NAME¶
Moose::Cookbook::Basics::Company_Subtypes - Demonstrates the use of subtypes and
how to model classes related to companies, people, employees, etc.
VERSION¶
version 2.1213
SYNOPSIS¶
package Address;
use Moose;
use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
use Locale::US;
use Regexp::Common 'zip';
my $STATES = Locale::US->new;
subtype 'USState'
=> as Str
=> where {
( exists $STATES->{code2state}{ uc($_) }
|| exists $STATES->{state2code}{ uc($_) } );
};
subtype 'USZipCode'
=> as Value
=> where {
/^$RE{zip}{US}{-extended => 'allow'}$/;
};
has 'street' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str' );
has 'city' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str' );
has 'state' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'USState' );
has 'zip_code' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'USZipCode' );
package Company;
use Moose;
use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
has 'name' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', required => 1 );
has 'address' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Address' );
has 'employees' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'ArrayRef[Employee]',
default => sub { [] },
);
sub BUILD {
my ( $self, $params ) = @_;
foreach my $employee ( @{ $self->employees } ) {
$employee->employer($self);
}
}
after 'employees' => sub {
my ( $self, $employees ) = @_;
return unless $employees;
foreach my $employee ( @$employees ) {
$employee->employer($self);
}
};
package Person;
use Moose;
has 'first_name' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', required => 1 );
has 'last_name' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', required => 1 );
has 'middle_initial' => (
is => 'rw', isa => 'Str',
predicate => 'has_middle_initial'
);
has 'address' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Address' );
sub full_name {
my $self = shift;
return $self->first_name
. (
$self->has_middle_initial
? ' ' . $self->middle_initial . '. '
: ' '
) . $self->last_name;
}
package Employee;
use Moose;
extends 'Person';
has 'title' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', required => 1 );
has 'employer' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Company', weak_ref => 1 );
override 'full_name' => sub {
my $self = shift;
super() . ', ' . $self->title;
};
DESCRIPTION¶
This recipe introduces the "subtype" sugar function from
Moose::Util::TypeConstraints. The "subtype" function lets you
declaratively create type constraints without building an entire class.
In the recipe we also make use of Locale::US and Regexp::Common to build
constraints, showing how constraints can make use of existing CPAN tools for
data validation.
Finally, we introduce the "required" attribute option.
In the "Address" class we define two subtypes. The first uses the
Locale::US module to check the validity of a state. It accepts either a state
abbreviation of full name.
A state will be passed in as a string, so we make our "USState" type a
subtype of Moose's builtin "Str" type. This is done using the
"as" sugar. The actual constraint is defined using
"where". This function accepts a single subroutine reference. That
subroutine will be called with the value to be checked in $_ (1). It is
expected to return a true or false value indicating whether the value is valid
for the type.
We can now use the "USState" type just like Moose's builtin types:
has 'state' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'USState' );
When the "state" attribute is set, the value is checked against the
"USState" constraint. If the value is not valid, an exception will
be thrown.
The next "subtype", "USZipCode", uses Regexp::Common.
Regexp::Common includes a regex for validating US zip codes. We use this
constraint for the "zip_code" attribute.
subtype 'USZipCode'
=> as Value
=> where {
/^$RE{zip}{US}{-extended => 'allow'}$/;
};
Using a subtype instead of requiring a class for each type greatly simplifies
the code. We don't really need a class for these types, as they're just
strings, but we do want to ensure that they're valid.
The type constraints we created are reusable. Type constraints are stored by
name in a global registry, which means that we can refer to them in other
classes. Because the registry is global, we do recommend that you use some
sort of namespacing in real applications, like
"MyApp::Type::USState" (just as you would do with class names).
These two subtypes allow us to define a simple "Address" class.
Then we define our "Company" class, which has an address. As we saw in
earlier recipes, Moose automatically creates a type constraint for each our
classes, so we can use that for the "Company" class's
"address" attribute:
has 'address' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Address' );
A company also needs a name:
has 'name' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Str', required => 1 );
This introduces a new attribute option, "required". If an attribute is
required, then it must be passed to the class's constructor, or an exception
will be thrown. It's important to understand that a "required"
attribute can still be false or "undef", if its type constraint
allows that.
The next attribute, "employees", uses a
parameterized type
constraint:
has 'employees' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'ArrayRef[Employee]'
default => sub { [] },
);
This constraint says that "employees" must be an array reference where
each element of the array is an "Employee" object. It's worth noting
that an
empty array reference also satisfies this constraint, such as
the value given as the default here.
Parameterizable type constraints (or "container types"), such as
"ArrayRef[`a]", can be made more specific with a type parameter. In
fact, we can arbitrarily nest these types, producing something like
"HashRef[ArrayRef[Int]]". However, you can also just use the type by
itself, so "ArrayRef" is legal. (2)
If you jump down to the definition of the "Employee" class, you will
see that it has an "employer" attribute.
When we set the "employees" for a "Company" we want to make
sure that each of these employee objects refers back to the right
"Company" in its "employer" attribute.
To do that, we need to hook into object construction. Moose lets us do this by
writing a "BUILD" method in our class. When your class defines a
"BUILD" method, it will be called by the constructor immediately
after object construction, but before the object is returned to the caller.
Note that all "BUILD" methods in your class hierarchy will be called
automatically; there is no need to (and you should not) call the superclass
"BUILD" method.
The "Company" class uses the "BUILD" method to ensure that
each employee of a company has the proper "Company" object in its
"employer" attribute:
sub BUILD {
my ( $self, $params ) = @_;
foreach my $employee ( @{ $self->employees } ) {
$employee->employer($self);
}
}
The "BUILD" method is executed after type constraints are checked, so
it is safe to assume that if "$self->employees" has a value, it
will be an array reference, and that the elements of that array reference will
be "Employee" objects.
We also want to make sure that whenever the "employees" attribute for
a "Company" is changed, we also update the "employer" for
each employee.
To do this we can use an "after" modifier:
after 'employees' => sub {
my ( $self, $employees ) = @_;
return unless $employees;
foreach my $employee ( @$employees ) {
$employee->employer($self);
}
};
Again, as with the "BUILD" method, we know that the type constraint
check has already happened, so we know that if $employees is defined it will
contain an array reference of "Employee" objects.
Note that "employees" is a read/write accessor, so we must return
early if it's called as a reader.
The
Person class does not really demonstrate anything new. It has several
"required" attributes. It also has a "predicate" method,
which we first used in Moose::Cookbook::Basics::BinaryTree_AttributeFeatures.
The only new feature in the "Employee" class is the
"override" method modifier:
override 'full_name' => sub {
my $self = shift;
super() . ', ' . $self->title;
};
This is just a sugary alternative to Perl's built in "SUPER::"
feature. However, there is one difference. You cannot pass any arguments to
"super". Instead, Moose simply passes the same parameters that were
passed to the method.
A more detailed example of usage can be found in
t/recipes/moose_cookbook_basics_recipe4.t.
CONCLUSION¶
This recipe was intentionally longer and more complex. It illustrates how Moose
classes can be used together with type constraints, as well as the density of
information that you can get out of a small amount of typing when using Moose.
This recipe also introduced the "subtype" function, the
"required" attribute, and the "override" method modifier.
We will revisit type constraints in future recipes, and cover type coercion as
well.
- (1)
- The value being checked is also passed as the first argument to the
"where" block, so it can be accessed as $_[0].
- (2)
- Note that "ArrayRef[]" will not work. Moose will not parse this
as a container type, and instead you will have a new type named
"ArrayRef[]", which doesn't make any sense.
AUTHORS¶
- •
- Stevan Little <stevan.little@iinteractive.com>
- •
- Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>
- •
- Jesse Luehrs <doy@tozt.net>
- •
- Shawn M Moore <code@sartak.org>
- •
- XXXX XXX'XX (Yuval Kogman) <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
- •
- Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>
- •
- Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>
- •
- Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@weftsoar.net>
- •
- Chris Prather <chris@prather.org>
- •
- Matt S Trout <mst@shadowcat.co.uk>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE¶
This software is copyright (c) 2006 by Infinity Interactive, Inc..
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.