init(5) | File Formats Manual | init(5) |
NAME¶
init - Upstart init daemon job configurationSYNOPSIS¶
- /etc/init/
- Default location of system job configuration files.
- $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/upstart/, $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/upstart/
- Default locations of user session job configuration files.
- $HOME/.init/
- Deprecated location of user job configuration files (still honoured by User Session Mode).
DESCRIPTION¶
On startup, the Upstart init(8) daemon reads its job configuration from files in the /etc/init/ directory, and watches for future changes to these files using inotify(7). If Upstart was invoked as a user process with --user option, it will run in User Session mode. See User Session Mode for further details. To be considered by Upstart, files in this directory must have a recognized suffix and may also be present in sub-directories. There are two recognized suffixes:- •
- Files ending in .conf are called configuration files, or simply "conf files" for short. These are the primary vehicle for specifying a job.
- •
- Files ending in .override are called override files. If an override file is present, the stanzas it contains take precedence over those equivalently named stanzas in the corresponding configuration file contents for a particular job. The main use for override files is to modify how a job will run without having to modify its configuration file directly. See the section Override File Handling below for further details.
- •
- A single configuration file.
- •
- A single configuration file and a single override file.
Chroot Support¶
Upstart is able to manage jobs within a chroot(2). To control jobs within the chroot environment, use the standard initctl(8) facility. Note that it is not necessary to install D-Bus within the chroot (in fact it is not recommended). Note that this facility is distinct from the chroot stanza (see Process environment below).User Session Mode¶
Upstart can manage complete User Sessions. In this mode it runs with a process id greater than 1 and will read job configuration files from the following list of directories in the order shown:- •
- $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/upstart/
- •
- $HOME/.init/
- •
- $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/upstart/
- •
- /usr/share/upstart/sessions/
Configuration File Format¶
Each line begins with a configuration stanza and continues until either the end of the line or a line containing a closing stanza. Line breaks within a stanza are permitted within single or double quotes, or if preceded by a blackslash. If a stanza is duplicated, the last occurence will be used. Unrecognized stanzas will generate parse errors, which will stop a job from running. Stanzas and their arguments are delimited by whitespace, which consists of one or more space or tab characters which are otherwise ignored unless placed within single or double quotes. Comments begin with a `#' and continue until the end of the line. Blank lines and lines consisting only of whitespace or comments are ignored.Process definition¶
The primary use of jobs is to define services or tasks to be run by the init(8) daemon. Each job may have one or more different processes run as part of its lifecycle, with the most common known as the main process. The main process is defined using either the exec or script stanzas, only one of which is permitted. These specify the executable or shell script that will be run when the job is considered to be running. Once this process terminates, the job stops. All processes are run with the full job environment available as environment variables in their process.- exec COMMAND [ ARG ]...
- This stanza defines the process to be run as the name of an executable on
the filesystem, and zero or more arguments to be passed to it. Any special
characters, e.g. quotes or `$' specified will result in the entire command
being passed to a shell for expansion.
exec /usr/sbin/acpid -c $EVENTSDIR -s $SOCKET
- script ... end script
- This stanza defines the process to be run as a shell script that will be
executed using sh(1). The -e shell option is always used, so
any command that fails will terminate the script.
The script stanza appears on its own on a line, the script is
everything up until the first end script stanza appearing on its
own on a line.
script dd bs=1 if=/proc/kmsg of=$KMSGSINK exec /sbin/klogd -P $KMSGSINK end script
- pre-start exec|script...
- This process will be run after the job's starting(7) event has finished, but before the main process is run. It is typically used to prepare the environment, such as making necessary directories, and it may also call the stop(8) command without arguments to cancel the start.
- post-start exec|script...
- This process will be run before the job's started(7) event is emitted, but after the main process has been spawned. It is typically used to send necessary commands to the main process, or to delay the started(7) event until the main process is ready to receive clients.
- pre-stop exec|script...
- This process is run if the job is stopped by an event listed in its stop on stanza or by the stop(8) command. It will be run before the job's stopping(7) event is emitted and before the main process is killed. It is typically used to send any necessary shutdown commands to the main process, and it may also call the start(8) command without arguments to cancel the stop.
- post-stop exec|script...
- This process is run after the main process has been killed and before the job's stopped(7) event is emitted. It is typically used to clean up the environment, such as removing temporary directories.
pre-start exec ifup -a post-stop exec ifdown -a
Event definition¶
Jobs can be manually started and stopped at any time by a system administrator using the start(8) and stop(8) tools, however it is far more useful for jobs to be started and stopped automatically by the init(8) daemon when necessary. This is done by specifying which events should cause your job to be started, and which cause your process to be stopped again. The set of possible events is limitless, however there are a number of standard events defined by the init(8) daemon and telinit(8) tools that you will want to use. When first started, the init(8) daemon will emit the startup(7) event. This will activate jobs that implement System V compatibility and the runlevel(7) event. As jobs are started and stopped, the init(8) daemon will emit the starting(7), started(7), stopping(7) and stopped(7) events on their behalf.- start on EVENT [[KEY=]VALUE]... [and|or...]
- The start on stanza defines the set of events that will cause the
job to be automatically started. Each EVENT is given by its name.
Multiple events are permitted using the and & or
operators, and complex expressions may be performed with parentheses
(within which line breaks are permitted).
You may also match on the environment variables contained within the event
by specifying the KEY and expected VALUE. If you know the
order in which the variables are given to the event you may omit the
KEY.
VALUE may contain wildcard matches and globs as permitted by
fnmatch(3) and may expand the value of any variable defined with
the env stanza.
Negation is permitted by using != between the KEY and
VALUE.
start on started gdm or started kdm start on device-added SUBSYSTEM=tty DEVPATH=ttyS* start on net-device-added INTERFACE!=lo
- stop on EVENT [[KEY=]VALUE]... [and|or...]
- The stop on stanza defines the set of events that will cause the
job to be automatically stopped. It has the same syntax as start
on.
VALUE may additionally expand the value of any variable that came
from the job's start environment (either the event or the command that
started it).
stop on stopping gdm or stopping kdm stop on device-removed DEVPATH=$DEVPATH
- manual
- This stanza will disregard any previously seen start on definition. By adding this stanza on any line below the start on definition, it provides the ability to stop a job from being automatically started. When specified, the only way to start such a job is via start (8).
Job environment¶
Each job is run with an environment constructed from the following categories:- •
- A minimal set of standard system variables added by Upstart. All jobs contain the TERM and PATH variables.
- •
- Variables set using the initctl(8) job environment commands (such as set-env). These commands also allow unsetting of variables.
- •
- A set of special variables added by Upstart that relate to the job itself. All jobs also contain the UPSTART_JOB and UPSTART_INSTANCE environment variables, containing the name of the job and instance. These are mostly used by the initctl(8) utility to default to acting on the job the commands are called from.
- •
- Those variables introduced by the events or command that started the job. The special UPSTART_EVENTS environment variable contains the list of events that started the job, it will not be present if the job was started manually. The pre-stop and post-stop scripts are run with the environment of the events or commands that stopped the job. The UPSTART_STOP_EVENTS environment variable contains the list of events that stopped the job, it will not be present if the job was stopped manually.
- •
- Variables set within the job itself using the env and export stanzas. These provide default values - if the command or event which causes the job to start specifies alternative values, those are given priority over the defaults.
- env KEY[=VALUE]
- Defines a default environment variable, the value of which may be overridden by the event or command that starts the job. If ´KEY=VALUE´ is specified, the variable KEY is given the value VALUE. If only ´KEY´ is given, then the value is taken from the init(8) daemon's own environment.
- export KEY
- Exports the value of an environment variable into the starting(7), started(7), stopping(7) and stopped(7) events for this job and to all resultant events (not just those relating to the current job).
Services, tasks and respawning¶
Jobs are services by default. This means that the act of starting the job is considered to be finished when the job is running, and that even exiting with a zero exit status means the service will be respawned.- task
- This stanza may be used to specify that the job is a task instead. This means that the act of starting the job is not considered to be finished until the job itself has been run and stopped again, but that exiting with a zero exit status means the task has completed successfully and will not be respawned.
- respawn
- A service or task with this stanza will be automatically started if it should stop abnormally. All reasons for a service stopping, except the stop(8) command itself, are considered abnormal. Tasks may exit with a zero exit status to prevent being respawned.
- respawn limit COUNT INTERVAL
- Respawning is subject to a limit, if the job is respawned more than COUNT times in INTERVAL seconds, it will be considered to be having deeper problems and will be stopped. Default COUNT is 10. Default INTERVAL is 5 seconds. This only applies to automatic respawns and not the restart(8) command.
- normal exit STATUS|SIGNAL...
- Additional exit statuses or even signals may be added, if the job process
terminates with any of these it will not be considered to have failed and
will not be respawned.
normal exit 0 1 TERM HUP
Instances¶
By default, only one instance of any job is permitted to exist at one time. Attempting to start a job when it's already starting or running results in an error. Note that a job is considered to be running if its pre-start process is running. Multiple instances may be permitted by defining the names of those instances. If an instance with the same name is not already starting or running, a new instance will be started instead of returning an error.- instance NAME
- This stanza defines the names of instances, on its own its not
particularly useful since it would just define the name of the single
permitted instance, however NAME expands any variable defined in
the job's environment.
These will often be variables that you need to pass to the process anyway,
so are an excellent way to limit the instances.
instance $CONFFILE exec /sbin/httpd -c $CONFFILE
instance $TTY exec /sbin/getty -8 38300 $TTY
These jobs appear in the initctl(8) output with the instance name in parentheses, and have the INSTANCE environment variable set in their events.
Documentation¶
Upstart provides several stanzas useful for documentation and external tools.- description DESCRIPTION
- This stanza may contain a description of the job.
description "This does neat stuff"
- author AUTHOR
- This stanza may contain the author of the job, often used as a contact for
bug reports.
author "Scott James Remnant <scott@netsplit.com>"
- version VERSION
- This stanza may contain version information about the job, such as
revision control or package version number. It is not used or interpreted
by init(8) in any way.
version "$Id$"
- emits EVENT...
- All processes on the system are free to emit their own events by using the initctl(8) tool, or by communicating directly with the init(8) daemon. This stanza allows a job to document in its job configuration what events it emits itself, and may be useful for graphing possible transitions. The initctl(8) check-config command attempts to use this stanza to resolve events. EVENT can be either a literal string or a string including shell wildcard meta-characters (asterisk ('*'), question mark ('?'), and square brackets ('[' and ']')). Meta-characters are useful to allow initctl(8) check-config to resolve a class of events, such as those emitted by upstart-udev-bridge(8).
- usage USAGE
- This stanza may contain the text used by initctl(8) usage
command. This text may be also shown when commands start(8),
stop(8) or status(8) fail.
usage "tty DEV=ttyX - where X is console id"
Process environment¶
Many common adjustments to the process environment, such as resource limits, may be configured directly in the job rather than having to handle them yourself.- console none|log|output|owner
none
If none is specified, the jobs standard input,
standard output and standard error file descriptors are connected to
/dev/null. Any output generated by a job will be discarded. This used
to be the default prior to the introduction of log in Upstart
1.4.
log
If log is specified, standard input is
connected to /dev/null, and standard output and standard error are
connected to a pseudo-tty which logs all job output.
Output is logged to file /var/log/upstart/<job-log-file> or
$XDG_CACHE_HOME/upstart/<job-log-file> for system and user
session jobs respectively.
If a job has specified instance, <job-log-file> will equate
to <job>-<instance>.log where '<instance>' is
replaced by the specific instance value and '<job>' is replaced with the
job name (job configuration file name, without the extension). If
instance is not specified, <job-log-file> will be
<job>.log where '<job>' is replaced with the job name.
Jobs started from within a chroot will have their output logged to such a path
within the chroot.
If log files already exist, they are appended to.
All slash ('/') characters in <job-log-file> are replaced with
underscore ('_') characters. For example, any output from the 'wibble'
instance of the 'foo/bar' job would be encoded in file 'foo_bar-wibble.log' in
the log file directory. This gives the log file directory a flat structure.
If the directory for system jobs does not exist, job output for each job will be
cached until the job finishes. Thus, the boot process must ensure that
the directory is available as soon as possible since any job that finishes
before a writeable disk is available will not be able to take advantage of
this facility.
If it is not possible to write to any log file due to lack of disk space, the
job will be considered to have specified a console value of none
and all subsequent job output will be discarded.
If the logger detects that the file it is about to write to was deleted, it will
re-open the file first.
Care should be taken if the log directory is a mount point since any job that
starts before that mount is available and which produces output will then
attempt to write logs to the mount point, not to the mounted directory. This
may give the impression that log data has not been recorded. A strategy to
handle this situation is to ensure the mount point directory is not writeable
such that logs will only be written when the mount has succeeded (assuming the
mount itself is writeable and has sufficient space).
Note that since log utilizes pseudo-ttys, your kernel must support these.
If it does not, the console value will be modified automatically to
none. Further, note that it may be necessary to increase the number of
available pty devices; see pty(7) for details.
Under Linux, full Unix 98 pty support requires that the devpts filesystem
be mounted.
If pty setup fails for any reason, an error message will be displayed and the
job's console value will be reset to none.
output
If output is specified, the standard input,
standard output and standard error file descriptors are connected to
/dev/console.
owner
The owner value is special: it not only connects
the job to the system console but sets the job to be the owner of the system
console, which means it will receive certain signals from the kernel when
special key combinations such as Control-C are pressed.
- umask UMASK
- A common configuration is to set the file mode creation mask for the process. UMASK should be an octal value for the mask, see umask(2) for more details.
- nice NICE
- Another common configuration is to adjust the process's nice value, see nice(1) for more details.
- oom score ADJUSTMENT|never
- Normally the OOM killer regards all processes equally, this stanza advises the kernel to treat this job differently. ADJUSTMENT may be an integer value from -999 (very unlikely to be killed by the OOM killer) up to 1000 (very likely to be killed by the OOM killer). It may also be the special value never to have the job ignored by the OOM killer entirely.
- chroot DIR
- Runs the job's processes in a chroot(8) environment underneath DIR Note that DIR must have all the necessary system libraries for the process to be run, often including /bin/sh
- chdir DIR
- Runs the job's processes with a working directory of DIR instead of the root of the filesystem.
- limit LIMIT SOFT|unlimited HARD|unlimited
- Sets initial system resource limits for the job's processes. LIMIT may be one of core, cpu, data, fsize, memlock, msgqueue, nice, nofile, nproc, rss, rtprio, sigpending or stack. Limits are specified as both a SOFT value and a HARD value, both of which are integers. The special value unlimited may be specified for either.
- setuid USERNAME
- Changes to the user USERNAME before running any job process. If this stanza is unspecified, all job processes will run as root in the case of system jobs, and as the user in the case of user jobs. Note that system jobs using the setuid stanza are still system jobs, and can not be controlled by an unprivileged user, even if the setuid stanza specifies that user.
- setgid GROUPNAME
- Changes to the group GROUPNAME before running any job process. If this stanza is unspecified, the primary group of the user specified in the setuid block is used for all job processes. If both stanzas are unspecified, all job processes will run with its group ID set to 0 in the case of system jobs, and as the primary group of the user in the case of User Session jobs.
Override File Handling¶
Override files allow a jobs environment to be changed without modifying the jobs configuration file. Rules governing override files:- •
- If a job is embodied with only a configuration file, the contents of this file define the job.
- •
- If an override files exists where there is no existing cofiguration file, the override file is ignored.
- •
- If both a configuration file and an override file exist for a job and both files are syntactically correct:
- •
- stanzas in the override file will take precedence over stanzas present in the corresponding configuration file.
- •
- stanzas in the override file which are not present in the corresponding configuration file will be honoured when the job runs.
- •
- If both a configuration file and an override file exist for a job and subsequently the override file is deleted, the configuration file is automatically reloaded with the effect that any changes introduced by the override file are undone and the configuration file alone now defines the job.
- •
- If both a configuration file and an override file exist for a job and subsequently the configuration file is deleted, a new instance of the job can no longer be started (since without a corresponding configuration file an override file is ignored).
- •
- If both a configuration file and an override file exist for a job and any of the contents of the override file are invalid, the override file is ignored and only the contents of the configuration file are considered.
AppArmor support¶
Upstart provides several stanzas for loading and switching to different AppArmor profiles. If AppArmor isn't enabled in the currently running kernel, the stanzas will be silently ignored.- apparmor load PROFILE
- This stanza specifies an AppArmor profile to load into the Linux kernel at
job start. The AppArmor profile will confine a main process automatically
using path attachment, or manually by using the apparmor switch
stanza. PROFILE must be an absolute path to a profile and a failure
will occur if the file doesn't exist.
apparmor load /etc/apparmor.d/usr.sbin.cupsd
- apparmor switch NAME
- This stanza specifies the name of an AppArmor profile name to switch to
before running the main process. NAME must be the name of a profile
already loaded into the running Linux kernel, and will result in a failure
if not available.
apparmor switch /usr/sbin/cupsd
Miscellaneous¶
- kill signal SIGNAL
- Specifies the stopping signal, SIGTERM by default, a job's main
process will receive when stopping the running job.
kill signal INT
- reload signal SIGNAL
- Specifies the reload signal, SIGHUP by default, a job's main
process will receive when reloading the running job.
reload signal USR1
- kill timeout INTERVAL
- Specifies the interval between sending the job's main process the "stopping" (see above) and SIGKILL signals when stopping the running job. Default is 5 seconds.
- expect stop
- Specifies that the job's main process will raise the SIGSTOP signal to indicate that it is ready. init(8) will wait for this signal before running the job's post-start script, or considering the job to be running. init(8) will send the process the SIGCONT signal to allow it to continue.
- expect daemon
- Specifies that the job's main process is a daemon, and will fork twice after being run. init(8) will follow this daemonisation, and will wait for this to occur before running the job's post-start script or considering the job to be running. Without this stanza init(8) is unable to supervise daemon processes and will believe them to have stopped as soon as they daemonise on startup.
- expect fork
- Specifies that the job's main process will fork once after being run. init(8) will follow this fork, and will wait for this to occur before running the job's post-start script or considering the job to be running. Without this stanza init(8) is unable to supervise forking processes and will believe them to have stopped as soon as they fork on startup.
RESTRICTIONS¶
The use of symbolic links in job configuration file directories is not supported since it can lead to unpredicable behaviour resulting from broken or inaccessible links (such as would be caused by a link crossing a filesystem boundary to a filesystem that has not yet been mounted).BUGS¶
The and and or operators allowed with start on and stop on do not work intuitively: operands to the right of either operator are only evaluated once and state information is then discarded. This can lead to jobs with complex start on or stop on conditions not behaving as expected when restarted. For example, if a job encodes the following condition:start on A and (B or C)
FILES¶
- /etc/init/*.conf
- System job configuration files.
- /etc/init/*.override
- System job override files.
- $HOME/.init/*.conf
- User job configuration files (deprecated).
- $HOME/.init/*.override
- User job override files. (deprecated).
- $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/upstart/*.conf
- User session job configuration files. See User Session Mode for other locations.
- $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/upstart/*.override
- User session job override files. See User Session Mode for other locations.
- /var/log/upstart/*.log
- Default location of system job output logs.
- $XDG_CACHE_HOME/upstart/*.log
- Default location of user session job output logs.
- $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/upstart/sessions/*.session
- Location of session files created when running in User Session mode.
AUTHOR¶
Manual page written by Scott James Remnant <scott@netsplit.com> and James Hunt <james.hunt@canonical.com>.REPORTING BUGS¶
Report bugs at <https://launchpad.net/upstart/+bugs>COPYRIGHT¶
Copyright © 2009-2013 Canonical Ltd.SEE ALSO¶
init(8) initctl(8) prctl(2) pty(7) sh(1) upstart-events(7) apparmor(7)2013-01-25 | Upstart |