand 
corner of my screen.
.PP
The most portable way to find the correct name and location of a dynamic 
library is via the FFI::CheckLib#find_lib family of functions.  If 
you are putting together a \s-1CPAN\s0 distribution, you should also consider 
using FFI::CheckLib#check_lib_or_exit function in your \f(CW\*(C`Build.PL\*(C'\fR or 
\&\f(CW\*(C`Makefile.PL\*(C'\fR file (If you are using Dist::Zilla, check out the 
Dist::Zilla::Plugin::FFI::CheckLib plugin). This will provide a user 
friendly diagnostic letting the user know that the required library is 
missing, and reduce the number of bogus \s-1CPAN\s0 testers results that you 
will get.
.PP
Also in this example, we rename some of the functions when they are 
placed into Perl space to save typing:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& attach [notify_notification_new => \*(Aqnotify_new\*(Aq]
\&   => [string,string,string]
\&   => opaque;
.Ve
.PP
When you specify a list reference as the \*(L"name\*(R" of the function the 
first element is the symbol name as understood by the dynamic library. 
The second element is the name as it will be placed in Perl space.
.PP
Later, when we call \f(CW\*(C`notify_new\*(C'\fR:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& my $n = notify_new(\*(Aq\*(Aq,\*(Aq\*(Aq,\*(Aq\*(Aq);
.Ve
.PP
We are really calling the C function \f(CW\*(C`notify_notification_new\*(C'\fR.
.SS "Allocating and freeing memory"
.IX Subsection "Allocating and freeing memory"
.Vb 2
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& use FFI::Platypus::Memory qw( malloc free memcpy );
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& my $buffer = malloc 12;
\& 
\& memcpy $buffer, $ffi\->cast(\*(Aqstring\*(Aq => \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq, "hello there"), length "hello there\e0";
\& 
\& print $ffi\->cast(\*(Aqopaque\*(Aq => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq, $buffer), "\en";
\& 
\& free $buffer;
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`free\*(C'\fR are standard memory allocation 
functions available from the standard c library and.  Interfaces to 
these and other memory related functions are provided by the 
FFI::Platypus::Memory module.
.SS "structured data records"
.IX Subsection "structured data records"
.Vb 1
\& package My::UnixTime;
\& 
\& use FFI::Platypus::Record;
\& 
\& record_layout(qw(
\&     int    tm_sec
\&     int    tm_min
\&     int    tm_hour
\&     int    tm_mday
\&     int    tm_mon
\&     int    tm_year
\&     int    tm_wday
\&     int    tm_yday
\&     int    tm_isdst
\&     long   tm_gmtoff
\&     string tm_zone
\& ));
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(undef);
\& # define a record class My::UnixTime and alias it to "tm"
\& $ffi\->type("record(My::UnixTime)" => \*(Aqtm\*(Aq);
\& 
\& # attach the C localtime function as a constructor
\& $ffi\->attach( localtime => [\*(Aqtime_t*\*(Aq] => \*(Aqtm\*(Aq, sub {
\&   my($inner, $class, $time) = @_;
\&   $time = time unless defined $time;
\&   $inner\->(\e$time);
\& });
\& 
\& package main;
\& 
\& # now we can actually use our My::UnixTime class
\& my $time = My::UnixTime\->localtime;
\& printf "time is %d:%d:%d %s\en",
\&   $time\->tm_hour,
\&   $time\->tm_min,
\&   $time\->tm_sec,
\&   $time\->tm_zone;
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: C and other machine code languages frequently provide 
interfaces that include structured data records (known as \*(L"structs\*(R" in 
C).  They sometimes provide an \s-1API\s0 in which you are expected to 
manipulate these records before and/or after passing them along to C 
functions.  There are a few ways of dealing with such interfaces, but 
the easiest way is demonstrated here defines a record class using a 
specific layout.  For more details see FFI::Platypus::Record. 
(FFI::Platypus::Type includes some other ways of manipulating 
structured data records).
.SS "libuuid"
.IX Subsection "libuuid"
.Vb 3
\& use FFI::CheckLib;
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& use FFI::Platypus::Memory qw( malloc free );
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(find_lib_or_exit lib => \*(Aquuid\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqstring(37)\*(Aq => \*(Aquuid_string\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqrecord(16)\*(Aq => \*(Aquuid_t\*(Aq);
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(uuid_generate => [\*(Aquuid_t\*(Aq] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(uuid_unparse  => [\*(Aquuid_t\*(Aq,\*(Aquuid_string\*(Aq] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq);
\& 
\& my $uuid = "\e0" x 16;  # uuid_t
\& uuid_generate($uuid);
\& 
\& my $string = "\e0" x 37; # 36 bytes to store a UUID string 
\&                         # + NUL termination
\& uuid_unparse($uuid, $string);
\& 
\& print "$string\en";
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: libuuid is a library used to generate unique identifiers 
(\s-1UUID\s0) for objects that may be accessible beyond the local system.  The 
library is or was part of the Linux e2fsprogs package.
.PP
Knowing the size of objects is sometimes important.  In this example, we 
use the sizeof function to get the size of 16 characters (in 
this case it is simply 16 bytes).  We also know that the strings 
\&\*(L"deparsed\*(R" by \f(CW\*(C`uuid_unparse\*(C'\fR are exactly 37 bytes.
.SS "puts and getpid"
.IX Subsection "puts and getpid"
.Vb 1
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(undef);
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(puts => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(getpid => [] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& 
\& puts(getpid());
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: \f(CW\*(C`puts\*(C'\fR is part of standard C library on all platforms.  
\&\f(CW\*(C`getpid\*(C'\fR is available on Unix type platforms.
.SS "Math library"
.IX Subsection "Math library"
.Vb 2
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& use FFI::CheckLib;
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(undef);
\& $ffi\->attach(puts => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(fdim => [\*(Aqdouble\*(Aq,\*(Aqdouble\*(Aq] => \*(Aqdouble\*(Aq);
\& 
\& puts(fdim(7.0, 2.0));
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(cos => [\*(Aqdouble\*(Aq] => \*(Aqdouble\*(Aq);
\& 
\& puts(cos(2.0));
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(fmax => [\*(Aqdouble\*(Aq, \*(Aqdouble\*(Aq] => \*(Aqdouble\*(Aq);
\& 
\& puts(fmax(2.0,3.0));
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: On \s-1UNIX\s0 the standard c library math functions are 
frequently provided in a separate library \f(CW\*(C`libm\*(C'\fR, so you could search 
for those symbols in \*(L"libm.so\*(R", but that won't work on non-UNIX 
platforms like Microsoft Windows.  Fortunately Perl uses the math 
library so these symbols are already in the current process so you can 
use \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR as the library to find them.
.SS "Strings"
.IX Subsection "Strings"
.Vb 1
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(undef);
\& $ffi\->attach(puts => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(strlen => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& 
\& puts(strlen(\*(Aqsomestring\*(Aq));
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(strstr => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq,\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq);
\& 
\& puts(strstr(\*(Aqsomestring\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq));
\& 
\& #attach puts => [string] => int;
\& 
\& puts(puts("lol"));
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(strerror => [\*(Aqint\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq);
\& 
\& puts(strerror(2));
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: Strings are not a native type to \f(CW\*(C`libffi\*(C'\fR but the are 
handled seamlessly by Platypus.
.SS "Attach function from pointer"
.IX Subsection "Attach function from pointer"
.Vb 2
\& use FFI::TinyCC;
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& my $tcc = FFI::TinyCC\->new;
\& 
\& $tcc\->compile_string(q{
\&   int
\&   add(int a, int b)
\&   {
\&     return a+b;
\&   }
\& });
\& 
\& my $address = $tcc\->get_symbol(\*(Aqadd\*(Aq);
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach( [ $address => \*(Aqadd\*(Aq ] => [\*(Aqint\*(Aq,\*(Aqint\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
\& 
\& print add(1,2), "\en";
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: Sometimes you will have a pointer to a function from a 
source other than Platypus that you want to call.  You can use that 
address instead of a function name for either of the 
function or attach methods.  In this example we 
use FFI::TinyCC to compile a short piece of C code and to give us the 
address of one of its functions, which we then use to create a perl xsub 
to call it.
.PP
FFI::TinyCC embeds the Tiny C Compiler (tcc) to provide a 
just-in-time (\s-1JIT\s0) compilation service for \s-1FFI.\s0
.SS "libzmq"
.IX Subsection "libzmq"
.Vb 8
\& use constant ZMQ_IO_THREADS  => 1;
\& use constant ZMQ_MAX_SOCKETS => 2;
\& use constant ZMQ_REQ => 3;
\& use constant ZMQ_REP => 4;
\& use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_exit );
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& use FFI::Platypus::Memory qw( malloc );
\& use FFI::Platypus::Buffer qw( scalar_to_buffer buffer_to_scalar );
\& 
\& my $endpoint = "ipc://zmq\-ffi\-$$";
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& 
\& $ffi\->lib(undef); # for puts
\& $ffi\->attach(puts => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& 
\& $ffi\->lib(find_lib_or_exit lib => \*(Aqzmq\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_version => [\*(Aqint*\*(Aq, \*(Aqint*\*(Aq, \*(Aqint*\*(Aq] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq);
\& 
\& my($major,$minor,$patch);
\& zmq_version(\e$major, \e$minor, \e$patch);
\& puts("libzmq version $major.$minor.$patch");
\& die "this script only works with libzmq 3 or better" unless $major >= 3;
\& 
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqopaque\*(Aq       => \*(Aqzmq_context\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqopaque\*(Aq       => \*(Aqzmq_socket\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->type(\*(Aqopaque\*(Aq       => \*(Aqzmq_msg_t\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_ctx_new  => [] => \*(Aqzmq_context\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_ctx_set  => [\*(Aqzmq_context\*(Aq, \*(Aqint\*(Aq, \*(Aqint\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_socket   => [\*(Aqzmq_context\*(Aq, \*(Aqint\*(Aq] => \*(Aqzmq_socket\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_connect  => [\*(Aqopaque\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_bind     => [\*(Aqzmq_socket\*(Aq, \*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_send     => [\*(Aqzmq_socket\*(Aq, \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq, \*(Aqsize_t\*(Aq, \*(Aqint\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_msg_init => [\*(Aqzmq_msg_t\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_msg_recv => [\*(Aqzmq_msg_t\*(Aq, \*(Aqzmq_socket\*(Aq, \*(Aqint\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_msg_data => [\*(Aqzmq_msg_t\*(Aq] => \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_errno    => [] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq);
\& $ffi\->attach(zmq_strerror => [\*(Aqint\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq);
\& 
\& my $context = zmq_ctx_new();
\& zmq_ctx_set($context, ZMQ_IO_THREADS, 1);
\& 
\& my $socket1 = zmq_socket($context, ZMQ_REQ);
\& zmq_connect($socket1, $endpoint);
\& 
\& my $socket2 = zmq_socket($context, ZMQ_REP);
\& zmq_bind($socket2, $endpoint);
\& 
\& do { # send
\&   our $sent_message = "hello there";
\&   my($pointer, $size) = scalar_to_buffer $sent_message;
\&   my $r = zmq_send($socket1, $pointer, $size, 0);
\&   die zmq_strerror(zmq_errno()) if $r == \-1;
\& };
\& 
\& do { # recv
\&   my $msg_ptr  = malloc 100;
\&   zmq_msg_init($msg_ptr);
\&   my $size     = zmq_msg_recv($msg_ptr, $socket2, 0);
\&   die zmq_strerror(zmq_errno()) if $size == \-1;
\&   my $data_ptr = zmq_msg_data($msg_ptr);
\&   my $recv_message = buffer_to_scalar $data_ptr, $size;
\&   print "recv_message = $recv_message\en";
\& };
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: O\*/MQ is a high-performance asynchronous messaging library.  
There are a few things to note here.
.PP
Firstly, sometimes there may be multiple versions of a library in the 
wild and you may need to verify that the library on a system meets your 
needs (alternatively you could support multiple versions and configure 
your bindings dynamically).  Here we use \f(CW\*(C`zmq_version\*(C'\fR to ask libzmq 
which version it is.
.PP
\&\f(CW\*(C`zmq_version\*(C'\fR returns the version number via three integer pointer 
arguments, so we use the pointer to integer type: \f(CW\*(C`int *\*(C'\fR.  In order to 
pass pointer types, we pass a reference. In this case it is a reference 
to an undefined value, because zmq_version will write into the pointers 
the output values, but you can also pass in references to integers, 
floating point values and opaque pointer types.  When the function 
returns the \f(CW$major\fR variable (and the others) has been updated and we 
can use it to verify that it supports the \s-1API\s0 that we require.
.PP
Notice that we define three aliases for the \f(CW\*(C`opaque\*(C'\fR type: 
\&\f(CW\*(C`zmq_context\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`zmq_socket\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`zmq_msg_t\*(C'\fR.  While this isn't 
strictly necessary, since Platypus and C treat all three of these types 
the same, it is useful form of documentation that helps describe the 
functionality of the interface.
.PP
Finally we attach the necessary functions, send and receive a message. 
If you are interested, there is a fully fleshed out O\*/MQ Perl interface 
implemented using \s-1FFI\s0 called \s-1ZMQ::FFI\s0.
.SS "libarchive"
.IX Subsection "libarchive"
.Vb 3
\& use FFI::Platypus      ();
\& use FFI::Platypus::API ();
\& use FFI::CheckLib      ();
\& 
\& # This example uses FreeBSD\*(Aqs libarchive to list the contents of any
\& # archive format that it suppors.  We\*(Aqve also filled out a part of
\& # the ArchiveWrite class that could be used for writing archive formats
\& # supported by libarchive
\& 
\& my $ffi = My::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(FFI::CheckLib::find_lib_or_exit lib => \*(Aqarchive\*(Aq);
\& 
\& $ffi\->custom_type(archive => {
\&   native_type    => \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq,
\&   perl_to_native => sub { ${$_[0]} },
\&   native_to_perl => sub {
\&     # this works because archive_read_new ignores any arguments
\&     # and we pass in the class name which we can get here.
\&     my $class = FFI::Platypus::API::arguments_get_string(0);
\&     bless \e$_[0], $class;
\&   },
\& });
\& 
\& $ffi\->custom_type(archive_entry => {
\&   native_type => \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq,
\&   perl_to_native => sub { ${$_[0]} },
\&   native_to_perl => sub {
\&     # works likewise for archive_entry objects
\&     my $class = FFI::Platypus::API::arguments_get_string(0);
\&     bless \e$_[0], $class,
\&   },
\& });
\& 
\& package My::Platypus;
\& 
\& use base qw( FFI::Platypus );
\& 
\& sub find_symbol
\& {
\&   my($self, $name) = @_;
\&   my $prefix = lcfirst caller(2);
\&   $prefix =~ s{([A\-Z])}{"_" . lc $1}eg;
\&   $self\->SUPER::find_symbol(join \*(Aq_\*(Aq, $prefix, $name);
\& }
\& 
\& package Archive;
\& 
\& # base class is "abstract" having no constructor or destructor
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach( error_string => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq );
\& 
\& package ArchiveRead;
\& 
\& our @ISA = qw( Archive );
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach( new                   => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq]                    => \*(Aqarchive\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( [ free => \*(AqDESTROY\*(Aq ] => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq]                   => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( support_filter_all    => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq]                   => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( support_format_all    => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq]                   => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( open_filename         => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq,\*(Aqstring\*(Aq,\*(Aqsize_t\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( next_header2          => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq, \*(Aqarchive_entry\*(Aq ] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( data_skip             => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq]                   => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
\& # ... define additional read methods
\& 
\& package ArchiveWrite;
\& 
\& our @ISA = qw( Archive );
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach( new                   => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq] => \*(Aqarchive\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( [ free => \*(AqDESTROY\*(Aq ] => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq );
\& # ... define additional write methods
\& 
\& package ArchiveEntry;
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach( new => [\*(Aqstring\*(Aq]     => \*(Aqarchive_entry\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( [ free => \*(AqDESTROY\*(Aq ] => [\*(Aqarchive_entry\*(Aq] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq );
\& $ffi\->attach( pathname              => [\*(Aqarchive_entry\*(Aq] => \*(Aqstring\*(Aq );
\& # ... define additional entry methods
\& 
\& package main;
\& 
\& use constant ARCHIVE_OK => 0;
\& 
\& # this is a Perl version of the C code here:
\& # https://github.com/libarchive/libarchive/wiki/Examples#List_contents_of_Archive_stored_in_File
\& 
\& my $archive_filename = shift @ARGV;
\& unless(defined $archive_filename)
\& {
\&   print "usage: $0 archive.tar\en";
\&   exit;
\& }
\& 
\& my $archive = ArchiveRead\->new;
\& $archive\->support_filter_all;
\& $archive\->support_format_all;
\& 
\& my $r = $archive\->open_filename($archive_filename, 1024);
\& die "error opening $archive_filename: ", $archive\->error_string
\&   unless $r == ARCHIVE_OK;
\& 
\& my $entry = ArchiveEntry\->new;
\& 
\& while($archive\->next_header2($entry) == ARCHIVE_OK)
\& {
\&   print $entry\->pathname, "\en";
\&   $archive\->data_skip;
\& }
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: libarchive is the implementation of \f(CW\*(C`tar\*(C'\fR for FreeBSD 
provided as a library and available on a number of platforms.
.PP
One interesting thing about libarchive is that it provides a kind of 
object oriented interface via opaque pointers.  This example creates an 
abstract class \f(CW\*(C`Archive\*(C'\fR, and concrete classes \f(CW\*(C`ArchiveWrite\*(C'\fR, 
\&\f(CW\*(C`ArchiveRead\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ArchiveEntry\*(C'\fR.  The concrete classes can even be 
inherited from and extended just like any Perl classes because of the 
way the custom types are implemented.  For more details on custom types 
see FFI::Platypus::Type and FFI::Platypus::API.
.PP
Another advanced feature of this example is that we extend the 
FFI::Platypus class to define our own find_symbol method that 
prefixes the symbol names depending on the class in which they are 
defined. This means we can do this when we define a method for Archive:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& $ffi\->attach( support_filter_all => [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
.Ve
.PP
Rather than this:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& $ffi\->attach(
\&   [ archive_read_support_filter_all => \*(Aqsupport_read_filter_all\*(Aq ] => 
\&   [\*(Aqarchive\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq );
\& );
.Ve
.PP
If you didn't want to create an entire new class just for this little 
trick you could also use something like Object::Method to extend 
\&\f(CW\*(C`find_symbol\*(C'\fR.
.SS "bzip2"
.IX Subsection "bzip2"
.Vb 4
\& use FFI::Platypus 0.20 (); # 0.20 required for using wrappers
\& use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
\& use FFI::Platypus::Buffer qw( scalar_to_buffer buffer_to_scalar );
\& use FFI::Platypus::Memory qw( malloc free );
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(find_lib_or_die lib => \*(Aqbz2\*(Aq);
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(
\&   [ BZ2_bzBuffToBuffCompress => \*(Aqcompress\*(Aq ] => [
\&     \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq,                           # dest
\&     \*(Aqunsigned int *\*(Aq,                   # dest length
\&     \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq,                           # source
\&     \*(Aqunsigned int\*(Aq,                     # source length
\&     \*(Aqint\*(Aq,                              # blockSize100k
\&     \*(Aqint\*(Aq,                              # verbosity
\&     \*(Aqint\*(Aq,                              # workFactor
\&   ] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq,
\&   sub {
\&     my $sub = shift;
\&     my($source,$source_length) = scalar_to_buffer $_[0];
\&     my $dest_length = int(length($source)*1.01) + 1 + 600;
\&     my $dest = malloc $dest_length;
\&     my $r = $sub\->($dest, \e$dest_length, $source, $source_length, 9, 0, 30);
\&     die "bzip2 error $r" unless $r == 0;
\&     my $compressed = buffer_to_scalar($dest, $dest_length);
\&     free $dest;
\&     $compressed;
\&   },
\& );
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(
\&   [ BZ2_bzBuffToBuffDecompress => \*(Aqdecompress\*(Aq ] => [
\&     \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq,                           # dest
\&     \*(Aqunsigned int *\*(Aq,                   # dest length
\&     \*(Aqopaque\*(Aq,                           # source
\&     \*(Aqunsigned int\*(Aq,                     # source length
\&     \*(Aqint\*(Aq,                              # small
\&     \*(Aqint\*(Aq,                              # verbosity
\&   ] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq,
\&   sub {
\&     my $sub = shift;
\&     my($source, $source_length) = scalar_to_buffer $_[0];
\&     my $dest_length = $_[1];
\&     my $dest = malloc $dest_length;
\&     my $r = $sub\->($dest, \e$dest_length, $source, $source_length, 0, 0);
\&     die "bzip2 error $r" unless $r == 0;
\&     my $decompressed = buffer_to_scalar($dest, $dest_length);
\&     free $dest;
\&     $decompressed;
\&   },
\& );
\& 
\& my $original = "hello compression world\en";
\& my $compressed = compress($original);
\& print decompress($compressed, length $original);
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: bzip2 is a compression library.  For simple one shot 
attempts at compression/decompression when you expect the original and 
the result to fit within memory it provides two convenience functions 
\&\f(CW\*(C`BZ2_bzBuffToBuffCompress\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`BZ2_bzBuffToBuffDecompress\*(C'\fR.
.PP
The first four arguments of both of these C functions are identical, and 
represent two buffers.  One buffer is the source, the second is the 
destination.  For the destination, the length is passed in as a pointer 
to an integer.  On input this integer is the size of the destination 
buffer, and thus the maximum size of the compressed or decompressed 
data.  When the function returns the actual size of compressed or 
compressed data is stored in this integer.
.PP
This is normal stuff for C, but in Perl our buffers are scalars and they 
already know how large they are.  In this sort of situation, wrapping 
the C function in some Perl code can make your interface a little more 
Perl like.  In order to do this, just provide a code reference as the 
last argument to the \*(L"attach\*(R" method.  The first argument to this 
wrapper will be a code reference to the C function.  The Perl arguments 
will come in after that.  This allows you to modify / convert the 
arguments to conform to the C \s-1API. \s0 What ever value you return from the 
wrapper function will be returned back to the original caller.
.SS "Java"
.IX Subsection "Java"
Java:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& // On Linux build .so with
\& // % gcj \-fPIC \-shared \-o libexample.so Example.java
\& 
\& public class Example
\& {
\&   public static void print_hello()
\&   {
\&     System.out.println("hello world");
\&   }
\& 
\&   public static int add(int a, int b)
\&   {
\&     return a + b;
\&   }
\& }
.Ve
.PP
\&\*(C+:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& #include <gcj/cni.h>
\& #include <java/lang/System.h>
\& #include <java/io/PrintStream.h>
\& #include <java/lang/Throwable.h>
\& 
\& extern "C" void
\& gcj_start()
\& {
\&   using namespace java::lang;
\& 
\&   JvCreateJavaVM(NULL);
\&   JvInitClass(&System::class$);
\& }
\& 
\& extern "C" void
\& gcj_end()
\& {
\&   JvDetachCurrentThread();
\& }
.Ve
.PP
Perl:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& use FFI::Platypus;
\& 
\& my $ffi = FFI::Platypus\->new;
\& $ffi\->lib(\*(Aq./libexample.so\*(Aq);
\& 
\& # Java methods are mangled by gcj using the same format as g++
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(
\&   [ _ZN7Example11print_helloEJvv => \*(Aqprint_hello\*(Aq ] => [] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq
\& );
\& 
\& $ffi\->attach(
\&   [ _ZN7Example3addEJiii => \*(Aqadd\*(Aq ] => [\*(Aqint\*(Aq, \*(Aqint\*(Aq] => \*(Aqint\*(Aq
\& );
\& 
\& # Initialize the Java runtime
\& 
\& $ffi\->function( gcj_start => [] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq )\->call;
\& 
\& print_hello();
\& print add(1,2), "\en";
\& 
\& # Wind the java runtime down
\& 
\& $ffi\->function( gcj_end => [] => \*(Aqvoid\*(Aq )\->call;
.Ve
.PP
Makefile:
.PP
.Vb 5
\& GCJ=gcj
\& CXX=g++
\& CFLAGS=\-fPIC
\& LDFLAGS=\-shared
\& RM=rm \-f
\& 
\& libexample.so: between.o Example.o
\&        $(GCJ) $(LDFLAGS) \-o libexample.so between.o Example.o
\& 
\& between.o: between.cpp
\&        $(CXX) $(CFLAGS) \-c \-o between.o between.cpp
\& 
\& Example.o: Example.java
\&        $(GCJ) $(CFLAGS) \-c \-o Example.o Example.java
\& 
\& clean:
\&        $(RM) *.o *.so
.Ve
.PP
Output:
.PP
.Vb 7
\& % make
\& g++ \-fPIC \-c \-o between.o between.cpp
\& gcj \-fPIC \-c \-o Example.o Example.java
\& gcj \-shared \-o libexample.so between.o Example.o
\& % perl example.pl 
\& hello world
\& 3
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBDiscussion\fR: You can't call Java .class files directly from \s-1FFI / \s0
Platypus, but you can compile Java source and .class files into a shared 
library using the \s-1GNU\s0 Java Compiler \f(CW\*(C`gcj\*(C'\fR.  Because we are calling Java 
functions from a program (Perl!) that was not started from a Java 
\&\f(CW\*(C`main()\*(C'\fR we have to initialize the Java runtime ourselves
(details <https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcj/Invocation.html>).
This can most easily be accomplished from \*(C+.
.PP
The \s-1GNU\s0 Java Compiler uses the same format to mangle method names as \s-1GNU 
\&\*(C+. \s0 The \*(C+ plugin for handles this more 
transparently by extracting the symbols from the shared library and 
using either FFI::Platypus::Lang::CPP::Demangle::XS or \f(CW\*(C`c++filt\*(C'\fR to 
determined the unmangled names.
.PP
Although the Java source is compiled ahead of time with optimizations, 
it will not necessarily perform better than a real \s-1JVM\s0 just because it 
is compiled.  In fact the gcj developers warn than gcj will optimize 
Java source better than Java .class files.  The \s-1GNU\s0 Java Compiler also 
lags behind modern Java.
.PP
Even so this enables you to call Java from Perl and potentially other 
Java based languages such as Scala, Groovy or JRuby.
.SH "CAVEATS"
.IX Header "CAVEATS"
Platypus and Native Interfaces like libffi rely on the availability of 
dynamic libraries.  Things not supported include:
.IP "Systems that lack dynamic library support" 4
.IX Item "Systems that lack dynamic library support"
Like MS-DOS
.IP "Systems that are not supported by libffi" 4
.IX Item "Systems that are not supported by libffi"
Like OpenVMS
.IP "Languages that do not support using dynamic libraries from other languages" 4
.IX Item "Languages that do not support using dynamic libraries from other languages"
Like Google's Go.  Although I believe that \s-1XS\s0 won't help in this 
regard.
.IP "Languages that do not compile to machine code" 4
.IX Item "Languages that do not compile to machine code"
Like .NET based languages and Java that can't be understood by gcj.
.PP
The documentation has a bias toward using \s-1FFI /\s0 Platypus with C.  This 
is my fault, as my background in mainly in C/\*(C+ programmer (when I am 
not writing Perl).  In many places I use \*(L"C\*(R" as a short form for \*(L"any 
language that can generate machine code and is callable from C\*(R".  I 
welcome pull requests to the Platypus core to address this issue.  In an 
attempt to ease usage of Platypus by non C programmers, I have written a 
number of foreign language plugins for various popular languages (see 
the \s-1SEE ALSO\s0 below).  These plugins come with examples specific to those 
languages, and documentation on common issues related to using those 
languages with \s-1FFI. \s0 In most cases these are available for easy adoption 
for those with the know-how or the willingness to learn.  If your 
language doesn't have a plugin \s-1YET,\s0 that is just because you haven't 
written it yet.
.SH "SUPPORT"
.IX Header "SUPPORT"
\&\s-1IRC:\s0 #native on irc.perl.org
.PP
(click for instant chat room login) <http://chat.mibbit.com/#native@irc.perl.org>
.PP
If something does not work the way you think it should, or if you have a 
feature request, please open an issue on this project's GitHub Issue 
tracker:
.PP
<https://github.com/plicease/FFI\-Platypus/issues>
.SH "CONTRIBUTING"
.IX Header "CONTRIBUTING"
If you have implemented a new feature or fixed a bug then you may make a 
pull request on this project's GitHub repository:
.PP
<https://github.com/plicease/FFI\-Platypus/pulls>
.PP
This project is developed using Dist::Zilla.  The project's git 
repository also comes with \f(CW\*(C`Build.PL\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`cpanfile\*(C'\fR files necessary 
for building, testing (and even installing if necessary) without 
Dist::Zilla.  Please keep in mind though that these files are 
generated so if changes need to be made to those files they should be 
done through the project's \f(CW\*(C`dist.ini\*(C'\fR file.  If you do use 
Dist::Zilla and already have the necessary plugins installed, then I 
encourage you to run \f(CW\*(C`dzil test\*(C'\fR before making any pull requests.  This 
is not a requirement, however, I am happy to integrate especially 
smaller patches that need tweaking to fit the project standards.  I may 
push back and ask you to write a test case or alter the formatting of a 
patch depending on the amount of time I have and the amount of code that 
your patch touches.
.PP
This project's GitHub issue tracker listed above is not Write-Only.  If 
you want to contribute then feel free to browse through the existing 
issues and see if there is something you feel you might be good at and 
take a whack at the problem.  I frequently open issues myself that I 
hope will be accomplished by someone in the future but do not have time 
to immediately implement myself.
.PP
Another good area to help out in is documentation.  I try to make sure 
that there is good document coverage, that is there should be 
documentation describing all the public features and warnings about 
common pitfalls, but an outsider's or alternate view point on such 
things would be welcome; if you see something confusing or lacks 
sufficient detail I encourage documentation only pull requests to 
improve things.
.PP
The Platypus distribution comes with a test library named \f(CW\*(C`libtest\*(C'\fR 
that is normally automatically built by \f(CW\*(C`./Build test\*(C'\fR.  If you prefer 
to use \f(CW\*(C`prove\*(C'\fR or run tests directly, you can use the \f(CW\*(C`./Build 
libtest\*(C'\fR command to build it.  Example:
.PP
.Vb 6
\& % perl Build.PL
\& % ./Build
\& % ./Build libtest
\& % prove \-bv t
\& # or an individual test
\& % perl \-Mblib t/ffi_platypus_memory.t
.Ve
.PP
The build process also respects these environment variables:
.IP "\s-1FFI_PLATYPUS_DEBUG\s0" 4
.IX Item "FFI_PLATYPUS_DEBUG"
Build the \s-1XS\s0 code portion of Platypus with \-g3 instead of what ever 
optimizing flags that your Perl normally uses.  This is useful if you 
need to debug the C or \s-1XS\s0 code that comes with Platypus, but do not have 
a debugging Perl.
.Sp
.Vb 1
\& % env FFI_PLATYPUS_DEBUG=1 perl Build.PL
\& 
\& 
\& DEBUG:
\&   \- $Config{lddlflags} = \-shared \-O2 \-L/usr/local/lib \-fstack\-protector
\&   + $Config{lddlflags} = \-shared \-g3 \-L/usr/local/lib \-fstack\-protector
\&   \- $Config{optimize} = \-O2
\&   + $Config{optimize} = \-g3
\& 
\& 
\& Created MYMETA.yml and MYMETA.json
\& Creating new \*(AqBuild\*(Aq script for \*(AqFFI\-Platypus\*(Aq version \*(Aq0.10\*(Aq
.Ve
.IP "\s-1FFI_PLATYPUS_DEBUG_FAKE32\s0" 4
.IX Item "FFI_PLATYPUS_DEBUG_FAKE32"
When building Platypus on 32 bit Perls, it will use the Math::Int64 C 
\&\s-1API\s0 and make Math::Int64 a prerequisite.  Setting this environment 
variable will force Platypus to build with both of those options on a 64 
bit Perl as well.
.Sp
.Vb 1
\& % env FFI_PLATYPUS_DEBUG_FAKE32=1 perl Build.PL
\& 
\& 
\& DEBUG_FAKE32:
\&   + making Math::Int64 a prerequisite (not normally done on 64 bit Perls)
\&   + using Math::Int64\*(Aqs C API to manipulate 64 bit values (not normally done on 64 bit Perls)
\& 
\& Created MYMETA.yml and MYMETA.json
\& Creating new \*(AqBuild\*(Aq script for \*(AqFFI\-Platypus\*(Aq version \*(Aq0.10\*(Aq
.Ve
.IP "\s-1FFI_PLATYPUS_NO_ALLOCA\s0" 4
.IX Item "FFI_PLATYPUS_NO_ALLOCA"
Platypus uses the non-standard and somewhat controversial C function 
\&\f(CW\*(C`alloca\*(C'\fR by default on platforms that support it.  I believe that 
Platypus uses it responsibly to allocate small amounts of memory for 
argument type parameters, and does not use it to allocate large 
structures like arrays or buffers.  If you prefer not to use \f(CW\*(C`alloca\*(C'\fR 
despite these precautions, then you can turn its use off by setting this 
environment variable when you run \f(CW\*(C`Build.PL\*(C'\fR:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\& % env FFI_PLATYPUS_NO_ALLOCA=1 perl Build.PL
\& 
\& 
\& NO_ALLOCA:
\&   + alloca() will not be used, even if your platform supports it.
\& 
\& 
\&  Created MYMETA.yml and MYMETA.json
\&  Creating new \*(AqBuild\*(Aq script for \*(AqFFI\-Platypus\*(Aq version \*(Aq0.10\*(Aq
.Ve
.SS "Coding Guidelines"
.IX Subsection "Coding Guidelines"
.IP "\(bu" 4
Do not hesitate to make code contribution.  Making useful contributions 
is more important than following byzantine bureaucratic coding 
regulations.  We can always tweak things later.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Please make an effort to follow existing coding style when making pull 
requests.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Platypus supports all production Perl releases since 5.8.1.  For that 
reason, please do not introduce any code that requires a newer version 
of Perl.
.SS "Performance Testing"
.IX Subsection "Performance Testing"
As Mark Twain was fond of saying there are four types of lies: lies, 
damn lies, statistics and benchmarks.  That being said, it can sometimes 
be helpful to compare the runtime performance of Platypus if you are 
making significant changes to the Platypus Core.  For that I use 
`FFI\-Performance`, which can be found in my GitHub repository here:
.IP "<https://github.com/plicease/FFI\-Performance>" 4
.IX Item "<https://github.com/plicease/FFI-Performance>"
.SS "System integrators"
.IX Subsection "System integrators"
If you are including Platypus in a larger system (for example a Linux 
distribution), and you already have libffi as part of your system, you 
may be interested in Alt::Alien::FFI::System.  This is an alternative 
to Alien::FFI that does not require Alien::Base.  In fact it has 
zero non-Core dependencies, and doesn't even need to be installed.  
Simply include Alt::Alien::FFI::System's \f(CW\*(C`lib\*(C'\fR directory in your 
\&\f(CW\*(C`PERL5LIB\*(C'\fR path when you build Platypus.  For example:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& % export PERL5LIB=/path/to/Alt\-Alien\-FFI\-System/lib
\& % cpanm FFI::Platypus
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
.IP "NativeCall" 4
.IX Item "NativeCall"
Promising interface to Platypus inspired by Perl 6.
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Type" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Type"
Type definitions for Platypus.
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Record" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Record"
Define structured data records (C \*(L"structs\*(R") for use with
Platypus.
.IP "FFI::Platypus::API" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::API"
The custom types \s-1API\s0 for Platypus.
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Memory" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Memory"
Memory functions for \s-1FFI.\s0
.IP "FFI::CheckLib" 4
.IX Item "FFI::CheckLib"
Find dynamic libraries in a portable way.
.IP "Module::Build::FFI" 4
.IX Item "Module::Build::FFI"
Bundle C code with your \s-1FFI\s0 extension.
.IP "FFI::TinyCC" 4
.IX Item "FFI::TinyCC"
\&\s-1JIT\s0 compiler for \s-1FFI.\s0
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Lang::C" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Lang::C"
Documentation and tools for using Platypus with the C programming 
language
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Lang::CPP" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Lang::CPP"
Documentation and tools for using Platypus with the \*(C+ programming 
language
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Lang::Fortran" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Lang::Fortran"
Documentation and tools for using Platypus with Fortran
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Lang::Pascal" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Lang::Pascal"
Documentation and tools for using Platypus with Free Pascal
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Lang::Rust" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Lang::Rust"
Documentation and tools for using Platypus with the Rust programming 
language
.IP "FFI::Platypus::Lang::ASM" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Platypus::Lang::ASM"
Documentation and tools for using Platypus with the Assembly
.IP "Convert::Binary::C" 4
.IX Item "Convert::Binary::C"
A great interface for decoding C data structures, including \f(CW\*(C`struct\*(C'\fRs,
\&\f(CW\*(C`enum\*(C'\fRs, \f(CW\*(C`#define\*(C'\fRs and more.
.IP "pack and unpack" 4
.IX Item "pack and unpack"
Native to Perl functions that can be used to decode C \f(CW\*(C`struct\*(C'\fR types.
.IP "C::Scan" 4
.IX Item "C::Scan"
This module can extract constants and other useful objects from C header 
files that may be relevant to an \s-1FFI\s0 application.  One downside is that 
its use may require development packages to be installed.
.IP "FFI::Raw" 4
.IX Item "FFI::Raw"
Alternate interface to libffi with fewer features.  It notably lacks the 
ability to create real xsubs, which may make FFI::Platypus much 
faster.  Also lacking are pointers to native types, arrays and custom 
types.  In its favor, it has been around for longer that Platypus, and 
has been battle tested to some success.
.IP "Win32::API" 4
.IX Item "Win32::API"
Microsoft Windows specific \s-1FFI\s0 style interface.
.IP "Ctypes <https://gitorious.org/perl-ctypes>" 4
.IX Item "Ctypes <https://gitorious.org/perl-ctypes>"
Ctypes was intended as a \s-1FFI\s0 style interface for Perl, but was never 
part of \s-1CPAN,\s0 and at least the last time I tried it did not work with 
recent versions of Perl.
.IP "\s-1FFI\s0" 4
.IX Item "FFI"
Foreign function interface based on (nomenclature is everything) \s-1FSF\s0's 
\&\f(CW\*(C`ffcall\*(C'\fR. It hasn't worked for quite some time, and \f(CW\*(C`ffcall\*(C'\fR is no 
longer supported or distributed.
.IP "C::DynaLib" 4
.IX Item "C::DynaLib"
Another \s-1FFI\s0 for Perl that doesn't appear to have worked for a long time.
.IP "C::Blocks" 4
.IX Item "C::Blocks"
Embed a tiny C compiler into your Perl scripts.
.IP "Alien::FFI" 4
.IX Item "Alien::FFI"
Provides libffi for Platypus during its configuration and build stages.
.IP "Alt::Alien::FFI::System" 4
.IX Item "Alt::Alien::FFI::System"
An alternative for Alien::FFI intended mainly for system integrators.
.IP "P5NCI" 4
.IX Item "P5NCI"
Yet another \s-1FFI\s0 like interface that does not appear to be supported or 
under development anymore.
.SH "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
.IX Header "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
In addition to the contributors mentioned below, I would like to 
acknowledge Brock Wilcox (\s-1AWWAIID\s0) and Meredith Howard (\s-1MHOWARD\s0) whose 
work on FFI::Sweet <https://github.com/merrilymeredith/p5-FFI-Sweet> 
not only helped me get started with \s-1FFI\s0 but significantly influenced the 
design of Platypus.
.PP
In addition I'd like to thank Alessandro Ghedini (\s-1ALEXBIO\s0) who was 
always responsive to bug reports and pull requests for FFI::Raw, 
which was important in the development of the ideas on which Platypus is 
based.
.SH "AUTHOR"
.IX Header "AUTHOR"
Author: Graham Ollis <plicease@cpan.org>
.PP
Contributors:
.PP
Bakkiaraj Murugesan (bakkiaraj)
.PP
Dylan Cali (calid)
.PP
pipcet
.PP
Zaki Mughal (zmughal)
.PP
Fitz Elliott (felliott)
.PP
Vickenty Fesunov (vyf)
.PP
Gregor Herrmann (gregoa)
.SH "COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE"
This software is copyright (c) 2015 by Graham Ollis.
.PP
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.