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.TH "GRDFLEXURE" "1gmt" "Jan 10, 2019" "5.4.5" "GMT"
.SH NAME
grdflexure \- Compute flexural deformation of 3-D surfaces for various rheologies
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.SH SYNOPSIS
.sp
\fBgrdflexure\fP \fItopogrd\fP  \fB\-D\fP\fIrm\fP/\fIrl\fP[/\fIri\fP]/\fIrw\fP  \fB\-E\fP\fITe\fP[\fBu\fP]  \fB\-G\fP\fIoutgrid\fP
[  \fB\-A\fP\fINx\fP/\fINy\fP/\fINxy\fP ]
[  \fB\-C\fP\fBp\fP\fIpoisson\fP ] [  \fB\-C\fP\fBy\fP\fIYoung\fP ]
[  \fB\-F\fP\fInu_a\fP[/\fIh_a\fP/\fInu_m\fP] ]
[  \fB\-L\fP\fIlist\fP ]
[  \fB\-N\fP[\fBf\fP|\fBq\fP|\fBs\fP|\fInx\fP/\fIny\fP][\fB+a\fP|\fBd\fP|\fBh\fP|\fBl\fP][\fB+e\fP|\fBn\fP|\fBm\fP][\fB+t\fP\fIwidth\fP][\fB+w\fP[\fIsuffix\fP]][\fB+z\fP[\fBp\fP]]
[  \fB\-S\fP\fIbeta\fP ] [ \fB\-T\fP\fIt0\fP[\fBu\fP][/\fIt1\fP[\fBu\fP]/\fIdt\fP[\fBu\fP]|\fIfile\fP] |\fIn\fP][\fB+l\fP] ]
[  \fB\-V\fP[\fIlevel\fP] ]
[  \fB\-W\fP\fIwd\fP]
[  \fB\-Z\fP\fIzm\fP]
[ \fB\-fg\fP ]
.sp
\fBNote:\fP No space is allowed between the option flag and the associated arguments.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
\fBgrdflexure\fP computes the flexural response to loads using a range
of user\-selectable rheologies.  User may select from elastic, viscoelastic,
or firmoviscous (with one or two viscous layers).  Temporal evolution can
also be modeled by providing incremental load grids and specifying a
range of model output times.
.SH REQUIRED ARGUMENTS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fItopogrd\fP
2\-D binary grid file with the topography of the load (in meters);
See GRID FILE FORMATS below.
If \fB\-T\fP is used, \fItopogrd\fP may be a filename template with a
floating point format (C syntax) and a different load file name
will be set and loaded for each time step.  The load times thus
coincide with the times given via \fB\-T\fP (but not all times need
to have a corresponding file).  Alternatively, give \fItopogrd\fP as
=\fIflist\fP, where \fIflist\fP is an ASCII table with one \fItopogrd\fP filename
and load time per record.  These load times can be different from
the evaluation times given via \fB\-T\fP\&.  For load time format, see
\fB\-T\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-D\fP\fIrm\fP/\fIrl\fP[/\fIri\fP]/\fIrw\fP
Sets density for mantle, load, infill (optional, otherwise it is
assumed to equal the load density), and water or air.  If \fIri\fP differs from
\fIrl\fP then an approximate solution will be found.  If \fIri\fP is not given
then it defaults to \fIrl\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-E\fP\fITe\fP
Sets the elastic plate thickness (in meter); append \fBk\fP for km.
If the elastic thickness exceeds 1e10 it will be interpreted as
a flexural rigidity D (by default D is computed from \fITe\fP, Young\(aqs
modulus, and Poisson\(aqs ratio; see \fB\-C\fP to change these values).
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-G\fP\fIoutfile\fP
If \fB\-T\fP is set then \fIgrdfile\fP must be a filename template that contains
a floating point format (C syntax).  If the filename template also contains
either %s (for unit name) or %c (for unit letter) then we use the corresponding time
(in units specified in \fB\-T\fP) to generate the individual file names, otherwise
we use time in years with no unit.
.UNINDENT
.SH OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-A\fP\fINx\fP/\fINy\fP/\fINxy\fP
Specify in\-plane compressional or extensional forces in the x\- and y\-directions,
as well as any shear force [no in\-plane forces].  Compression is indicated by
negative values, while extensional forces are specified using positive values.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-Cp\fP\fIpoisson\fP
Change the current value of Poisson\(aqs ratio [0.25].
.TP
\fB\-Cy\fP\fIYoung\fP
Change the current value of Young\(aqs modulus [7.0e10 N/m^2].
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-F\fP\fInu_a\fP[/\fIh_a\fP/\fInu_m\fP]
Specify a firmoviscous model in conjunction with an elastic plate
thickness specified via \fB\-E\fP\&.  Just give one viscosity (\fInu_a\fP)
for an elastic plate over a viscous half\-space, or also append
the thickness of the asthenosphere (\fIh_a\fP) and the lower mantle
viscosity (\fInu_m\fP), with the first viscosity now being that of
the asthenosphere. Give viscosities in Pa*s. If used, give the
thickness of the asthenosphere in meter; append \fBk\fP for km.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-N\fP[\fBa\fP|\fBf\fP|\fBm\fP|\fBr\fP|\fBs\fP|\fInx/ny\fP][\fB+a\fP|[\fB+d\fP|\fBh\fP|\fBl\fP][\fB+e\fP|\fBn\fP|\fBm\fP][\fB+t\fP\fIwidth\fP][\fB+v\fP][\fB+w\fP[\fIsuffix\fP]][\fB+z\fP[\fBp\fP]]
Choose or inquire about suitable grid dimensions for FFT and set
optional parameters. Control the FFT dimension:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
\fB\-Na\fP lets the FFT select dimensions yielding the most accurate result.
.sp
\fB\-Nf\fP will force the FFT to use the actual dimensions of the data.
.sp
\fB\-Nm\fP lets the FFT select dimensions using the least work memory.
.sp
\fB\-Nr\fP lets the FFT select dimensions yielding the most rapid calculation.
.sp
\fB\-Ns\fP will present a list of optional dimensions, then exit.
.sp
\fB\-N\fP\fInx/ny\fP will do FFT on array size \fInx/ny\fP (must be >= grid file size). Default chooses
dimensions >= data which optimize speed and accuracy of FFT. If FFT
dimensions > grid file dimensions, data are extended and tapered to zero.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Control detrending of data: Append modifiers for removing a linear trend:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
\fB+d\fP: Detrend data, i.e. remove best\-fitting linear trend [Default].
.sp
\fB+a\fP: Only remove mean value.
.sp
\fB+h\fP: Only remove mid value, i.e. 0.5 * (max + min).
.sp
\fB+l\fP: Leave data alone.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Control extension and tapering of data:
Use modifiers to control how the extension and tapering are to be performed:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
\fB+e\fP extends the grid by imposing edge\-point symmetry [Default],
.sp
\fB+m\fP extends the grid by imposing edge mirror symmetry
.sp
\fB+n\fP turns off data extension.
.sp
Tapering is performed from the data edge to the FFT grid edge [100%].
Change this percentage via \fB+t\fP\fIwidth\fP\&. When \fB+n\fP is in effect,
the tapering is applied instead to the data margins as no extension is
available [0%].
.sp
Control messages being reported:
\fB+v\fP will report suitable dimensions during processing.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Control writing of temporary results:
For detailed investigation you can write the intermediate grid being passed
to the forward FFT; this is likely to have been detrended, extended by
point\-symmetry along all edges, and tapered. Append \fB+w\fP[\fIsuffix\fP] from
which output file name(s) will be created (i.e., \fIingrid_prefix.ext\fP)
[tapered], where \fIext\fP is your file extension. Finally, you may save
the complex grid produced by the forward FFT by appending \fB+z\fP\&. By
default we write the real and imaginary components to
\fIingrid\fP_real.\fIext\fP and \fIingrid\fP_imag.\fIext\fP\&. Append
\fBp\fP to save instead the polar form of magnitude and phase to files
\fIingrid\fP_mag.\fIext\fP and \fIingrid\fP_phase.\fIext\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-L\fP\fIlist\fP
Write the names and evaluation times of all grids that were created
to the text file \fIlist\fP\&. Requires \fB\-T\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-M\fP\fItm\fP
Specify a viscoelastic model in conjunction with an elastic plate
thickness specified via \fB\-E\fP\&.  Append the Maxwell time \fItm\fP for the
viscoelastic model (in ).
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-S\fP\fIbeta\fP
Specify a starved moat fraction in the 0\-1 range, where 1 means the moat is fully
filled with material of density \fIri\fP while 0 means it is only filled with
material of density \fIrw\fP (i.e., just water) [1].
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-T\fP\fIt0\fP[\fBu\fP][/\fIt1\fP[\fBu\fP]/\fIdt\fP[\fBu\fP]|\fIfile\fP]|\fIn\fP][\fB+l\fP]
Specify \fIt0\fP, \fIt1\fP, and time increment (\fIdt\fP) for sequence of calculations
[Default is one step, with no time dependency].  For a single specific time, just
give start time \fIt0\fP\&. The unit is years; append \fBk\fP for kyr and \fBM\fP for Myr.
For a logarithmic time scale, append \fB+l\fP and specify \fIn\fP steps instead of \fIdt\fP\&.
Alternatively, give a \fIfile\fP with the desired times in the first column (these times
may have individual units appended, otherwise we assume year).
We then write a separate model grid file for each given time step.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-W\fP\fIwd\fP
Set reference depth to the undeformed flexed surface in m [0].  Append \fBk\fP to indicate
km.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-Z\fP\fIzm\fP
Specify reference depth to flexed surface (e.g., Moho) in m; append \fBk\fP for km.
Must be positive. [0].
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-V\fP[\fIlevel\fP] (more ...)
Select verbosity level [c].  
.TP
\fB\-fg\fP
Geographic grids (dimensions of longitude, latitude) will be converted to
meters via a "Flat Earth" approximation using the current ellipsoid parameters.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
\fB\-^\fP or just \fB\-\fP
Print a short message about the syntax of the command, then exits (NOTE: on Windows just use \fB\-\fP).
.TP
\fB\-+\fP or just \fB+\fP
Print an extensive usage (help) message, including the explanation of
any module\-specific option (but not the GMT common options), then exits.
.TP
\fB\-?\fP or no arguments
Print a complete usage (help) message, including the explanation of all options, then exits.
.UNINDENT
.SH GRID FILE FORMATS
.sp
By default GMT writes out grid as single precision floats in a
COARDS\-complaint netCDF file format. However, GMT is able to produce
grid files in many other commonly used grid file formats and also
facilitates so called "packing" of grids, writing out floating point
data as 1\- or 2\-byte integers. (more ...)
.SH GRID DISTANCE UNITS
.sp
If the grid does not have meter as the horizontal unit, append \fB+u\fP\fIunit\fP
to the input file name to convert from the specified unit to meter.  If your
grid is geographic, convert distances to meters by supplying \fB\-fg\fP instead.
.SH CONSIDERATIONS
.sp
netCDF COARDS grids will automatically be recognized as geographic. For
other grids geographical grids were you want to convert degrees into
meters, select \fB\-fg\fP\&. If the data are close to either pole, you should
consider projecting the grid file onto a rectangular coordinate system
using grdproject\&.
.SH PLATE FLEXURE NOTES
.sp
The FFT solution to plate flexure requires the infill density to equal
the load density.  This is typically only true directly beneath the load; beyond the load
the infill tends to be lower\-density sediments or even water (or air).  Wessel [2001, 2016]
proposed an approximation that allows for the specification of an infill density
different from the load density while still allowing for an FFT solution. Basically,
the plate flexure is solved for using the infill density as the effective load density but
the amplitudes are adjusted by the factor \fIA\fP = sqrt ((rm \- ri)/(rm \- rl)), which is
the theoretical difference in amplitude due to a point load using the two different
load densities.  The approximation is very good but breaks down for large
loads on weak plates, a fairy uncommon situation.
.SH EXAMPLES
.sp
To compute elastic plate flexure from the load \fItopo.nc\fP,
for a 10 km thick plate with typical densities, try
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
gmt grdflexure topo.nc \-Gflex.nc \-E10k \-D2700/3300/1035
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
To compute the firmoviscous response to a series of incremental loads given by
file name and load time in the table l.lis at the single time 1 Ma using the
specified rheological values, try
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
gmt grdflexure \-T1M =l.lis \-D3300/2800/2800/1000 \-E5k \-Gflx/smt_fv_%03.1f_%s.nc \-F2e20 \-Nf+a
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SH REFERENCES
.sp
Cathles, L. M., 1975, \fIThe viscosity of the earth\(aqs mantle\fP, Princeton University Press.
.sp
Wessel. P., 2001, Global distribution of seamounts inferred from gridded Geosat/ERS\-1 altimetry,
J. Geophys. Res., 106(B9), 19,431\-19,441,
\fI\%http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000083\fP\&.
.sp
Wessel, P., 2016, Regional–residual separation of bathymetry and revised estimates
of Hawaii plume flux, \fIGeophys. J. Int., 204(2)\fP, 932\-947,
\fI\%http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv472\fP\&.
.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
gmt, grdfft,
gravfft
grdmath, grdproject,
grdseamount
.SH COPYRIGHT
2019, P. Wessel, W. H. F. Smith, R. Scharroo, J. Luis, and F. Wobbe
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