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BISON++(1) COMMANDS BISON++(1)

NAME

bison++ - generate a parser in c or c++.

SYNOPSIS

bison++ [-dltvyVu] [-b file-prefix] [-p name-prefix] [ -o outfile] [-h headerfile] [ -S skeleton] [-H header-skeleton] [--debug] [ --defines] [--fixed-output-files] [--no-lines] [ --verbose] [--version] [--yacc] [--usage] [--help] [--file-prefix=prefix] [--name-prefix= prefix] [--skeleton=skeletonfile] [ --headerskeleton=headerskeletonfile] [--output=outfile] [ --header-name=header] grammar-file

DESCRIPTION

Generate a parser. Based on bison version 1.19. See bison(1) for details of main functionality. Only changes are reported here.
You now generate a C++ class if you are compiling with a C++ compiler. The generated header is far more rich than before, and is made from a skeleton-header. The code skeleton is also richer, and the generated code is less important compared to the skeletons. It permit you to modify much things only by changing the two skeletons.
In plain C, the bison++ is compatible with standard bison.

OPTIONS

--name-prefix=prefix
-p prefix
Set prefix of names of yylex,yyerror. keeped for compatibility, but you should prefer %define LEX newname, and similar.
--skeleton=skeleton
-S skeleton
Set filename of code skeleton. Default is bison.cc.
--headerskeleton=header-skeleton
-H header-skeleton
Set filename of header skeleton. Default is bison.h.
--header-name=header
-h header
Set filename of header skeleton. Default is y.tab.h, or prefix.h if option -b is used or c_basename.h if -o is used. .c, .cc, .C, .cpp, .cxx options for output files are replaced by .h for header name.

DECLARATIONS

These are new declarations to put in the declaration section :
%name parser_name
Declare the name of this parser. User for C++ class name, and to render many names unique. default is parse. Must be given before %union and %define, or never.
%define define_name content...
Declare a macro symbol in header and code. The name of the symbol is YY_' parser_name'_'define_name'. The content if given after, as with #define. Newline can be escaped as with #define. Many symbols are proposed for customisation.
%union
as with bison generate a union for semantic type. The difference is that the union is named yy_'parser_name'_stype.
%pure_parser
As with bison in C. In C++ generate a parser where yylval, and yylloc (if needed) are passed as parameter to yylex, and where some instance variable are local to yyparse (like yydebug...). Not very useful, since you can create multiple instances for reentering another parser.
%header{
Like %{, but include this text both in the header, and in the code. End with %}. When put in declaration section, the text is added before the definitions. It can be put in the last section so that the text is added after all definition in the header, and in the last section at the current position in the code.
Note that the order of these declaration is important, since they are translated into preprocessor sympols, typedef or code depending on their type. For example use %name before any %define, since the name is needed to compose the name of the define symbols. Order of %header and %union is important, since type may be undefined.

DECLARATION DEFINE SYMBOLS

These are the symbols you can define with %define in declaration section, or that are already defined. Remind that they are replaced by a preprocessor #define YY_'parser_name'_'name.
BISON
defined to 1 in the code. used for conditional code. Don't redefine it.
h_included
defined in the code, and in the header. used for include anti-reload. Don't redefine it.
COMPATIBILITY
Indicate if obsoleted defines are to be used and produced. If defined to 0, indicate no compatibility needed, else if defined to non-0, generate it. If it is undefined, default is to be compatible if classes are not used.
USE_GOTO
Indicates (if defined as 1) that goto are to be used (for backward compatibility) in the parser function. By default goto are replaced with a switch construction, to avoid problems with some compiler that don't support goto and destructor in the same function block. If COMPATIBILITY is 1, and USE_GOTO is not defined, then USE_GOTO is defined to 1, to be compatible with older bison.
USE_CONST_TOKEN
Indicate (if defined as 1) that static const int are to be used in C++, for token IDs. By default an enum is used to define the token IDs instead of const.
ENUM_TOKEN
When enum are used instead of static const int for token IDs, this symbol define the name of the enum type. Defined to yy_'parser_name'_enum_token by default.
PURE
Indicate that %pure_parser is asked... Don't redefine it.
LSP_NEEDED
if defined indicate that @ construct is used, so LLOC stack is needed. Can be defined to force use of location stack.
DEBUG
if defined to non-0 activate debugging code. See YYDEBUG in bison.
ERROR_VERBOSE
if defined activate dump parser stack when error append.
STYPE
the type of the semantic value of token. defined by %union. default is int. See YYSTYPE in bison. Don't redefine it, if you use a %union.
LTYPE
The token location type. If needed default is yyltype. See YYLTYPE in bison. default yyltype is a typedef and struct defined as in old bison.
LLOC
The token location variable name. If needed, default is yylloc. See yylloc in bison.
LVAL
The token semantic value variable name. Default yylval. See yylval in bison.
CHAR
The lookahead token value variable name. Default yychar. See yychar in bison.
LEX
The scanner function name. Default yylex. See yylex in bison.
PARSE
The parser function name. Default yyparse. See yyparse in bison.
PARSE_PARAM
The parser function parameters declaration. Default void in C++ or ANSIC, nothing if old C. In ANSIC and C++ contain the prototype. In old-C comtaim just the list of parameters name. Don't allows default value.
PARSE_PARAM_DEF
The parser function parameters definition, for old style C. Default nothing. For example to use an int parameter called x, PARSE_PARAM is x, and PARSE_PARAM_DEF is int x;. In ANSIC or C++ it is unuseful and ignored.
ERROR
The error function name. Default yyerror. See yyerror in bison.
NERRS
The error count name. Default yynerrs. See yynerrs in bison.
DEBUG_FLAG
The runtime debug flag. Default yydebug. See yydebug in bison.
These are only used if class is generated.
CLASS
The class name. default is the parser name.
INHERIT
The inheritance list. Don't forget the : before, if not empty list.
MEMBERS
List of members to add to the class definition, before ending it.
LEX_BODY
The scanner member function boby. May be defined to =0 for pure function, or to an inline body.
ERROR_BODY
The error member function boby. May be defined to =0 for pure function, or to an inline body.
CONSTRUCTOR_PARAM
List of parameters of the constructor. Dont allows default value.
CONSTRUCTOR_INIT
List of initialisation befor constructor call. If not empty dont't forget the : before list of initialisation.
CONSTRUCTOR_CODE
Code added after internal initialisation in constructor.

OBSOLETED PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS

if you use new features, the folowing symbols should not be used, though they are proposed. The symbol COMPATIBILITY control their disponibility. Incoherence may arise if they are defined simultaneously with the new symbol.
YYLTYPE
prefer %define LTYPE.
YYSTYPE
prefer %define STYPE.
YYDEBUG
prefer %define DEBUG.
YYERROR_VERBOSE
prefer %define ERROR_VERBOSE.
YYLSP_NEEDED
prefer %define LSP_NEEDED.
yystype
Now a preprocessor symbol instead of a typedef. prefer yy_'parser_name' _stype.

CONSERVED PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS

These symbols are kept, and cannot be defined elsewhere, since they control private parameters of the generated parser, or are actually unused. You can #define them to the value you need, or indirectly to the name of a %define generated symbol if you want to be clean.
YYINITDEPTH
initial stack depth.
YYMAXDEPTH
stack overflow limit depth.
yyoverflow
instead of expand with alloca, realloc manualy or raise error.

OTHER ADDED PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS

YY_USE_CLASS
indicate that class will be produced. Default if C++.

C++ CLASS GENERATED

To simplify the notation, we note %SYMBOLNAME the preprocessor symbol generated with a %define of this name. In fact see the use of %define for it's real name.
Note that there is sometime symbols that differ from only an underscore _, like yywrap and yy_wrap. They are much different. In this case yy_wrap() is a virtual member function, and yywrap() is a macro.

General Class declaration

class %CLASS %INHERIT
{
public:
#if %USE_CONST_TOKEN != 0
static const TOKEN_NEXT;
static const AND_SO_ON;
// ...
#else
enum %ENUM_TOKEN { %NULL_TOKEN
,TOKEN_FIRST=256
,TOKEN_NEXT=257
,AND_SO_ON=258
} ;
// ...
#endif
public:
int %PARSE (%PARSE_PARAM);
virtual void %ERROR(char *msg) %ERROR_BODY;
#ifdef %PURE
// if %PURE , we must pass the value and (eventually) the location explicitely
#ifdef %LSP_NEEDED
// if and only if %LSP_NEEDED , we must pass the location explicitely
virtual int %LEX (%STYPE *%LVAL,%LTYPE *%LLOC) %LEX_BODY;
#else
virtual int %LEX (%STYPE *%LVAL) %LEX_BODY;
#endif
#else
// if not %PURE , we must declare member to store the value and (eventually) the location explicitely
// if not %PURE ,%NERRS and %CHAR are not local variable to %PARSE, so must be member
virtual int %LEX() %LEX_BODY;
%STYPE %LVAL;
#ifdef %LSP_NEEDED
%LTYPE %LLOC;
#endif
int %NERRS;
int %CHAR;
#endif
#if %DEBUG != 0
int %DEBUG_FLAG; /* nonzero means print parse trace */
#endif
public:
%CLASS(%CONSTRUCTOR_PARAM);
public:
%MEMBERS
};
// here are defined the token constants
// for example:
#if %USE_CONST_TOKEN != 0
const %CLASS::TOKEN_FIRST=1;
#endif
// here is the construcor
%CLASS::%CLASS(%CONSTRUCTOR_PARAM) %CONSTRUCTOR_INIT
{
#if %DEBUG != 0
%DEBUG_FLAG=0;
#endif
%CONSTRUCTOR_CODE;
};

Default Class declaration

// Here is the default declaration made in the header when you %define nothing
// typical yyltype
typedef struct yyltype
{
int timestamp;
int first_line;
int first_column;
int last_line;
int last_column;
char *text;
} yyltype;
// class definition
class parser
{
public:
enum yy_parser_enum_token { YY_parser_NULL_TOKEN
,TOKEN_FIRST=256
,TOKEN_NEXT=257
,AND_SO_ON=258
} ;
// ...
public:
int yyparse (yyparse_PARAM);
virtual void yyerror(char *msg) ;
#ifdef YY_parser_PURE
#ifdef YY_parser_LSP_NEEDED
virtual int yylex (int *yylval,yyltype *yylloc) ;
#else
virtual int yylex (int *yylval) ;
#endif
#else
virtual int yylex() %LEX_BODY;
int yylval;
#ifdef YY_parser_LSP_NEEDED
yyltype yylloc;
#endif
int yynerrs;
int yychar;
#endif
#if YY_parser_DEBUG != 0
int yydebug;
#endif
public:
parser();
public:
};
// here is the constructor code
parser::parser()
{
#if YY_parser_DEBUG != 0
yydebug=0;
#endif
};

USAGE

Should replace bison, because it generate a far more customisable parser, still beeing compatible.
You should always use the header facility.
Use it with flex++ (same author).

EXEMPLES

This man page has been produced through a parser made in C++ with this version of bison and our version of flex++ (same author).

FILES

bison.cc
main skeleton.
bison.h
header skeleton.
bison.hairy
old main skeleton for semantic parser. Not adapted to this version. Kept for future works.

ENVIRONNEMENT

DIAGNOSTICS

SEE ALSO

bison(1), bison.info (use texinfo), flex++(1).

DOCUMENTATION

BUGS

Tell us more !
The %semantic_parser is no more supported. If you want to use it, adapt the skeletons, and maybe bison++ generator itself. The reason is that it seems unused, unuseful, not documented, and too complex for us to support. tell us if you use, need, or understand it.
Header is not included in the parser code. Change made in the generated header are not used in the parser code, even if you include it volontarily, since it is guarded against re-include. So don't modify it.
For the same reasons, if you modify the header skeleton, or the code skeleton, report the changes in the other skeleton if applicable. If not done, incoherent declarations may lead to unpredictable result.
Use of defines for YYLTYPE, YYSTYPE, YYDEBUG is supported for backward compatibility in C, but should not be used with new features, as %defines or C++ classes. You can define them, and use them as with old bison in C only.
Parameters are richer than before, and nothing is removed. POSIX compliance can be enforced by not using extensions. If you want to forbide them, there is a good job !

FUTUR WORKS

tell us !
Support semantic parser. Is it really used ?
POSIX compliance. is'nt it good now ?
Use lex and yacc (flex/bison) to generate the scanner/parser. It would be comfortable for futur works, though very complicated. Who feel it good ?
iostream : this is a great demand. this work will be done as soon as possible. The virtual members permit such work still easily.

INSTALLATION

With this install the executable is named bison++. rename it bison if you want, because it could replace bison.

TESTS

AUTHORS

Alain Coetmeur (coetmeur@icdc.fr), R&D department (RDT) , Informatique-CDC, France.

RESTRICTIONS

The words 'author', and 'us' mean the author and colleages, not GNU. We don't have contacted GNU about this, nowaday. If you're in GNU, we are ready to propose it to you, and you may tell us what you think about.
Based on GNU version 1.21 of bison. Modified by the author.
3/3/93 GNU and RDT