.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.28 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. 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No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "BUSYBOX 1" .TH BUSYBOX 1 "2015-02-18" "version 1.22.1" "busybox" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" BusyBox \- The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux .SH "SYNTAX" .IX Header "SYNTAX" .Vb 1 \& busybox [arguments...] # or \& \& [arguments...] # if symlinked .Ve .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common \s-1UNIX\s0 utilities into a single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in \s-1GNU\s0 coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured \s-1GNU\s0 cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their \s-1GNU\s0 counterparts. .PP BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete \s-1POSIX\s0 environment for any small or embedded system. .PP BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable. Then run \&'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration. .PP After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory specified by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX\s0 can be set when configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed in the location pointed to by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX.\s0 .SH "USAGE" .IX Header "USAGE" BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable program that performs the same job as more than one utility program. That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common operations. .PP You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the command line. For example, entering .PP .Vb 1 \& /bin/busybox ls .Ve .PP will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'. .PP Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary. .PP For example, entering .PP .Vb 2 \& ln \-s /bin/busybox ls \& ./ls .Ve .PP will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run the 'make install' command. .PP If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary. .SH "COMMON OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMON OPTIONS" Most BusyBox applets support the \fB\-\-help\fR argument to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. If the \s-1CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE\s0 option has been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available. .SH "COMMANDS" .IX Header "COMMANDS" Currently available applets include: .PP .Vb 10 \& [, [[, acpid, adjtimex, ar, arp, arping, ash, awk, basename, \& blockdev, brctl, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, \& chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cmp, cp, cpio, cttyhack, cut, date, dc, \& dd, deallocvt, depmod, devmem, df, diff, dirname, dmesg, \& dnsdomainname, dos2unix, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, egrep, env, \& expand, expr, false, fgrep, find, fold, free, freeramdisk, fstrim, \& ftpget, ftpput, getopt, getty, grep, groups, gunzip, gzip, halt, \& head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hwclock, id, ifconfig, init, \& insmod, ionice, ip, ipcalc, kill, killall, klogd, last, less, ln, \& loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, ls, \& lsmod, lzcat, lzma, lzop, lzopcat, md5sum, mdev, microcom, mkdir, \& mkfifo, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount, mt, \& mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nslookup, od, openvt, patch, pidof, ping, \& ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, rdate, readlink, \& realpath, reboot, renice, reset, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, \& rpm2cpio, run\-parts, sed, seq, setkeycodes, setsid, sh, sha1sum, \& sha256sum, sha512sum, sleep, sort, start\-stop\-daemon, stat, strings, \& stty, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, \& tail, tar, taskset, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, timeout, top, \& touch, tr, traceroute, traceroute6, true, tty, udhcpc, udhcpd, \& umount, uname, uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlzma, unlzop, \& unxz, unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, watch, \& watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, xz, xzcat, yes, zcat .Ve .SH "COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS" .IP "\fBacpid\fR" 4 .IX Item "acpid" acpid [\-df] [\-c \s-1CONFDIR\s0] [\-l \s-1LOGFILE\s0] [\-a \s-1ACTIONFILE\s0] [\-M \s-1MAPFILE\s0] [\-e \s-1PROC_EVENT_FILE\s0] [\-p \s-1PIDFILE\s0] .Sp Listen to \s-1ACPI\s0 events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-d Log to stderr, not log file (implies \-f) \& \-f Run in foreground \& \-c DIR Config directory [/etc/acpi] \& \-e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event] \& \-l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log] \& \-p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid] \& \-a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf] \& \-M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map] .Ve .Sp Accept and ignore compatibility options \-g \-m \-s \-S \-v .IP "\fBadjtimex\fR" 4 .IX Item "adjtimex" adjtimex [\-q] [\-o \s-1OFF\s0] [\-f \s-1FREQ\s0] [\-p \s-1TCONST\s0] [\-t \s-1TICK\s0] .Sp Read and optionally set system timebase parameters. See \fIadjtimex\fR\|(2) .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-q Quiet \& \-o OFF Time offset, microseconds \& \-f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm) \& (positive values make clock run faster) \& \-t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000 \& \-p TCONST .Ve .IP "\fBar\fR" 4 .IX Item "ar" ar [\-o] [\-v] [\-p] [\-t] [\-x] \s-1ARCHIVE FILES\s0 .Sp Extract or list \s-1FILES\s0 from an ar archive .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-o Preserve original dates \& \-p Extract to stdout \& \-t List \& \-x Extract \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBarp\fR" 4 .IX Item "arp" arp [\-vn] [\-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-a [\s-1HOSTNAME\s0] [\-v] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-d \s-1HOSTNAME\s0 [pub] [\-v] [\-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-s \s-1HOSTNAME HWADDR\s0 [temp] [\-v] [\-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-s \s-1HOSTNAME HWADDR\s0 [netmask \s-1MASK\s0] pub [\-v] [\-H \s-1HWTYPE\s0] [\-i \s-1IF\s0] \-Ds \s-1HOSTNAME IFACE\s0 [netmask \s-1MASK\s0] pub .Sp Manipulate \s-1ARP\s0 cache .Sp .Vb 9 \& \-a Display (all) hosts \& \-d Delete ARP entry \& \-s Set new entry \& \-v Verbose \& \-n Don\*(Aqt resolve names \& \-i IF Network interface \& \-D Read HWADDR from IFACE \& \-A,\-p AF Protocol family \& \-H HWTYPE Hardware address type .Ve .IP "\fBarping\fR" 4 .IX Item "arping" arping [\-fqbDUA] [\-c \s-1CNT\s0] [\-w \s-1TIMEOUT\s0] [\-I \s-1IFACE\s0] [\-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] \s-1DST_IP\s0 .Sp Send \s-1ARP\s0 requests/replies .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-f Quit on first ARP reply \& \-q Quiet \& \-b Keep broadcasting, don\*(Aqt go unicast \& \-D Duplicated address detection mode \& \-U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors \& \-A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors \& \-c N Stop after sending N ARP requests \& \-w TIMEOUT Time to wait for ARP reply, seconds \& \-I IFACE Interface to use (default eth0) \& \-s SRC_IP Sender IP address \& DST_IP Target IP address .Ve .IP "\fBash\fR" 4 .IX Item "ash" ash [\-/+OPTIONS] [\-/+o \s-1OPT\s0]... [\-c '\s-1SCRIPT\s0' [\s-1ARG0\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] / \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Unix shell interpreter .IP "\fBawk\fR" 4 .IX Item "awk" awk [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1AWK_PROGRAM\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-v VAR=VAL Set variable \& \-F SEP Use SEP as field separator \& \-f FILE Read program from FILE \& \-e AWK_PROGRAM .Ve .IP "\fBbasename\fR" 4 .IX Item "basename" basename \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1SUFFIX\s0] .Sp Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from \s-1FILE\s0 .IP "\fBblockdev\fR" 4 .IX Item "blockdev" blockdev \s-1OPTION BLOCKDEV\s0 .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-\-setro Set ro \& \-\-setrw Set rw \& \-\-getro Get ro \& \-\-getss Get sector size \& \-\-getbsz Get block size \& \-\-setbsz BYTES Set block size \& \-\-getsz Get device size in 512\-byte sectors \& \-\-getsize64 Get device size in bytes \& \-\-flushbufs Flush buffers \& \-\-rereadpt Reread partition table .Ve .IP "\fBbrctl\fR" 4 .IX Item "brctl" brctl \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1BRIDGE\s0 [\s-1INTERFACE\s0]] .Sp Manage ethernet bridges .Sp Commands: .Sp .Vb 4 \& addbr BRIDGE Create BRIDGE \& delbr BRIDGE Delete BRIDGE \& addif BRIDGE IFACE Add IFACE to BRIDGE \& delif BRIDGE IFACE Delete IFACE from BRIDGE .Ve .IP "\fBbunzip2\fR" 4 .IX Item "bunzip2" bunzip2 [\-cf] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress FILEs (or stdin) .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBbzcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "bzcat" bzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress to stdout .IP "\fBbzip2\fR" 4 .IX Item "bzip2" bzip2 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-1..9 Compression level \& \-d Decompress \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBcal\fR" 4 .IX Item "cal" cal [\-jy] [[\s-1MONTH\s0] \s-1YEAR\s0] .Sp Display a calendar .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-j Use julian dates \& \-y Display the entire year .Ve .IP "\fBcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "cat" cat [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Concatenate FILEs and print them to stdout .IP "\fBchgrp\fR" 4 .IX Item "chgrp" chgrp [\-RhLHPcvf]... \s-1GROUP FILE...\s0 .Sp Change the group membership of each \s-1FILE\s0 to \s-1GROUP\s0 .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-R Recurse \& \-h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets \& \-L Traverse all symlinks to directories \& \-H Traverse symlinks on command line only \& \-P Don\*(Aqt traverse symlinks (default) \& \-c List changed files \& \-v Verbose \& \-f Hide errors .Ve .IP "\fBchmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "chmod" chmod [\-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... \s-1FILE...\s0 .Sp Each \s-1MODE\s0 is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +\-= and one or more of the letters rwxst .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-R Recurse \& \-c List changed files \& \-v List all files \& \-f Hide errors .Ve .IP "\fBchown\fR" 4 .IX Item "chown" chown [\-RhLHPcvf]... OWNER[<.|:>[\s-1GROUP\s0]] \s-1FILE...\s0 .Sp Change the owner and/or group of each \s-1FILE\s0 to \s-1OWNER\s0 and/or \s-1GROUP\s0 .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-R Recurse \& \-h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets \& \-L Traverse all symlinks to directories \& \-H Traverse symlinks on command line only \& \-P Don\*(Aqt traverse symlinks (default) \& \-c List changed files \& \-v List all files \& \-f Hide errors .Ve .IP "\fBchroot\fR" 4 .IX Item "chroot" chroot \s-1NEWROOT\s0 [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 with root directory set to \s-1NEWROOT\s0 .IP "\fBchvt\fR" 4 .IX Item "chvt" chvt N .Sp Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN .IP "\fBclear\fR" 4 .IX Item "clear" clear .Sp Clear screen .IP "\fBcmp\fR" 4 .IX Item "cmp" cmp [\-l] [\-s] \s-1FILE1\s0 [\s-1FILE2\s0 [\s-1SKIP1\s0 [\s-1SKIP2\s0]]] .Sp Compare \s-1FILE1\s0 with \s-1FILE2 \s0(or stdin) .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal) \& for all differing bytes \& \-s Quiet .Ve .IP "\fBcp\fR" 4 .IX Item "cp" cp [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1SOURCE... DEST\s0 .Sp Copy \s-1SOURCE\s0(s) to \s-1DEST\s0 .Sp .Vb 9 \& \-a Same as \-dpR \& \-R,\-r Recurse \& \-d,\-P Preserve symlinks (default if \-R) \& \-L Follow all symlinks \& \-H Follow symlinks on command line \& \-p Preserve file attributes if possible \& \-f Overwrite \& \-i Prompt before overwrite \& \-l,\-s Create (sym)links .Ve .IP "\fBcpio\fR" 4 .IX Item "cpio" cpio [\-dmvu] [\-F \s-1FILE\s0] [\-H newc] [\-tio] [\s-1EXTR_FILE\s0]... .Sp Extract or list files from a cpio archive, or create an archive using file list on stdin .Sp Main operation mode: .Sp .Vb 9 \& \-t List \& \-i Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all) \& \-o Create (requires \-H newc) \& \-d Make leading directories \& \-m Preserve mtime \& \-v Verbose \& \-u Overwrite \& \-F FILE Input (\-t,\-i,\-p) or output (\-o) file \& \-H newc Archive format .Ve .IP "\fBcttyhack\fR" 4 .IX Item "cttyhack" cttyhack [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] .Sp Give \s-1PROG\s0 a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving controlling tty to shell running with \s-1PID 1: $\s0 exec cttyhack sh Starting interactive shell from boot shell script: .Sp .Vb 1 \& setsid cttyhack sh .Ve .IP "\fBcut\fR" 4 .IX Item "cut" cut [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print selected fields from each input \s-1FILE\s0 to stdout .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST \& \-c LIST Output only characters from LIST \& \-d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter \& \-s Output only the lines containing delimiter \& \-f N Print only these fields \& \-n Ignored .Ve .IP "\fBdate\fR" 4 .IX Item "date" date [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [+FMT] [\s-1TIME\s0] .Sp Display time (using +FMT), or set time .Sp .Vb 10 \& [\-s,\-\-set] TIME Set time to TIME \& \-u,\-\-utc Work in UTC (don\*(Aqt convert to local time) \& \-R,\-\-rfc\-2822 Output RFC\-2822 compliant date string \& \-I[SPEC] Output ISO\-8601 compliant date string \& SPEC=\*(Aqdate\*(Aq (default) for date only, \& \*(Aqhours\*(Aq, \*(Aqminutes\*(Aq, or \*(Aqseconds\*(Aq for date and \& time to the indicated precision \& \-r,\-\-reference FILE Display last modification time of FILE \& \-d,\-\-date TIME Display TIME, not \*(Aqnow\*(Aq \& \-D FMT Use FMT for \-d TIME conversion .Ve .Sp Recognized \s-1TIME\s0 formats: .Sp .Vb 5 \& hh:mm[:ss] \& [YYYY.]MM.DD\-hh:mm[:ss] \& YYYY\-MM\-DD hh:mm[:ss] \& [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss] \& \*(Aqdate TIME\*(Aq form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead .Ve .IP "\fBdc\fR" 4 .IX Item "dc" dc \s-1EXPRESSION...\s0 .Sp Tiny \s-1RPN\s0 calculator. Operations: +, add, \-, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, and, or, not, xor, p \- print top of the stack (without popping), f \- print entire stack, o \- pop the value and set output radix (must be 10, 16, 8 or 2). Examples: 'dc 2 2 add p' \-> 4, 'dc 8 8 mul 2 2 + / p' \-> 16 .IP "\fBdd\fR" 4 .IX Item "dd" dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] .Sp Copy a file with converting and formatting .Sp .Vb 10 \& if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin \& of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout \& bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time \& ibs=N Read N bytes at a time \& obs=N Write N bytes at a time \& count=N Copy only N input blocks \& skip=N Skip N input blocks \& seek=N Skip N output blocks \& conv=notrunc Don\*(Aqt truncate output file \& conv=noerror Continue after read errors \& conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros \& conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing \& conv=swab Swap every pair of bytes .Ve .Sp N may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kD (1000), k (1024), \s-1MD, M, GD, G\s0 .IP "\fBdeallocvt\fR" 4 .IX Item "deallocvt" deallocvt [N] .Sp Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN .IP "\fBdepmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "depmod" depmod [\-n] [\-b \s-1BASE\s0] [\s-1VERSION\s0] [\s-1MODFILES\s0]... .Sp Generate modules.dep, alias, and symbols files .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-b BASE Use BASE/lib/modules/VERSION \& \-n Dry run: print files to stdout .Ve .IP "\fBdevmem\fR" 4 .IX Item "devmem" devmem \s-1ADDRESS\s0 [\s-1WIDTH\s0 [\s-1VALUE\s0]] .Sp Read/write from physical address .Sp .Vb 3 \& ADDRESS Address to act upon \& WIDTH Width (8/16/...) \& VALUE Data to be written .Ve .IP "\fBdf\fR" 4 .IX Item "df" df [\-Pkmhai] [\-B \s-1SIZE\s0] [\s-1FILESYSTEM\s0]... .Sp Print filesystem usage statistics .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-P POSIX output format \& \-k 1024\-byte blocks (default) \& \-m 1M\-byte blocks \& \-h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G) \& \-a Show all filesystems \& \-i Inodes \& \-B SIZE Blocksize .Ve .IP "\fBdiff\fR" 4 .IX Item "diff" diff [\-abBdiNqrTstw] [\-L \s-1LABEL\s0] [\-S \s-1FILE\s0] [\-U \s-1LINES\s0] \s-1FILE1 FILE2\s0 .Sp Compare files line by line and output the differences between them. This implementation supports unified diffs only. .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-a Treat all files as text \& \-b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace \& \-B Ignore changes whose lines are all blank \& \-d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes \& \-i Ignore case differences \& \-L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header \& \-N Treat absent files as empty \& \-q Output only whether files differ \& \-r Recurse \& \-S Start with FILE when comparing directories \& \-T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary \& \-s Report when two files are the same \& \-t Expand tabs to spaces in output \& \-U Output LINES lines of context \& \-w Ignore all whitespace .Ve .IP "\fBdirname\fR" 4 .IX Item "dirname" dirname \s-1FILENAME\s0 .Sp Strip non-directory suffix from \s-1FILENAME\s0 .IP "\fBdmesg\fR" 4 .IX Item "dmesg" dmesg [\-c] [\-n \s-1LEVEL\s0] [\-s \s-1SIZE\s0] .Sp Print or control the kernel ring buffer .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Clear ring buffer after printing \& \-n LEVEL Set console logging level \& \-s SIZE Buffer size .Ve .IP "\fBdos2unix\fR" 4 .IX Item "dos2unix" dos2unix [\-ud] [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Convert \s-1FILE\s0 in-place from \s-1DOS\s0 to Unix format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-u dos2unix \& \-d unix2dos .Ve .IP "\fBdu\fR" 4 .IX Item "du" du [\-aHLdclsxhmk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Summarize disk space used for each \s-1FILE\s0 and/or directory .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-a Show file sizes too \& \-L Follow all symlinks \& \-H Follow symlinks on command line \& \-d N Limit output to directories (and files with \-a) of depth < N \& \-c Show grand total \& \-l Count sizes many times if hard linked \& \-s Display only a total for each argument \& \-x Skip directories on different filesystems \& \-h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G) \& \-m Sizes in megabytes \& \-k Sizes in kilobytes (default) .Ve .IP "\fBdumpkmap\fR" 4 .IX Item "dumpkmap" dumpkmap > keymap .Sp Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout .IP "\fBdumpleases\fR" 4 .IX Item "dumpleases" dumpleases [\-r|\-a] [\-f \s-1LEASEFILE\s0] .Sp Display \s-1DHCP\s0 leases granted by udhcpd .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-f,\-\-file=FILE Lease file \& \-r,\-\-remaining Show remaining time \& \-a,\-\-absolute Show expiration time .Ve .IP "\fBecho\fR" 4 .IX Item "echo" echo [\-neE] [\s-1ARG\s0]... .Sp Print the specified ARGs to stdout .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-n Suppress trailing newline \& \-e Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \et=tab) \& \-E Don\*(Aqt interpret backslash escapes (default) .Ve .IP "\fBenv\fR" 4 .IX Item "env" env [\-iu] [\-] [name=value]... [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] .Sp Print the current environment or run \s-1PROG\s0 after setting up the specified environment .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-, \-i Start with an empty environment \& \-u Remove variable from the environment .Ve .IP "\fBexpand\fR" 4 .IX Item "expand" expand [\-i] [\-t N] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-i,\-\-initial Don\*(Aqt convert tabs after non blanks \& \-t,\-\-tabs=N Tabstops every N chars .Ve .IP "\fBexpr\fR" 4 .IX Item "expr" expr \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 .Sp Print the value of \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 to stdout .Sp \&\s-1EXPRESSION\s0 may be: .Sp .Vb 10 \& ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 \& ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 \& ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly: \& ARG1 <= ARG2 \& ARG1 = ARG2 \& ARG1 != ARG2 \& ARG1 >= ARG2 \& ARG1 > ARG2 \& ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly: \& ARG1 \- ARG2 \& ARG1 * ARG2 \& ARG1 / ARG2 \& ARG1 % ARG2 \& STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING \& match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP \& substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 \& index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 \& length STRING Length of STRING \& quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if \& it is a keyword like \*(Aqmatch\*(Aq or an \& operator like \*(Aq/\*(Aq \& (EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSION .Ve .Sp Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \&\e( and \e) or null; if \e( and \e) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. .IP "\fBfalse\fR" 4 .IX Item "false" false .Sp Return an exit code of \s-1FALSE \\fIs0\fR\|(1) .IP "\fBfind\fR" 4 .IX Item "find" find [\-HL] [\s-1PATH\s0]... [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1ACTIONS\s0] .Sp Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action stops processing of current file. Defaults: \s-1PATH\s0 is current directory, action is '\-print' .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-L,\-follow Follow symlinks \& \-H ...on command line only \& \-xdev Don\*(Aqt descend directories on other filesystems \& \-maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. \-maxdepth 0 applies \& actions to command line arguments only \& \-mindepth N Don\*(Aqt act on first N levels \& \-depth Act on directory *after* traversing it .Ve .Sp Actions: .Sp .Vb 10 \& ( ACTIONS ) Group actions for \-o / \-a \& ! ACT Invert ACT\*(Aqs success/failure \& ACT1 [\-a] ACT2 If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2 \& ACT1 \-o ACT2 If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2 \& Note: \-a has higher priority than \-o \& \-name PATTERN Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN \& \-iname PATTERN Case insensitive \-name \& \-path PATTERN Match path to PATTERN \& \-ipath PATTERN Case insensitive \-path \& \-regex PATTERN Match path to regex PATTERN \& \-type X File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,...) \& \-perm MASK At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (\-MASK), \& or exactly MASK bits are set in file\*(Aqs mode \& \-mtime DAYS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (\-N), \& or exactly N days in the past \& \-mmin MINS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (\-N), \& or exactly N minutes in the past \& \-newer FILE mtime is more recent than FILE\*(Aqs \& \-inum N File has inode number N \& \-user NAME/ID File is owned by given user \& \-group NAME/ID File is owned by given group \& \-size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.)) \& +/\-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N \& \-links N Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (\-N), \& or exactly N \& \-prune If current file is directory, don\*(Aqt descend into it \&If none of the following actions is specified, \-print is assumed \& \-print Print file name \& \-print0 Print file name, NUL terminated \& \-exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by \& file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero .Ve .IP "\fBfold\fR" 4 .IX Item "fold" fold [\-bs] [\-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Wrap input lines in each \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin), writing to stdout .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-b Count bytes rather than columns \& \-s Break at spaces \& \-w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80 .Ve .IP "\fBfree\fR" 4 .IX Item "free" free [\-b/k/m/g] .Sp Display the amount of free and used system memory .IP "\fBfreeramdisk\fR" 4 .IX Item "freeramdisk" freeramdisk \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk .IP "\fBfstrim\fR" 4 .IX Item "fstrim" fstrim [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1MOUNTPOINT\s0 .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-o,\-\-offset=OFFSET Offset in bytes to discard from \& \-l,\-\-length=LEN Bytes to discard \& \-m,\-\-minimum=MIN Minimum extent length \& \-v,\-\-verbose Print number of discarded bytes .Ve .IP "\fBftpget\fR" 4 .IX Item "ftpget" ftpget [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1LOCAL_FILE\s0] \s-1REMOTE_FILE\s0 .Sp Download a file via \s-1FTP\s0 .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-c,\-\-continue Continue previous transfer \& \-v,\-\-verbose Verbose \& \-u,\-\-username USER Username \& \-p,\-\-password PASS Password \& \-P,\-\-port NUM Port .Ve .IP "\fBftpput\fR" 4 .IX Item "ftpput" ftpput [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1REMOTE_FILE\s0] \s-1LOCAL_FILE\s0 .Sp Upload a file to a \s-1FTP\s0 server .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-v,\-\-verbose Verbose \& \-u,\-\-username USER Username \& \-p,\-\-password PASS Password \& \-P,\-\-port NUM Port .Ve .IP "\fBgetopt\fR" 4 .IX Item "getopt" getopt [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-\-] \s-1OPTSTRING PARAMS\s0 .Sp .Vb 9 \& \-a,\-\-alternative Allow long options starting with single \- \& \-l,\-\-longoptions=LOPT[,...] Long options to recognize \& \-n,\-\-name=PROGNAME The name under which errors are reported \& \-o,\-\-options=OPTSTRING Short options to recognize \& \-q,\-\-quiet No error messages on unrecognized options \& \-Q,\-\-quiet\-output No normal output \& \-s,\-\-shell=SHELL Set shell quoting conventions \& \-T,\-\-test Version test (exits with 4) \& \-u,\-\-unquoted Don\*(Aqt quote output .Ve .Sp Example: .Sp O=`getopt \-l bb: \*(-- ab:c:: \*(L"$@\*(R"` || exit 1 eval set \*(-- \*(L"$O\*(R" while true; do case \*(L"$1\*(R" in \-a) echo A; shift;; \-b|\-\-bb) echo \*(L"B:'$2'\*(R"; shift 2;; \-c) case \*(L"$2\*(R" in "\*(L") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo \*(R"C:'$2'"; shift 2;; esac;; \-\-) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac done .IP "\fBgetty\fR" 4 .IX Item "getty" getty [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... \s-1TTY\s0 [\s-1TERMTYPE\s0] .Sp Open \s-1TTY,\s0 prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-h Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control \& \-L Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state) \& \-m Get baud rate from modem\*(Aqs CONNECT status message \& \-n Don\*(Aqt prompt for login name \& \-w Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue \& \-i Don\*(Aqt display /etc/issue \& \-f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue \& \-l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login \& \-t SEC Terminate after SEC if no login name is read \& \-I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else \& \-H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname .Ve .Sp \&\s-1BAUD_RATE\s0 of 0 leaves it unchanged .IP "\fBgrep\fR" 4 .IX Item "grep" grep [\-HhnlLoqvsriwFEz] [\-m N] [\-A/B/C N] PATTERN/\-e \s-1PATTERN..\s0./\-f \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Search for \s-1PATTERN\s0 in FILEs (or stdin) .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-H Add \*(Aqfilename:\*(Aq prefix \& \-h Do not add \*(Aqfilename:\*(Aq prefix \& \-n Add \*(Aqline_no:\*(Aq prefix \& \-l Show only names of files that match \& \-L Show only names of files that don\*(Aqt match \& \-c Show only count of matching lines \& \-o Show only the matching part of line \& \-q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise \& \-v Select non\-matching lines \& \-s Suppress open and read errors \& \-r Recurse \& \-i Ignore case \& \-w Match whole words only \& \-x Match whole lines only \& \-F PATTERN is a literal (not regexp) \& \-E PATTERN is an extended regexp \& \-z Input is NUL terminated \& \-m N Match up to N times per file \& \-A N Print N lines of trailing context \& \-B N Print N lines of leading context \& \-C N Same as \*(Aq\-A N \-B N\*(Aq \& \-e PTRN Pattern to match \& \-f FILE Read pattern from file .Ve .IP "\fBgroups\fR" 4 .IX Item "groups" groups [\s-1USER\s0] .Sp Print the group memberships of \s-1USER\s0 or for the current process .IP "\fBgunzip\fR" 4 .IX Item "gunzip" gunzip [\-cft] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress FILEs (or stdin) .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force \& \-t Test file integrity .Ve .IP "\fBgzip\fR" 4 .IX Item "gzip" gzip [\-cfd] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Compress FILEs (or stdin) .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-d Decompress \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBhalt\fR" 4 .IX Item "halt" halt [\-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [\-n] [\-f] [\-w] .Sp Halt the system .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-d SEC Delay interval \& \-n Do not sync \& \-f Force (don\*(Aqt go through init) \& \-w Only write a wtmp record .Ve .IP "\fBhead\fR" 4 .IX Item "head" head [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print first 10 lines of each \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) to stdout. With more than one \s-1FILE,\s0 precede each with a filename header. .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-n N[kbm] Print first N lines \& \-n \-N[kbm] Print all except N last lines \& \-c [\-]N[kbm] Print first N bytes \& \-q Never print headers \& \-v Always print headers .Ve .Sp N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2). .IP "\fBhexdump\fR" 4 .IX Item "hexdump" hexdump [\-bcCdefnosvx] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-b One\-byte octal display \& \-c One\-byte character display \& \-C Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line \& \-d Two\-byte decimal display \& \-e FORMAT_STRING \& \-f FORMAT_FILE \& \-n LENGTH Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input \& \-o Two\-byte octal display \& \-s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes \& \-v Display all input data \& \-x Two\-byte hexadecimal display .Ve .IP "\fBhostid\fR" 4 .IX Item "hostid" hostid .Sp Print out a unique 32\-bit identifier for the machine .IP "\fBhostname\fR" 4 .IX Item "hostname" hostname [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1HOSTNAME\s0 | \-F \s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Get or set hostname or \s-1DNS\s0 domain name .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-s Short \& \-i Addresses for the hostname \& \-d DNS domain name \& \-f Fully qualified domain name \& \-F FILE Use FILE\*(Aqs content as hostname .Ve .IP "\fBhttpd\fR" 4 .IX Item "httpd" httpd [\-ifv[v]] [\-c \s-1CONFFILE\s0] [\-p [\s-1IP:\s0]PORT] [\-u USER[:GRP]] [\-r \s-1REALM\s0] [\-h \s-1HOME\s0] or httpd \-d/\-e/\-m \s-1STRING\s0 .Sp Listen for incoming \s-1HTTP\s0 requests .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-i Inetd mode \& \-f Don\*(Aqt daemonize \& \-v[v] Verbose \& \-p [IP:]PORT Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80) \& \-u USER[:GRP] Set uid/gid after binding to port \& \-r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication \& \-h HOME Home directory (default .) \& \-c FILE Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf) \& \-m STRING MD5 crypt STRING \& \-e STRING HTML encode STRING \& \-d STRING URL decode STRING .Ve .IP "\fBhwclock\fR" 4 .IX Item "hwclock" hwclock [\-r|\-\-show] [\-s|\-\-hctosys] [\-w|\-\-systohc] [\-t|\-\-systz] [\-l|\-\-localtime] [\-u|\-\-utc] [\-f|\-\-rtc \s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Query and set hardware clock (\s-1RTC\s0) .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-r Show hardware clock time \& \-s Set system time from hardware clock \& \-w Set hardware clock from system time \& \-t Set in\-kernel timezone, correct system time \& if hardware clock is in local time \& \-u Assume hardware clock is kept in UTC \& \-l Assume hardware clock is kept in local time \& \-f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2) .Ve .IP "\fBid\fR" 4 .IX Item "id" id [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1USER\s0] .Sp Print information about \s-1USER\s0 or the current user .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-u User ID \& \-g Group ID \& \-G Supplementary group IDs \& \-n Print names instead of numbers \& \-r Print real ID instead of effective ID .Ve .IP "\fBifconfig\fR" 4 .IX Item "ifconfig" ifconfig [\-a] interface [address] .Sp Configure a network interface .Sp .Vb 10 \& [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] \& [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] \& [[\-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[\-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]] \& [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS] \& [outfill NN] [keepalive NN] \& [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN] \& [[\-]trailers] [[\-]arp] [[\-]allmulti] \& [multicast] [[\-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[\-]dynamic] \& [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN] \& [up|down] ... .Ve .IP "\fBinit\fR" 4 .IX Item "init" init .Sp Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits. It (re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab. .IP "\fBinsmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "insmod" insmod \s-1FILE\s0 [SYMBOL=VALUE]... .Sp Load the specified kernel modules into the kernel .IP "\fBionice\fR" 4 .IX Item "ionice" ionice [\-c 1\-3] [\-n 0\-7] [\-p \s-1PID\s0] [\s-1PROG\s0] .Sp Change I/O priority and class .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Class. 1:realtime 2:best\-effort 3:idle \& \-n Priority .Ve .IP "\fBip\fR" 4 .IX Item "ip" ip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} {\s-1COMMAND\s0} .Sp ip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1OBJECT\s0 {\s-1COMMAND\s0} where \s-1OBJECT\s0 := {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} \&\s-1OPTIONS\s0 := { \-f[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | \-o[neline] } .IP "\fBipcalc\fR" 4 .IX Item "ipcalc" ipcalc [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [\s-1NETMASK\s0] .Sp Calculate \s-1IP\s0 network settings from a \s-1IP\s0 address .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-b,\-\-broadcast Display calculated broadcast address \& \-n,\-\-network Display calculated network address \& \-m,\-\-netmask Display default netmask for IP \& \-p,\-\-prefix Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK \& \-h,\-\-hostname Display first resolved host name \& \-s,\-\-silent Don\*(Aqt ever display error messages .Ve .IP "\fBkill\fR" 4 .IX Item "kill" kill [\-l] [\-SIG] \s-1PID...\s0 .Sp Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to given PIDs .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-l List all signal names and numbers .Ve .IP "\fBkillall\fR" 4 .IX Item "killall" killall [\-l] [\-q] [\-SIG] \s-1PROCESS_NAME...\s0 .Sp Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to given processes .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-l List all signal names and numbers \& \-q Don\*(Aqt complain if no processes were killed .Ve .IP "\fBklogd\fR" 4 .IX Item "klogd" klogd [\-c N] [\-n] .Sp Kernel logger .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c N Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1\-8) \& \-n Run in foreground .Ve .IP "\fBlast\fR" 4 .IX Item "last" last .Sp Show listing of the last users that logged into the system .IP "\fBless\fR" 4 .IX Item "less" less [\-EMmNh~I?] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp View \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) one screenful at a time .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-E Quit once the end of a file is reached \& \-M,\-m Display status line with line numbers \& and percentage through the file \& \-N Prefix line number to each line \& \-I Ignore case in all searches \& \-~ Suppress ~s displayed past EOF .Ve .IP "\fBln\fR" 4 .IX Item "ln" ln [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1TARGET...\s0 LINK|DIR .Sp Create a link \s-1LINK\s0 or \s-1DIR/TARGET\s0 to the specified \s-1TARGET\s0(s) .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks \& \-f Remove existing destinations \& \-n Don\*(Aqt dereference symlinks \- treat like normal file \& \-b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation \& \-S suf Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files \& \-T 2nd arg must be a DIR \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBloadfont\fR" 4 .IX Item "loadfont" loadfont < font .Sp Load a console font from stdin .IP "\fBloadkmap\fR" 4 .IX Item "loadkmap" loadkmap < keymap .Sp Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin .IP "\fBlogger\fR" 4 .IX Item "logger" logger [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1MESSAGE\s0] .Sp Write \s-1MESSAGE \s0(or stdin) to syslog .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-s Log to stderr as well as the system log \& \-t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name) \& \-p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair) .Ve .IP "\fBlogin\fR" 4 .IX Item "login" login [\-p] [\-h \s-1HOST\s0] [[\-f] \s-1USER\s0] .Sp Begin a new session on the system .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-f Don\*(Aqt authenticate (user already authenticated) \& \-h Name of the remote host \& \-p Preserve environment .Ve .IP "\fBlogname\fR" 4 .IX Item "logname" logname .Sp Print the name of the current user .IP "\fBlogread\fR" 4 .IX Item "logread" logread [\-f] .Sp Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-f Output data as log grows .Ve .IP "\fBlosetup\fR" 4 .IX Item "losetup" losetup [\-r] [\-o \s-1OFS\s0] {\-f|LOOPDEV} \s-1FILE \-\s0 associate loop devices losetup \-d \s-1LOOPDEV \-\s0 disassociate losetup \-a \- show status losetup \-f \- show next free loop device .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE \& \-r Read\-only \& \-f Show/use next free loop device .Ve .IP "\fBls\fR" 4 .IX Item "ls" ls [\-1AaCxdLHRFplinsehrSXvctu] [\-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp List directory contents .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-1 One column output \& \-a Include entries which start with . \& \-A Like \-a, but exclude . and .. \& \-C List by columns \& \-x List by lines \& \-d List directory entries instead of contents \& \-L Follow symlinks \& \-H Follow symlinks on command line \& \-R Recurse \& \-p Append / to dir entries \& \-F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries \& \-l Long listing format \& \-i List inode numbers \& \-n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names \& \-s List allocated blocks \& \-e List full date and time \& \-h List sizes in human readable format (1K 243M 2G) \& \-r Sort in reverse order \& \-S Sort by size \& \-X Sort by extension \& \-v Sort by version \& \-c With \-l: sort by ctime \& \-t With \-l: sort by mtime \& \-u With \-l: sort by atime \& \-w N Assume the terminal is N columns wide \& \-\-color[={always,never,auto}] Control coloring .Ve .IP "\fBlsmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "lsmod" lsmod .Sp List the currently loaded kernel modules .IP "\fBlzcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "lzcat" lzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress to stdout .IP "\fBlzma\fR" 4 .IX Item "lzma" lzma \-d [\-cf] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-d Decompress \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBlzop\fR" 4 .IX Item "lzop" lzop [\-cfvd123456789CF] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-1..9 Compression level \& \-d Decompress \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force \& \-v Verbose \& \-F Don\*(Aqt store or verify checksum \& \-C Also write checksum of compressed block .Ve .IP "\fBlzopcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "lzopcat" lzopcat [\-vCF] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-v Verbose \& \-F Don\*(Aqt store or verify checksum .Ve .IP "\fBmd5sum\fR" 4 .IX Item "md5sum" md5sum [\-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print or check \s-1MD5\s0 checksums .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Check sums against list in FILEs \& \-s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& \-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .Ve .IP "\fBmdev\fR" 4 .IX Item "mdev" mdev [\-s] .Sp mdev \-s is to be run during boot to scan /sys and populate /dev. .Sp Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug .Sp It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [\-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME \s-1UID:GID PERM\s0 [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where \s-1DEVNAME\s0 is device name regex, \f(CW@major\fR,minor[\-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices: .Sp .Vb 1 \& $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS" .Ve .Sp If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match \f(CW$SEQNUM\fR variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot. .Sp If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it. .IP "\fBmicrocom\fR" 4 .IX Item "microcom" microcom [\-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [\-t \s-1TIMEOUT\s0] [\-s \s-1SPEED\s0] [\-X] \s-1TTY\s0 .Sp Copy bytes for stdin to \s-1TTY\s0 and from \s-1TTY\s0 to stdout .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-d Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every \& next byte to it \& \-t Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms \& \-s Set serial line to SPEED \& \-X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl\-X from stdin .Ve .IP "\fBmkdir\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkdir" mkdir [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1DIRECTORY...\s0 .Sp Create \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-m MODE Mode \& \-p No error if exists; make parent directories as needed .Ve .IP "\fBmkfifo\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkfifo" mkfifo [\-m \s-1MODE\s0] \s-1NAME\s0 .Sp Create named pipe .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-m MODE Mode (default a=rw) .Ve .IP "\fBmknod\fR" 4 .IX Item "mknod" mknod [\-m \s-1MODE\s0] \s-1NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR\s0 .Sp Create a special file (block, character, or pipe) .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw) \&TYPE: \& b Block device \& c or u Character device \& p Named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored) .Ve .IP "\fBmkswap\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkswap" mkswap [\-L \s-1LBL\s0] \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 [\s-1KBYTES\s0] .Sp Prepare \s-1BLOCKDEV\s0 to be used as swap partition .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-L LBL Label .Ve .IP "\fBmktemp\fR" 4 .IX Item "mktemp" mktemp [\-dt] [\-p \s-1DIR\s0] [\s-1TEMPLATE\s0] .Sp Create a temporary file with name based on \s-1TEMPLATE\s0 and print its name. \&\s-1TEMPLATE\s0 must end with \s-1XXXXXX \s0(e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX). Without \s-1TEMPLATE,\s0 \-t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed. .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-d Make directory, not file \& \-q Fail silently on errors \& \-t Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE \& \-p DIR Use DIR as a base directory (implies \-t) \& \-u Do not create anything; print a name .Ve .Sp Base directory is: \-p \s-1DIR,\s0 else \f(CW$TMPDIR\fR, else /tmp .IP "\fBmodinfo\fR" 4 .IX Item "modinfo" modinfo [\-adlp0] [\-F keyword] \s-1MODULE\s0 .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-a Shortcut for \*(Aq\-F author\*(Aq \& \-d Shortcut for \*(Aq\-F description\*(Aq \& \-l Shortcut for \*(Aq\-F license\*(Aq \& \-p Shortcut for \*(Aq\-F parm\*(Aq \& \-F keyword Keyword to look for \& \-0 Separate output with NULs .Ve .IP "\fBmodprobe\fR" 4 .IX Item "modprobe" modprobe [\-alrqvsDb] \s-1MODULE\s0 [symbol=value]... .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-a Load multiple MODULEs \& \-l List (MODULE is a pattern) \& \-r Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean \& \-q Quiet \& \-v Verbose \& \-s Log to syslog \& \-D Show dependencies \& \-b Apply blacklist to module names too .Ve .IP "\fBmore\fR" 4 .IX Item "more" more [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp View \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) one screenful at a time .IP "\fBmount\fR" 4 .IX Item "mount" mount [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-o \s-1OPTS\s0] \s-1DEVICE NODE\s0 .Sp Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc. .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-a Mount all filesystems in fstab \& \-f Dry run \& \-i Don\*(Aqt run mount helper \& \-r Read\-only mount \& \-w Read\-write mount (default) \& \-t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s) \& \-O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (\-a only) \&\-o OPT: \& loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected) \& [a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous \& [no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times \& [no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories \& [no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time \& [no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files \& [no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files \& [no]suid (Dis)allow set\-user\-id\-root programs \& [r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree \& [r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree \& [r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree \& [un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted \& [r]bind Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location \& move Relocate an existing mount point \& remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags \& ro/rw Same as \-r/\-w .Ve .Sp There are filesystem-specific \-o flags. .IP "\fBmt\fR" 4 .IX Item "mt" mt [\-f device] opcode value .Sp Control magnetic tape drive operation .Sp Available Opcodes: .Sp bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock weof wset .IP "\fBmv\fR" 4 .IX Item "mv" mv [\-fin] \s-1SOURCE DEST\s0 or: mv [\-fin] \s-1SOURCE... DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp Rename \s-1SOURCE\s0 to \s-1DEST,\s0 or move \s-1SOURCE\s0(s) to \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-f Don\*(Aqt prompt before overwriting \& \-i Interactive, prompt before overwrite \& \-n Don\*(Aqt overwrite an existing file .Ve .IP "\fBnameif\fR" 4 .IX Item "nameif" nameif [\-s] [\-c \s-1FILE\s0] [\s-1IFNAME HWADDR\s0]... .Sp Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device with address \s-1HWADDR\s0 is renamed to \s-1IFACE.\s0 .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab) \& \-s Log to syslog .Ve .IP "\fBnc\fR" 4 .IX Item "nc" nc [\-iN] [\-wN] [\-l] [\-p \s-1PORT\s0] [\-f FILE|IPADDR \s-1PORT\s0] [\-e \s-1PROG\s0] .Sp Open a pipe to \s-1IP:PORT\s0 or \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-l Listen mode, for inbound connects \& (use \-ll with \-e for persistent server) \& \-p PORT Local port \& \-w SEC Connect timeout \& \-i SEC Delay interval for lines sent \& \-f FILE Use file (ala /dev/ttyS0) instead of network \& \-e PROG Run PROG after connect .Ve .IP "\fBnetstat\fR" 4 .IX Item "netstat" netstat [\-ral] [\-tuwx] [\-en] .Sp Display networking information .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-r Routing table \& \-a All sockets \& \-l Listening sockets \& Else: connected sockets \& \-t TCP sockets \& \-u UDP sockets \& \-w Raw sockets \& \-x Unix sockets \& Else: all socket types \& \-e Other/more information \& \-n Don\*(Aqt resolve names .Ve .IP "\fBnslookup\fR" 4 .IX Item "nslookup" nslookup [\s-1HOST\s0] [\s-1SERVER\s0] .Sp Query the nameserver for the \s-1IP\s0 address of the given \s-1HOST\s0 optionally using a specified \s-1DNS\s0 server .IP "\fBod\fR" 4 .IX Item "od" od [\-abcdfhilovxs] [\-t \s-1TYPE\s0] [\-A \s-1RADIX\s0] [\-N \s-1SIZE\s0] [\-j \s-1SKIP\s0] [\-S \s-1MINSTR\s0] [\-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default .IP "\fBopenvt\fR" 4 .IX Item "openvt" openvt [\-c N] [\-sw] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] .Sp Start \s-1PROG\s0 on a new virtual terminal .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c N Use specified VT \& \-s Switch to the VT \& \-w Wait for PROG to exit .Ve .IP "\fBpatch\fR" 4 .IX Item "patch" patch [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1ORIGFILE\s0 [\s-1PATCHFILE\s0]] .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-p,\-\-strip N Strip N leading components from file names \& \-i,\-\-input DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin \& \-R,\-\-reverse Reverse patch \& \-N,\-\-forward Ignore already applied patches \& \-E,\-\-remove\-empty\-files Remove output files if they become empty .Ve .IP "\fBpidof\fR" 4 .IX Item "pidof" pidof [\s-1NAME\s0]... .Sp List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs .IP "\fBping\fR" 4 .IX Item "ping" ping [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Send \s-1ICMP ECHO_REQUEST\s0 packets to network hosts .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-4,\-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution \& \-c CNT Send only CNT pings \& \-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56) \& \-t TTL Set TTL \& \-I IFACE/IP Use interface or IP address as source \& \-W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10) \& (after all \-c CNT packets are sent) \& \-w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite) \& (can exit earlier with \-c CNT) \& \-q Quiet, only displays output at start \& and when finished .Ve .IP "\fBping6\fR" 4 .IX Item "ping6" ping6 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Send \s-1ICMP ECHO_REQUEST\s0 packets to network hosts .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-c CNT Send only CNT pings \& \-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56) \& \-I IFACE/IP Use interface or IP address as source \& \-q Quiet, only displays output at start \& and when finished .Ve .IP "\fBpivot_root\fR" 4 .IX Item "pivot_root" pivot_root \s-1NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD\s0 .Sp Move the current root file system to \s-1PUT_OLD\s0 and make \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 the new root file system .IP "\fBpoweroff\fR" 4 .IX Item "poweroff" poweroff [\-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [\-n] [\-f] .Sp Halt and shut off power .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-d SEC Delay interval \& \-n Do not sync \& \-f Force (don\*(Aqt go through init) .Ve .IP "\fBprintf\fR" 4 .IX Item "printf" printf \s-1FORMAT\s0 [\s-1ARG\s0]... .Sp Format and print \s-1ARG\s0(s) according to \s-1FORMAT \s0(a\-la C printf) .IP "\fBps\fR" 4 .IX Item "ps" ps [\-o \s-1COL1\s0,COL2=HEADER] [\-T] .Sp Show list of processes .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display \& \-T Show threads .Ve .IP "\fBpwd\fR" 4 .IX Item "pwd" pwd .Sp Print the full filename of the current working directory .IP "\fBrdate\fR" 4 .IX Item "rdate" rdate [\-sp] \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Get and possibly set the system date/time from a remote \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-s Set the system date/time (default) \& \-p Print the date/time .Ve .IP "\fBreadlink\fR" 4 .IX Item "readlink" readlink [\-fnv] \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp Display the value of a symlink .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-f Canonicalize by following all symlinks \& \-n Don\*(Aqt add newline \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBrealpath\fR" 4 .IX Item "realpath" realpath \s-1FILE...\s0 .Sp Return the absolute pathnames of given \s-1FILE\s0 .IP "\fBreboot\fR" 4 .IX Item "reboot" reboot [\-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [\-n] [\-f] .Sp Reboot the system .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-d SEC Delay interval \& \-n Do not sync \& \-f Force (don\*(Aqt go through init) .Ve .IP "\fBrenice\fR" 4 .IX Item "renice" renice {{\-n \s-1INCREMENT\s0} | \s-1PRIORITY\s0} [[\-p | \-g | \-u] \s-1ID...\s0] .Sp Change scheduling priority for a running process .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-n Adjust current nice value (smaller is faster) \& \-p Process id(s) (default) \& \-g Process group id(s) \& \-u Process user name(s) and/or id(s) .Ve .IP "\fBreset\fR" 4 .IX Item "reset" reset .Sp Reset the screen .IP "\fBrev\fR" 4 .IX Item "rev" rev [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Reverse lines of \s-1FILE\s0 .IP "\fBrm\fR" 4 .IX Item "rm" rm [\-irf] \s-1FILE...\s0 .Sp Remove (unlink) FILEs .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-i Always prompt before removing \& \-f Never prompt \& \-R,\-r Recurse .Ve .IP "\fBrmdir\fR" 4 .IX Item "rmdir" rmdir [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1DIRECTORY...\s0 .Sp Remove \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 if it is empty .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-p|\-\-parents Include parents \& \-\-ignore\-fail\-on\-non\-empty .Ve .IP "\fBrmmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "rmmod" rmmod [\-wfa] [\s-1MODULE\s0]... .Sp Unload kernel modules .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-w Wait until the module is no longer used \& \-f Force unload \& \-a Remove all unused modules (recursively) .Ve .IP "\fBroute\fR" 4 .IX Item "route" route [{add|del|delete}] .Sp Edit kernel routing tables .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-n Don\*(Aqt resolve names \& \-e Display other/more information \& \-A inet{6} Select address family .Ve .IP "\fBrpm\fR" 4 .IX Item "rpm" rpm \-i \s-1PACKAGE\s0.rpm; rpm \-qp[ildc] \s-1PACKAGE\s0.rpm .Sp Manipulate \s-1RPM\s0 packages .Sp Commands: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-i Install package \& \-qp Query package \& \-qpi Show information \& \-qpl List contents \& \-qpd List documents \& \-qpc List config files .Ve .IP "\fBrpm2cpio\fR" 4 .IX Item "rpm2cpio" rpm2cpio package.rpm .Sp Output a cpio archive of the rpm file .IP "\fBrun-parts\fR" 4 .IX Item "run-parts" run-parts [\-a \s-1ARG\s0]... [\-u \s-1UMASK\s0] [\-\-reverse] [\-\-test] [\-\-exit\-on\-error] \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp Run a bunch of scripts in \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-a ARG Pass ARG as argument to scripts \& \-u UMASK Set UMASK before running scripts \& \-\-reverse Reverse execution order \& \-\-test Dry run \& \-\-exit\-on\-error Exit if a script exits with non\-zero .Ve .IP "\fBsed\fR" 4 .IX Item "sed" sed [\-inrE] [\-f \s-1FILE\s0]... [\-e \s-1CMD\s0]... [\s-1FILE\s0]... or: sed [\-inrE] \s-1CMD\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed \& \-f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed \& \-i[SFX] Edit files in\-place (otherwise sends to stdout) \& Optionally back files up, appending SFX \& \-n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space \& \-r,\-E Use extended regex syntax .Ve .Sp If no \-e or \-f, the first non-option argument is the sed command string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none). .IP "\fBseq\fR" 4 .IX Item "seq" seq [\-w] [\-s \s-1SEP\s0] [\s-1FIRST\s0 [\s-1INC\s0]] \s-1LAST\s0 .Sp Print numbers from \s-1FIRST\s0 to \s-1LAST,\s0 in steps of \s-1INC. FIRST, INC\s0 default to 1. .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-w Pad to last with leading zeros \& \-s SEP String separator .Ve .IP "\fBsetkeycodes\fR" 4 .IX Item "setkeycodes" setkeycodes \s-1SCANCODE KEYCODE...\s0 .Sp Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes. .Sp \&\s-1SCANCODE\s0 may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and \s-1KEYCODE\s0 is given in decimal. .IP "\fBsetsid\fR" 4 .IX Item "setsid" setsid \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 in a new session. \s-1PROG\s0 will have no controlling terminal and will not be affected by keyboard signals (Ctrl-C etc). See \fIsetsid\fR\|(2) for details. .IP "\fBsh\fR" 4 .IX Item "sh" sh [\-/+OPTIONS] [\-/+o \s-1OPT\s0]... [\-c '\s-1SCRIPT\s0' [\s-1ARG0\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] / \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Unix shell interpreter .IP "\fBsha1sum\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha1sum" sha1sum [\-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print or check \s-1SHA1\s0 checksums .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Check sums against list in FILEs \& \-s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& \-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .Ve .IP "\fBsha256sum\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha256sum" sha256sum [\-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print or check \s-1SHA256\s0 checksums .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Check sums against list in FILEs \& \-s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& \-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .Ve .IP "\fBsha512sum\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha512sum" sha512sum [\-c[sw]] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print or check \s-1SHA512\s0 checksums .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Check sums against list in FILEs \& \-s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& \-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .Ve .IP "\fBsleep\fR" 4 .IX Item "sleep" sleep [N]... .Sp Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays .IP "\fBsort\fR" 4 .IX Item "sort" sort [\-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt] [\-o \s-1FILE\s0] [\-k start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [\-t \s-1CHAR\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Sort lines of text .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-b Ignore leading blanks \& \-c Check whether input is sorted \& \-d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only) \& \-f Ignore case \& \-g General numerical sort \& \-i Ignore unprintable characters \& \-k Sort key \& \-M Sort month \& \-n Sort numbers \& \-o Output to file \& \-k Sort by key \& \-t CHAR Key separator \& \-r Reverse sort order \& \-s Stable (don\*(Aqt sort ties alphabetically) \& \-u Suppress duplicate lines \& \-z Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline \& \-mST Ignored for GNU compatibility .Ve .IP "\fBstart-stop-daemon\fR" 4 .IX Item "start-stop-daemon" start-stop-daemon [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-S|\-K] ... [\-\- \s-1ARGS...\s0] .Sp Search for matching processes, and then \&\-K: stop all matching processes. \&\-S: start a process unless a matching process is found. .Sp Process matching: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-u,\-\-user USERNAME|UID Match only this user\*(Aqs processes \& \-n,\-\-name NAME Match processes with NAME \& in comm field in /proc/PID/stat \& \-x,\-\-exec EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command \& in /proc/PID/{exe,cmdline} \& \-p,\-\-pidfile FILE Match a process with PID from the file \& All specified conditions must match \&\-S only: \& \-x,\-\-exec EXECUTABLE Program to run \& \-a,\-\-startas NAME Zeroth argument \& \-b,\-\-background Background \& \-N,\-\-nicelevel N Change nice level \& \-c,\-\-chuid USER[:[GRP]] Change to user/group \& \-m,\-\-make\-pidfile Write PID to the pidfile specified by \-p \&\-K only: \& \-s,\-\-signal SIG Signal to send \& \-t,\-\-test Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found \&Other: \& \& \-o,\-\-oknodo Exit with status 0 if nothing is done \& \-v,\-\-verbose Verbose \& \-q,\-\-quiet Quiet .Ve .IP "\fBstat\fR" 4 .IX Item "stat" stat [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1FILE...\s0 .Sp Display file (default) or filesystem status .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-c fmt Use the specified format \& \-f Display filesystem status \& \-L Follow links \& \-t Display info in terse form .Ve .Sp Valid format sequences for files: .Sp .Vb 10 \& %a Access rights in octal \& %A Access rights in human readable form \& %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) \& %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b \& %d Device number in decimal \& %D Device number in hex \& %f Raw mode in hex \& %F File type \& %g Group ID of owner \& %G Group name of owner \& %h Number of hard links \& %i Inode number \& %n File name \& %N File name, with \-> TARGET if symlink \& %o I/O block size \& %s Total size, in bytes \& %t Major device type in hex \& %T Minor device type in hex \& %u User ID of owner \& %U User name of owner \& %x Time of last access \& %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch \& %y Time of last modification \& %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch \& %z Time of last change \& %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch .Ve .Sp Valid format sequences for file systems: .Sp .Vb 12 \& %a Free blocks available to non\-superuser \& %b Total data blocks in file system \& %c Total file nodes in file system \& %d Free file nodes in file system \& %f Free blocks in file system \& %i File System ID in hex \& %l Maximum length of filenames \& %n File name \& %s Block size (for faster transfer) \& %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) \& %t Type in hex \& %T Type in human readable form .Ve .IP "\fBstrings\fR" 4 .IX Item "strings" strings [\-afo] [\-n \s-1LEN\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Display printable strings in a binary file .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-a Scan whole file (default) \& \-f Precede strings with filenames \& \-n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4) \& \-o Precede strings with decimal offsets .Ve .IP "\fBstty\fR" 4 .IX Item "stty" stty [\-a|g] [\-F \s-1DEVICE\s0] [\s-1SETTING\s0]... .Sp Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin \& \-a Print all current settings in human\-readable form \& \-g Print in stty\-readable form \& [SETTING] See manpage .Ve .IP "\fBswapoff\fR" 4 .IX Item "swapoff" swapoff [\-a] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .Sp Stop swapping on \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-a Stop swapping on all swap devices .Ve .IP "\fBswapon\fR" 4 .IX Item "swapon" swapon [\-a] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .Sp Start swapping on \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-a Start swapping on all swap devices .Ve .IP "\fBswitch_root\fR" 4 .IX Item "switch_root" switch_root [\-c /dev/console] \s-1NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0] .Sp Free initramfs and switch to another root fs: .Sp chroot to \s-1NEW_ROOT,\s0 delete all in /, move \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 to /, execute \s-1NEW_INIT. PID\s0 must be 1. \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 must be a mountpoint. .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch .Ve .IP "\fBsync\fR" 4 .IX Item "sync" sync .Sp Write all buffered blocks to disk .IP "\fBsysctl\fR" 4 .IX Item "sysctl" sysctl [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [KEY[=VALUE]]... .Sp Show/set kernel parameters .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-e Don\*(Aqt warn about unknown keys \& \-n Don\*(Aqt show key names \& \-a Show all values \& \-w Set values \& \-p FILE Set values from FILE (default /etc/sysctl.conf) \& \-q Set values silently .Ve .IP "\fBsyslogd\fR" 4 .IX Item "syslogd" syslogd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp System logging utility (this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf) .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-n Run in foreground \& \-O FILE Log to FILE (default:/var/log/messages) \& \-l N Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1\-8) \& \-S Smaller output \& \-R HOST[:PORT] Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514) \& \-L Log locally and via network (default is network only if \-R) \& \-C[size_kb] Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it) .Ve .IP "\fBtac\fR" 4 .IX Item "tac" tac [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse .IP "\fBtail\fR" 4 .IX Item "tail" tail [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print last 10 lines of each \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) to stdout. With more than one \s-1FILE,\s0 precede each with a filename header. .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-f Print data as file grows \& \-s SECONDS Wait SECONDS between reads with \-f \& \-n N[kbm] Print last N lines \& \-n +N[kbm] Start on Nth line and print the rest \& \-c [+]N[kbm] Print last N bytes \& \-q Never print headers \& \-v Always print headers .Ve .Sp N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2). .IP "\fBtar\fR" 4 .IX Item "tar" tar \-[cxtZzJjahmvO] [\-f \s-1TARFILE\s0] [\-C \s-1DIR\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Create, extract, or list files from a tar file .Sp Operation: .Sp .Vb 10 \& c Create \& x Extract \& t List \& f Name of TARFILE (\*(Aq\-\*(Aq for stdin/out) \& C Change to DIR before operation \& v Verbose \& Z (De)compress using compress \& z (De)compress using gzip \& J (De)compress using xz \& j (De)compress using bzip2 \& a (De)compress using lzma \& O Extract to stdout \& h Follow symlinks \& m Don\*(Aqt restore mtime .Ve .IP "\fBtaskset\fR" 4 .IX Item "taskset" taskset [\-p] [\s-1MASK\s0] [\s-1PID\s0 | \s-1PROG ARGS\s0] .Sp Set or get \s-1CPU\s0 affinity .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-p Operate on an existing PID .Ve .IP "\fBtee\fR" 4 .IX Item "tee" tee [\-ai] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Copy stdin to each \s-1FILE,\s0 and also to stdout .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-a Append to the given FILEs, don\*(Aqt overwrite \& \-i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT) .Ve .IP "\fBtelnet\fR" 4 .IX Item "telnet" telnet [\-a] [\-l \s-1USER\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1PORT\s0] .Sp Connect to telnet server .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-a Automatic login with $USER variable \& \-l USER Automatic login as USER .Ve .IP "\fBtest\fR" 4 .IX Item "test" test \s-1EXPRESSION \s0] .Sp Check file types, compare values etc. Return a 0/1 exit code depending on logical value of \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 .IP "\fBtftp\fR" 4 .IX Item "tftp" tftp [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1PORT\s0] .Sp Transfer a file from/to tftp server .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-l FILE Local FILE \& \-r FILE Remote FILE \& \-g Get file \& \-p Put file \& \-b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets .Ve .IP "\fBtime\fR" 4 .IX Item "time" time [\-v] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 .Sp Run \s-1PROG,\s0 display resource usage when it exits .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBtimeout\fR" 4 .IX Item "timeout" timeout [\-t \s-1SECS\s0] [\-s \s-1SIG\s0] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 .Sp Runs \s-1PROG.\s0 Sends \s-1SIG\s0 to it if it is not gone in \s-1SECS\s0 seconds. Defaults: \s-1SECS: 10, SIG: TERM.\s0 .IP "\fBtop\fR" 4 .IX Item "top" top [\-b] [\-nCOUNT] [\-dSECONDS] .Sp Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of all processes from /proc each \s-1SECONDS\s0 and display a screenful of them. Keys: .Sp .Vb 4 \& N/M/P/T: sort by pid/mem/cpu/time \& R: reverse sort \& H: toggle threads \& Q,^C: exit .Ve .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-b Batch mode \& \-n N Exit after N iterations \& \-d N Delay between updates .Ve .IP "\fBtouch\fR" 4 .IX Item "touch" touch [\-c] [\-d \s-1DATE\s0] [\-t \s-1DATE\s0] [\-r \s-1FILE\s0] \s-1FILE...\s0 .Sp Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s] .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-c Don\*(Aqt create files \& \-h Don\*(Aqt follow links \& \-d DT Date/time to use \& \-t DT Date/time to use \& \-r FILE Use FILE\*(Aqs date/time .Ve .IP "\fBtr\fR" 4 .IX Item "tr" tr [\-cds] \s-1STRING1\s0 [\s-1STRING2\s0] .Sp Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Take complement of STRING1 \& \-d Delete input characters coded STRING1 \& \-s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character .Ve .IP "\fBtraceroute\fR" 4 .IX Item "traceroute" traceroute [\-46FIldnrv] [\-f 1ST_TTL] [\-m \s-1MAXTTL\s0] [\-p \s-1PORT\s0] [\-q \s-1PROBES\s0] [\-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] [\-t \s-1TOS\s0] [\-w \s-1WAIT_SEC\s0] [\-g \s-1GATEWAY\s0] [\-i \s-1IFACE\s0] [\-z \s-1PAUSE_MSEC\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1BYTES\s0] .Sp Trace the route to \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-4,\-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution \& \-F Set the don\*(Aqt fragment bit \& \-I Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams \& \-l Display the TTL value of the returned packet \& \-d Set SO_DEBUG options to socket \& \-n Print numeric addresses \& \-r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST \& \-v Verbose \& \-m Max time\-to\-live (max number of hops) \& \-p Base UDP port number used in probes \& (default 33434) \& \-q Number of probes per TTL (default 3) \& \-s IP address to use as the source address \& \-t Type\-of\-service in probe packets (default 0) \& \-w Time in seconds to wait for a response (default 3) \& \-g Loose source route gateway (8 max) .Ve .IP "\fBtraceroute6\fR" 4 .IX Item "traceroute6" traceroute6 [\-dnrv] [\-m \s-1MAXTTL\s0] [\-p \s-1PORT\s0] [\-q \s-1PROBES\s0] [\-s \s-1SRC_IP\s0] [\-t \s-1TOS\s0] [\-w \s-1WAIT_SEC\s0] [\-i \s-1IFACE\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1BYTES\s0] .Sp Trace the route to \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-d Set SO_DEBUG options to socket \& \-n Print numeric addresses \& \-r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST \& \-v Verbose \& \-m Max time\-to\-live (max number of hops) \& \-p Base UDP port number used in probes \& (default is 33434) \& \-q Number of probes per TTL (default 3) \& \-s IP address to use as the source address \& \-t Type\-of\-service in probe packets (default 0) \& \-w Time in seconds to wait for a response (default 3) .Ve .IP "\fBtrue\fR" 4 .IX Item "true" true .Sp Return an exit code of \s-1TRUE \\fIs0\fR\|(0) .IP "\fBtty\fR" 4 .IX Item "tty" tty .Sp Print file name of stdin's terminal .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-s Print nothing, only return exit status .Ve .IP "\fBudhcpc\fR" 4 .IX Item "udhcpc" udhcpc [\-fbqaRB] [\-t N] [\-T \s-1SEC\s0] [\-A SEC/\-n] [\-i \s-1IFACE\s0] [\-s \s-1PROG\s0] [\-p \s-1PIDFILE\s0] [\-oC] [\-r \s-1IP\s0] [\-V \s-1VENDOR\s0] [\-F \s-1NAME\s0] [\-x \s-1OPT:VAL\s0]... [\-O \s-1OPT\s0]... .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-i,\-\-interface IFACE Interface to use (default eth0) \& \-s,\-\-script PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /etc/udhcpc/default.script) \& \-p,\-\-pidfile FILE Create pidfile \& \-B,\-\-broadcast Request broadcast replies \& \-t,\-\-retries N Send up to N discover packets (default 3) \& \-T,\-\-timeout SEC Pause between packets (default 3) \& \-A,\-\-tryagain SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20) \& \-n,\-\-now Exit if lease is not obtained \& \-q,\-\-quit Exit after obtaining lease \& \-R,\-\-release Release IP on exit \& \-f,\-\-foreground Run in foreground \& \-b,\-\-background Background if lease is not obtained \& \-S,\-\-syslog Log to syslog too \& \-a,\-\-arping Use arping to validate offered address \& \-r,\-\-request IP Request this IP address \& \-o,\-\-no\-default\-options Don\*(Aqt request any options (unless \-O is given) \& \-O,\-\-request\-option OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative) \& \-x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative) \& Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts: \& \-x hostname:bbox \- option 12 \& \-x lease:3600 \- option 51 (lease time) \& \-x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE \- option 61 (client id) \& \-F,\-\-fqdn NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME \& \-V,\-\-vendorclass VENDOR Vendor identifier (default \*(Aqudhcp VERSION\*(Aq) \& \-C,\-\-clientid\-none Don\*(Aqt send MAC as client identifier \&Signals: \& \& USR1 Renew lease \& USR2 Release lease .Ve .IP "\fBudhcpd\fR" 4 .IX Item "udhcpd" udhcpd [\-fS] [\-I \s-1ADDR\s0] [\s-1CONFFILE\s0] .Sp \&\s-1DHCP\s0 server .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-f Run in foreground \& \-S Log to syslog too \& \-I ADDR Local address .Ve .IP "\fBumount\fR" 4 .IX Item "umount" umount [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY .Sp Unmount file systems .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-a Unmount all file systems \& \-r Try to remount devices as read\-only if mount is busy \& \-l Lazy umount (detach filesystem) \& \-f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server) \& \-D Don\*(Aqt free loop device even if it has been used .Ve .IP "\fBuname\fR" 4 .IX Item "uname" uname [\-amnrspv] .Sp Print system information .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-a Print all \& \-m The machine (hardware) type \& \-n Hostname \& \-r OS release \& \-s OS name (default) \& \-p Processor type \& \-v OS version .Ve .IP "\fBuncompress\fR" 4 .IX Item "uncompress" uncompress [\-cf] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress .Z file[s] .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Overwrite .Ve .IP "\fBunexpand\fR" 4 .IX Item "unexpand" unexpand [\-fa][\-t N] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-a,\-\-all Convert all blanks \& \-f,\-\-first\-only Convert only leading blanks \& \-t,\-\-tabs=N Tabstops every N chars .Ve .IP "\fBuniq\fR" 4 .IX Item "uniq" uniq [\-cdu][\-f,s,w N] [\s-1INPUT\s0 [\s-1OUTPUT\s0]] .Sp Discard duplicate lines .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences \& \-d Only print duplicate lines \& \-u Only print unique lines \& \-f N Skip first N fields \& \-s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields) \& \-w N Compare N characters in line .Ve .IP "\fBunix2dos\fR" 4 .IX Item "unix2dos" unix2dos [\-ud] [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Convert \s-1FILE\s0 in-place from Unix to \s-1DOS\s0 format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-u dos2unix \& \-d unix2dos .Ve .IP "\fBunlzma\fR" 4 .IX Item "unlzma" unlzma [\-cf] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBunlzop\fR" 4 .IX Item "unlzop" unlzop [\-cfvCF] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force \& \-v Verbose \& \-F Don\*(Aqt store or verify checksum .Ve .IP "\fBunxz\fR" 4 .IX Item "unxz" unxz [\-cf] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBunzip\fR" 4 .IX Item "unzip" unzip [\-lnopq] FILE[.zip] [\s-1FILE\s0]... [\-x \s-1FILE...\s0] [\-d \s-1DIR\s0] .Sp Extract FILEs from \s-1ZIP\s0 archive .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-l List contents (with \-q for short form) \& \-n Never overwrite files (default: ask) \& \-o Overwrite \& \-p Print to stdout \& \-q Quiet \& \-x FILE Exclude FILEs \& \-d DIR Extract into DIR .Ve .IP "\fBuptime\fR" 4 .IX Item "uptime" uptime .Sp Display the time since the last boot .IP "\fBusleep\fR" 4 .IX Item "usleep" usleep N .Sp Pause for N microseconds .IP "\fBuudecode\fR" 4 .IX Item "uudecode" uudecode [\-o \s-1OUTFILE\s0] [\s-1INFILE\s0] .Sp Uudecode a file Finds \s-1OUTFILE\s0 in uuencoded source unless \-o is given .IP "\fBuuencode\fR" 4 .IX Item "uuencode" uuencode [\-m] [\s-1FILE\s0] \s-1STORED_FILENAME\s0 .Sp Uuencode \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) to stdout .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521 .Ve .IP "\fBvconfig\fR" 4 .IX Item "vconfig" vconfig \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp Create and remove virtual ethernet devices .Sp .Vb 6 \& add IFACE VLAN_ID \& rem VLAN_NAME \& set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS \& set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS \& set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS \& set_name_type NAME_TYPE .Ve .IP "\fBvi\fR" 4 .IX Item "vi" vi [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Edit \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c CMD Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available) \& \-R Read\-only \& \-H List available features .Ve .IP "\fBwatch\fR" 4 .IX Item "watch" watch [\-n \s-1SEC\s0] [\-t] \s-1PROG ARGS\s0 .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 periodically .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-n Loop period in seconds (default 2) \& \-t Don\*(Aqt print header .Ve .IP "\fBwatchdog\fR" 4 .IX Item "watchdog" watchdog [\-t N[ms]] [\-T N[ms]] [\-F] \s-1DEV\s0 .Sp Periodically write to watchdog device \s-1DEV\s0 .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60) \& \-t N Reset every N seconds (default 30) \& \-F Run in foreground .Ve .Sp Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds .IP "\fBwc\fR" 4 .IX Item "wc" wc [\-cmlwL] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Count lines, words, and bytes for each \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-c Count bytes \& \-m Count characters \& \-l Count newlines \& \-w Count words \& \-L Print longest line length .Ve .IP "\fBwget\fR" 4 .IX Item "wget" wget [\-c|\-\-continue] [\-s|\-\-spider] [\-q|\-\-quiet] [\-O|\-\-output\-document \s-1FILE\s0] [\-\-header 'header: value'] [\-Y|\-\-proxy on/off] [\-P \s-1DIR\s0] [\-U|\-\-user\-agent \s-1AGENT\s0] \s-1URL...\s0 .Sp Retrieve files via \s-1HTTP\s0 or \s-1FTP\s0 .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-s Spider mode \- only check file existence \& \-c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer \& \-q Quiet \& \-P DIR Save to DIR (default .) \& \-O FILE Save to FILE (\*(Aq\-\*(Aq for stdout) \& \-U STR Use STR for User\-Agent header \& \-Y Use proxy (\*(Aqon\*(Aq or \*(Aqoff\*(Aq) .Ve .IP "\fBwhich\fR" 4 .IX Item "which" which [\s-1COMMAND\s0]... .Sp Locate a \s-1COMMAND\s0 .IP "\fBwho\fR" 4 .IX Item "who" who [\-a] .Sp Show who is logged on .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-a Show all \& \-H Print column headers .Ve .IP "\fBwhoami\fR" 4 .IX Item "whoami" whoami .Sp Print the user name associated with the current effective user id .IP "\fBxargs\fR" 4 .IX Item "xargs" xargs [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PROG ARGS\s0] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 on every item given by stdin .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-p Ask user whether to run each command \& \-r Don\*(Aqt run command if input is empty \& \-0 Input is separated by NUL characters \& \-t Print the command on stderr before execution \& \-e[STR] STR stops input processing \& \-n N Pass no more than N args to PROG \& \-s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes \& \-x Exit if size is exceeded .Ve .IP "\fBxz\fR" 4 .IX Item "xz" xz \-d [\-cf] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress \s-1FILE \s0(or stdin) .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-d Decompress \& \-c Write to stdout \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBxzcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "xzcat" xzcat [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress to stdout .IP "\fByes\fR" 4 .IX Item "yes" yes [\s-1STRING\s0] .Sp Repeatedly output a line with \s-1STRING,\s0 or 'y' .IP "\fBzcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "zcat" zcat [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Decompress to stdout .SH "LIBC NSS" .IX Header "LIBC NSS" \&\s-1GNU\s0 Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (\s-1NSS\s0) to configure the behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make use of \s-1NSS. \s0 Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions that require \s-1NSS.\s0 .PP If you enable \s-1CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP,\s0 BusyBox will use internal functions to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without using \s-1NSS. \s0 This may allow you to run your system without the need for installing any of the \s-1NSS\s0 configuration files and libraries. .PP When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require that you install at least some of the glibc \s-1NSS\s0 stuff (in particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*). .PP Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the use of any \s-1NSS\s0 support files or libraries. .SH "MAINTAINER" .IX Header "MAINTAINER" Denis Vlasenko .SH "AUTHORS" .IX Header "AUTHORS" The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update. .PP Emanuele Aina run-parts .PP Erik Andersen .PP .Vb 4 \& Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the \& core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files. \& Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that \& nobody is going to actually read. .Ve .PP Laurence Anderson .PP .Vb 1 \& rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm .Ve .PP Jeff Angielski .PP .Vb 1 \& ftpput, ftpget .Ve .PP Edward Betts .PP .Vb 1 \& expr, hostid, logname, whoami .Ve .PP John Beppu .PP .Vb 1 \& du, nslookup, sort .Ve .PP Brian Candler .PP .Vb 1 \& tiny\-ls(ls) .Ve .PP Randolph Chung .PP .Vb 1 \& fbset, ping, hostname .Ve .PP Dave Cinege .PP .Vb 2 \& more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file, \& various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance .Ve .PP Jordan Crouse .PP .Vb 1 \& ipcalc .Ve .PP Magnus Damm .PP .Vb 1 \& tftp client insmod powerpc support .Ve .PP Larry Doolittle .PP .Vb 1 \& pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes. .Ve .PP Glenn Engel .PP .Vb 1 \& httpd .Ve .PP Gennady Feldman .PP .Vb 2 \& Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support, \& logread), various fixes. .Ve .PP Karl M. Hegbloom .PP .Vb 1 \& cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c. .Ve .PP Daniel Jacobowitz .PP .Vb 1 \& mktemp.c .Ve .PP Matt Kraai .PP .Vb 1 \& documentation, bugfixes, test suite .Ve .PP Stephan Linz .PP .Vb 1 \& ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence .Ve .PP John Lombardo .PP .Vb 1 \& tr .Ve .PP Glenn McGrath .PP .Vb 3 \& Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput, \& nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode. \& Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches. .Ve .PP Manuel Novoa \s-1III\s0 .PP .Vb 3 \& cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes, \& mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string, \& get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines \& \& also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in \& ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir, \& mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable, \& interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route .Ve .PP Vladimir Oleynik .PP .Vb 4 \& cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current); \& ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top; \& locale, various fixes \& and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect. .Ve .PP Bruce Perens .PP .Vb 2 \& Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can \& still be found hiding here and there... .Ve .PP Tim Riker .PP .Vb 1 \& bug fixes, member of fan club .Ve .PP Kent Robotti .PP .Vb 1 \& reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches. .Ve .PP Chip Rosenthal , .PP .Vb 1 \& wget \- Contributed by permission of Covad Communications .Ve .PP Pavel Roskin .PP .Vb 1 \& Lots of bugs fixes and patches. .Ve .PP Gyepi Sam .PP .Vb 1 \& Remote logging feature for syslogd .Ve .PP Linus Torvalds .PP .Vb 1 \& mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix .Ve .PP Mark Whitley .PP .Vb 2 \& grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous), \& style\-guide, new\-applet\-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc. .Ve .PP Charles P. Wright .PP .Vb 1 \& gzip, mini\-netcat(nc) .Ve .PP Enrique Zanardi .PP .Vb 1 \& tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance .Ve .PP Tito Ragusa .PP .Vb 1 \& devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt. .Ve .PP Paul Fox .PP .Vb 1 \& vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes .Ve .PP Roberto A. Foglietta .PP .Vb 1 \& port: dnsd .Ve .PP Bernhard Reutner-Fischer .PP .Vb 1 \& misc .Ve .PP Mike Frysinger .PP .Vb 1 \& initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc .Ve .PP Jie Zhang .PP .Vb 1 \& fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes) .Ve