'\" t .\" Title: useradd .\" Author: Julianne Frances Haugh .\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot .\" Date: 2022-01-22 .\" Manual: 系统管理命令 .\" Source: shadow-utils 4.11.1 .\" Language: Chinese Simplified .\" .TH "USERADD" "8" "2022-01-22" "shadow\-utils 4\&.11\&.1" "系统管理命令" .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * Define some portability stuff .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673 .\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * set default formatting .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" disable hyphenation .nh .\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only) .ad l .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE * .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .SH "名称" useradd \- 创建一个新用户或更新默认新用户信息 .SH "大纲" .HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u \fBuseradd\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fI登录\fR .HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u \fBuseradd\fR \-D .HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u \fBuseradd\fR \-D [\fI选项\fR] .SH "描述" .PP \fBuseradd\fR is a low level utility for adding users\&. On Debian, administrators should usually use \fBadduser\fR(8) instead\&. .PP When invoked without the \fB\-D\fR option, the \fBuseradd\fR command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. Depending on command line options, the \fBuseradd\fR command will update system files and may also create the new user\*(Aqs home directory and copy initial files\&. .PP By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-U\fR, and \fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR)\&. .SH "选项" .PP The options which apply to the \fBuseradd\fR command are: .PP \fB\-\-badname\fR\ \& .RS 4 Allow names that do not conform to standards\&. .RE .PP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR .RS 4 The default base directory for the system if \fB\-d\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR is not specified\&. \fIBASE_DIR\fR is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory\&. If the \fB\-m\fR option is not used, \fIBASE_DIR\fR must exist\&. .sp If this option is not specified, \fBuseradd\fR will use the base directory specified by the \fBHOME\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd, or /home by default\&. .RE .PP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR .RS 4 任何字符串。通常是关于登录的简短描述，当前用于用户全名。 .RE .PP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\-dir\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR .RS 4 The new user will be created using \fIHOME_DIR\fR as the value for the user\*(Aqs login directory\&. The default is to append the \fILOGIN\fR name to \fIBASE_DIR\fR and use that as the login directory name\&. If the directory \fIHOME_DIR\fR does not exist, then it will be created unless the \fB\-M\fR option is specified\&. .RE .PP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-defaults\fR .RS 4 看下边，\(lq更改默认值\(rq子节。 .RE .PP \fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR .RS 4 The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format \fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&. .sp If not specified, \fBuseradd\fR will use the default expiry date specified by the \fBEXPIRE\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default\&. .RE .PP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR .RS 4 密码过期后，账户被彻底禁用之前的天数。0 表示立即禁用，\-1 表示禁用这个功能。 .sp If not specified, \fBuseradd\fR will use the default inactivity period specified by the \fBINACTIVE\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd, or \-1 by default\&. .RE .PP \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR .RS 4 用户初始登录组的组名或号码。组名必须已经存在。组号码必须指代已经存在的组。 .sp If not specified, the behavior of \fBuseradd\fR will depend on the \fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR variable in /etc/login\&.defs\&. If this variable is set to \fIyes\fR (or \fB\-U/\-\-user\-group\fR is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname\&. If the variable is set to \fIno\fR (or \fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the \fBGROUP\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default\&. .RE .PP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]] .RS 4 A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the \fB\-g\fR option\&. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group\&. .RE .PP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR .RS 4 显示帮助信息并退出。 .RE .PP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-skel\fR\ \&\fISKEL_DIR\fR .RS 4 The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user\*(Aqs home directory, when the home directory is created by \fBuseradd\fR\&. .sp This option is only valid if the \fB\-m\fR (or \fB\-\-create\-home\fR) option is specified\&. .sp If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the \fBSKEL\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd or, by default, /etc/skel\&. .sp 如果可以，也复制 ACL 和扩展属性。 .RE .PP \fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR .RS 4 Overrides /etc/login\&.defs defaults (\fBUID_MIN\fR, \fBUID_MAX\fR, \fBUMASK\fR, \fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR and others)\&. Example: \fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR=\fI\-1\fR can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all\&. Multiple \fB\-K\fR options can be specified, e\&.g\&.: \fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \& \fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR .sp For the compatibility with previous Debian\*(Aqs \fBuseradd\fR, the \fB\-O\fR option is also supported\&. .RE .PP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-no\-log\-init\fR .RS 4 不要将用户添加到最近登录和登录失败数据库。 .sp By default, the user\*(Aqs entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user\&. .sp If this option is not specified, \fBuseradd\fR will also consult the variable \fBLOG_INIT\fR in the /etc/default/useradd if set to no the user will not be added to the lastlog and faillog databases\&. .RE .PP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-create\-home\fR .RS 4 Create the user\*(Aqs home directory if it does not exist\&. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the \fB\-k\fR option) will be copied to the home directory\&. .sp By default, if this option is not specified and \fBCREATE_HOME\fR is not enabled, no home directories are created\&. .sp The directory where the user\*(Aqs home directory is created must exist and have proper SELinux context and permissions\&. Otherwise the user\*(Aqs home directory cannot be created or accessed\&. .RE .PP \fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\-home\fR .RS 4 Do no create the user\*(Aqs home directory, even if the system wide setting from /etc/login\&.defs (\fBCREATE_HOME\fR) is set to \fIyes\fR\&. .RE .PP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-no\-user\-group\fR .RS 4 Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the \fB\-g\fR option or by the \fBGROUP\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd\&. .sp The default behavior (if the \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-N\fR, and \fB\-U\fR options are not specified) is defined by the \fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR variable in /etc/login\&.defs\&. .RE .PP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR .RS 4 允许使用重复的 UID 创建用户账户。 .sp This option is only valid in combination with the \fB\-u\fR option\&. .RE .PP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR .RS 4 The encrypted password, as returned by \fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&. .sp \fBNote:\fR This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&. .sp 您应该确保密码符合系统的密码政策。 .RE .PP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR .RS 4 创建一个系统账户。 .sp System users will be created with no aging information in /etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR range, defined in /etc/login\&.defs, instead of \fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR (and their \fBGID\fR counterparts for the creation of groups)\&. .sp Note that \fBuseradd\fR will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in /etc/login\&.defs (\fBCREATE_HOME\fR)\&. You have to specify the \fB\-m\fR options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created\&. .RE .PP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR .RS 4 Apply changes in the \fICHROOT_DIR\fR directory and use the configuration files from the \fICHROOT_DIR\fR directory\&. .RE .PP \fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR .RS 4 Apply changes in the \fIPREFIX_DIR\fR directory and use the configuration files from the \fIPREFIX_DIR\fR directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&. .RE .PP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR .RS 4 The name of the user\*(Aqs login shell\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the \fBSHELL\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default\&. .RE .PP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR .RS 4 The numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the \fB\-o\fR option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to \fBUID_MIN\fR and greater than every other user\&. .sp See also the \fB\-r\fR option and the \fBUID_MAX\fR description\&. .RE .PP \fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-user\-group\fR .RS 4 创建一个和用户同名的组，并将用户添加到组中。 .sp The default behavior (if the \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-N\fR, and \fB\-U\fR options are not specified) is defined by the \fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR variable in /etc/login\&.defs\&. .RE .PP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR .RS 4 用户登录的 SELinux 用户。默认为留空，这会造成系统选择默认的 SELinux 用户。 .RE .SS "更改默认值" .PP When invoked with only the \fB\-D\fR option, \fBuseradd\fR will display the current default values\&. When invoked with \fB\-D\fR plus other options, \fBuseradd\fR will update the default values for the specified options\&. Valid default\-changing options are: .PP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR .RS 4 The path prefix for a new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The user\*(Aqs name will be affixed to the end of \fIBASE_DIR\fR to form the new user\*(Aqs home directory name, if the \fB\-d\fR option is not used when creating a new account\&. .sp This option sets the \fBHOME\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd\&. .RE .PP \fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR .RS 4 禁用此用户账户的日期。 .sp This option sets the \fBEXPIRE\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd\&. .RE .PP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR .RS 4 密码过期到账户被禁用之前的天数。 .sp This option sets the \fBINACTIVE\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd\&. .RE .PP \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR .RS 4 The group name or ID for a new user\*(Aqs initial group (when the \fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR is used or when the \fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR variable is set to \fIno\fR in /etc/login\&.defs)\&. The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry\&. .sp This option sets the \fBGROUP\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd\&. .RE .PP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR .RS 4 新用户的登录 shell 名。 .sp This option sets the \fBSHELL\fR variable in /etc/default/useradd\&. .RE .SH "注意：" .PP The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the /etc/skel/ directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in /etc/default/useradd or on the command line)\&. .SH "CAVEATS" .PP 您可能不能想 NIS 组或 LDAP 组添加用户。这只能在相应服务器上进行。 .PP Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP, \fBuseradd\fR will deny the user account creation request\&. .PP It is usually recommended to only use usernames that begin with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes\&. They can end with a dollar sign\&. In regular expression terms: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]? .PP On Debian, the only constraints are that usernames must neither start with a dash (\*(Aq\-\*(Aq) nor plus (\*(Aq+\*(Aq) nor tilde (\*(Aq~\*(Aq) nor contain a colon (\*(Aq:\*(Aq), a comma (\*(Aq,\*(Aq), or a whitespace (space: \*(Aq \*(Aq, end of line: \*(Aq\en\*(Aq, tabulation: \*(Aq\et\*(Aq, etc\&.)\&. Note that using a slash (\*(Aq/\*(Aq) may break the default algorithm for the definition of the user\*(Aqs home directory\&. .PP 用户名不能超过 32 个字符长。 .SH "配置文件" .PP The following configuration variables in /etc/login\&.defs change the behavior of this tool: .SH "文件" .PP /etc/passwd .RS 4 用户账户信息。 .RE .PP /etc/shadow .RS 4 安全用户账户信息。 .RE .PP /etc/group .RS 4 组账户信息。 .RE .PP /etc/gshadow .RS 4 安全组账户信息。 .RE .PP /etc/default/useradd .RS 4 账户创建的默认值。 .RE .PP /etc/shadow\-maint/useradd\-pre\&.d/*, /etc/shadow\-maint/useradd\-post\&.d/* .RS 4 Run\-part files to execute during user addition\&. The environment variable \fBACTION\fR will be populated with useradd and \fBSUBJECT\fR with the \fBusername\fR\&. useradd\-pre\&.d will be executed prior to any user addition\&. useradd\-post\&.d will execute after user addition\&. If a script exits non\-zero then execution will terminate\&. .RE .PP /etc/skel/ .RS 4 包含默认文件的目录。 .RE .PP /etc/subgid .RS 4 Per user subordinate group IDs\&. .RE .PP /etc/subuid .RS 4 Per user subordinate user IDs\&. .RE .PP /etc/login\&.defs .RS 4 Shadow 密码套件配置。 .RE .SH "退出值" .PP The \fBuseradd\fR command exits with the following values: .PP \fI0\fR .RS 4 success .RE .PP \fI1\fR .RS 4 can\*(Aqt update password file .RE .PP \fI2\fR .RS 4 invalid command syntax .RE .PP \fI3\fR .RS 4 invalid argument to option .RE .PP \fI4\fR .RS 4 UID already in use (and no \fB\-o\fR) .RE .PP \fI6\fR .RS 4 specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist .RE .PP \fI9\fR .RS 4 username already in use .RE .PP \fI10\fR .RS 4 can\*(Aqt update group file .RE .PP \fI12\fR .RS 4 can\*(Aqt create home directory .RE .PP \fI14\fR .RS 4 can\*(Aqt update SELinux user mapping .RE .SH "参见" .PP \fBchfn\fR(1), \fBchsh\fR(1), \fBpasswd\fR(1), \fBcrypt\fR(3), \fBgroupadd\fR(8), \fBgroupdel\fR(8), \fBgroupmod\fR(8), \fBlogin.defs\fR(5), \fBnewusers\fR(8), \fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5), \fBuserdel\fR(8), \fBusermod\fR(8)\&.