'\" t .TH EQN 1 "20 December 2018" "groff 1.22.4.rc5" .SH NAME eqn \- format equations for troff or MathML . . .\" Save and disable compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11). .do nr eqn_C \n[.C] .cp 0 . . .\" ==================================================================== .\" Legal Terms .\" ==================================================================== .\" .\" Copyright (C) 1989-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. .\" .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are .\" preserved on all copies. .\" .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of .\" this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that .\" the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of .\" a permission notice identical to this one. .\" .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this .\" manual into another language, under the above conditions for .\" modified versions, except that this permission notice may be .\" included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation .\" instead of in the original English. . . .ie \n(.V<\n(.v \ . ds tx T\h'-.1667m'\v'.224m'E\v'-.224m'\h'-.125m'X .el \ . ds tx TeX . . .\" ==================================================================== .SH SYNOPSIS .\" ==================================================================== . .SY eqn .OP \-rvCNR .OP \-d xy .OP \-T name .OP \-M dir .OP \-f F .OP \-s n .OP \-p n .OP \-m n .RI [ file \&.\|.\|.\&] .YS . . .\" ==================================================================== .SH DESCRIPTION .\" ==================================================================== . This manual page describes the GNU version of .BR eqn , which is part of the groff document formatting system. . .B eqn compiles descriptions of equations embedded within .B troff input files into commands that are understood by .BR troff . . Normally, it should be invoked using the .B \-e option of .BR groff . . The syntax is quite compatible with Unix eqn. . The output of GNU .B eqn cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must be processed with GNU troff. . If no files are given on the command line, the standard input is read. . A filename of .B \- causes the standard input to be read. . . .LP .B eqn searches for the file .I eqnrc in the directories given with the .B \-M option first, then in .IR /usr/\:lib/\:groff/\:site\-tmac , .IR /usr/\:share/\:groff/\:site\-tmac , and finally in the standard macro directory .IR /usr/\:share/\:groff/\:1.22.4/\:tmac . . If it exists, .B eqn processes it before the other input files. . The .B \-R option prevents this. . . .LP GNU .B eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does not support low-resolution, typewriter-like devices (although it may work adequately for very simple input). . . .\" ==================================================================== .SH OPTIONS .\" ==================================================================== . Whitespace is permitted between a command-line option and its argument. . . .TP .BI \-d xy Specify delimiters .I x and\~\c .I y for the left and right end, respectively, of in-line equations. . Any .B delim statements in the source file overrides this. . .TP .B \-C Recognize .B .EQ and .B .EN even when followed by a character other than space or newline. . Also, the statement .RB \[oq] "delim on" \[cq] is not handled specially. . .TP .B \-N Don't allow newlines within delimiters. . This option allows .B eqn to recover better from missing closing delimiters. . .TP .B \-v Print the version number. . .TP .B \-r Only one size reduction. . .TP .BI \-m n The minimum point-size is\~\c .IR n . . .B eqn does not reduce the size of subscripts or superscripts to a smaller size than\~\c .IR n . . .TP .BI \-T name The output is for device .IR name . . Normally, the only effect of this is to define a macro .I name with a value of\~\c .BR 1 ; .I eqnrc uses this to provide definitions appropriate for the output device. . However, if the specified device is \[lq]MathML\[rq], the output is MathML markup rather than troff commands, and .I eqnrc is not loaded at all. . The default output device is .BR ps . . .TP .BI \-M dir Search .I dir for .I eqnrc before the default directories. . .TP .B \-R Don't load .IR eqnrc . . .TP .BI \-f F This is equivalent to a .BI gfont\ F command. . .TP .BI \-s n This is equivalent to a .BI gsize\ n command. . This option is deprecated. .B eqn normally sets equations at whatever the current point size is when the equation is encountered. . .TP .BI \-p n This says that subscripts and superscripts should be .IR n \~points smaller than the surrounding text. . This option is deprecated. . Normally .B eqn sets subscripts and superscripts at 70% of the size of the surrounding text. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SH USAGE .\" ==================================================================== . Only the differences between GNU .B eqn and Unix eqn are described here. . . .LP GNU .B eqn emits Presentation MathML output when invoked with the .B "-T\~MathML" option. . . .LP GNU eqn sets the input token .B \&"..." as three periods or low dots, rather than the three centered dots of classic eqn. To get three centered dots, write .B "cdots" or .BR "cdot cdot cdot". . . .LP Most of the new features of the GNU .B eqn input language are based on \*(tx. . There are some references to the differences between \*(tx and GNU .B eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you do not know \*(tx. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SS Controlling delimiters .\" ==================================================================== . If not in compatibility mode, .B eqn recognizes . .RS .LP .B delim on .RE . .LP to restore the delimiters which have been previously disabled with a call to .RB \[oq] "delim off" \[cq]. . If delimiters haven't been specified, the call has no effect. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SS Automatic spacing .\" ==================================================================== . .B eqn gives each component of an equation a type, and adjusts the spacing between components using that type. . Possible types are described in the table below. . . .TS lB l. ordinary T{ an ordinary character such as \[oq]1\[cq] or .RI \[oq] x \[cq] T} operator T{ a large operator such as .ds Su \[oq]\s+5\(*S\s0\[cq] .if \n(.g .if !c\(*S .ds Su the summation operator \*(Su T} binary a binary operator such as \[oq]\[pl]\[cq] relation a relation such as \[oq]=\[cq] opening a opening bracket such as \[oq](\[cq] closing a closing bracket such as \[oq])\[cq] punctuation a punctuation character such as \[oq],\[cq] inner a subformula contained within brackets suppress a type that suppresses automatic spacing adjustment .TE . . .LP Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways. . .TP .BI type\ t\ e This yields an equation component that contains\~\c .I e but that has type\~\c .IR t , where .I t is one of the types mentioned above. . For example, .B times is defined as . .RS .IP .B type "binary" \e(mu .RE . .IP The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but quoting protects from macro expansion. . .TP .BI chartype\ t\ text Unquoted groups of characters are split up into individual characters, and the type of each character is looked up; this changes the type that is stored for each character; it says that the characters in .I text from now on have type\~\c .IR t . For example, . .RS .IP .B chartype "punctuation" .,;: .RE . .IP would make the characters \[oq].,;:\[cq] have type punctuation whenever they subsequently appeared in an equation. . The type\~\c .I t can also be .B letter or .BR digit ; in these cases .B chartype changes the font type of the characters. . See subsection \[lq]Fonts\[rq] below. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SS New primitives .\" ==================================================================== . .TP .BI big\ e Enlarges the expression it modifies; intended to have semantics like CSS \[oq]large\[cq]. . In troff output, the point size is increased by\~5; in MathML output, the expression uses . .RS .IP .EX .EE .RE . .TP .IB e1\ smallover\ e2 This is similar to .BR over ; .B smallover reduces the size of .I e1 and .IR e2 ; it also puts less vertical space between .I e1 or .I e2 and the fraction bar. . The .B over primitive corresponds to the \*(tx .B \eover primitive in display styles; .B smallover corresponds to .B \eover in non-display styles. . .TP .BI vcenter\ e This vertically centers .I e about the math axis. . The math axis is the vertical position about which characters such as \[oq]\[pl]\[cq] and \[oq]\[mi]\[cq] are centered; also it is the vertical position used for the bar of fractions. . For example, .B sum is defined as . .RS .IP .B { type "operator" vcenter size +5 \e(*S } .RE . .IP (Note that vcenter is silently ignored when generating MathML.) . .TP .IB e1\ accent\ e2 This sets .I e2 as an accent over .IR e1 . .I e2 is assumed to be at the correct height for a lowercase letter; .I e2 is moved down according to whether .I e1 is taller or shorter than a lowercase letter. . For example, .B hat is defined as . .RS .IP .B accent { "^" } .RE . .IP .BR dotdot , .BR dot , .BR tilde , .BR vec , and .B dyad are also defined using the .B accent primitive. . .TP .IB e1\ uaccent\ e2 This sets .I e2 as an accent under .IR e1 . .I e2 is assumed to be at the correct height for a character without a descender; .I e2 is moved down if .I e1 has a descender. . .B utilde is pre-defined using .B uaccent as a tilde accent below the baseline. . .TP .BI split\ \[dq] text \[dq] This has the same effect as simply . .RS .IP .I text .RE . .IP but .I text is not subject to macro expansion because it is quoted; .I text is split up and the spacing between individual characters is adjusted. . .TP .BI nosplit\ text This has the same effect as . .RS .IP .BI \[dq] text \[dq] .RE . .IP but because .I text is not quoted it is subject to macro expansion; .I text is not split up and the spacing between individual characters is not adjusted. . .TP .IB e\ opprime This is a variant of .B prime that acts as an operator on\~\c .IR e . . It produces a different result from .B prime in a case such as .BR A\ opprime\ sub\ 1 : with .B opprime the\~\c .B 1 is tucked under the prime as a subscript to the\~\c .B A (as is conventional in mathematical typesetting), whereas with .B prime the\~\c .B 1 is a subscript to the prime character. . The precedence of .B opprime is the same as that of .B bar and .BR under , which is higher than that of everything except .B accent and .BR uaccent . . In unquoted text a\~\c .B \[aq] that is not the first character is treated like .BR opprime . . .TP .BI special\ text\ e This constructs a new object from\~\c .I e using a .BR troff (1) macro named .IR text . . When the macro is called, the string .B 0s contains the output for\~\c .IR e , and the number registers .BR 0w , .BR 0h , .BR 0d , .BR 0skern , and .B 0skew contain the width, height, depth, subscript kern, and skew of\~\c .IR e . . (The .I "subscript kern" of an object says how much a subscript on that object should be tucked in; the .I skew of an object says how far to the right of the center of the object an accent over the object should be placed.) . The macro must modify .B 0s so that it outputs the desired result with its origin at the current point, and increase the current horizontal position by the width of the object. . The number registers must also be modified so that they correspond to the result. . .IP For example, suppose you wanted a construct that \[oq]cancels\[cq] an expression by drawing a diagonal line through it. . .RS .IP .ft B .if t .ne 6+\n(.Vu .br \&.EQ .br define cancel 'special Ca' .br \&.EN .br \&.de Ca .br \&.\ \ ds 0s \e .br \eZ'\e\e*(0s'\e .br \ev'\e\en(0du'\e .br \eD'l \e\en(0wu -\e\en(0hu-\e\en(0du'\e .br \ev'\e\en(0hu' .br \&.. .ft .RE . .IP Then you could cancel an expression\~\c .I e with .BI \%cancel\ {\ e\ } . .IP Here's a more complicated construct that draws a box round an expression: . .RS .IP .ft B .if t .ne 11+\n(.Vu \&.EQ .br define box 'special Bx' .br \&.EN .br \&.de Bx .br \&.\ \ ds 0s \e .br \eZ'\eh'1n'\e\e*(0s'\e .br \eZ'\e .br \ev'\e\en(0du+1n'\e .br \eD'l \e\en(0wu+2n 0'\e .br \eD'l 0 -\e\en(0hu-\e\en(0du-2n'\e .br \eD'l -\e\en(0wu-2n 0'\e .br \eD'l 0 \e\en(0hu+\e\en(0du+2n'\e .br \&'\e .br \eh'\e\en(0wu+2n' .br \&.\ \ nr 0w +2n .br \&.\ \ nr 0d +1n .br \&.\ \ nr 0h +1n .br \&.. .ft .RE . .TP .BI space\ n A positive value of the integer\~\c .I n (in hundredths of an em) sets the vertical spacing before the equation, a negative value sets the spacing after the equation, replacing the default values. . This primitive provides an interface to .BR groff 's .B \ex escape (but with opposite sign). . .IP This keyword has no effect if the equation is part of a .B pic picture. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SS Extended primitives .\" ==================================================================== . .TP .BI col\ n\ {\ .\|.\|.\ } .TQ .BI ccol\ n\ {\ .\|.\|.\ } .TQ .BI lcol\ n\ {\ .\|.\|.\ } .TQ .BI rcol\ n\ {\ .\|.\|.\ } .TQ .BI pile\ n\ {\ .\|.\|.\ } .TQ .BI cpile\ n\ {\ .\|.\|.\ } .TQ .BI lpile\ n\ {\ .\|.\|.\ } .TQ .BI rpile\ n\ {\ .\|.\|.\ } The integer value\~\c .I n (in hundredths of an em) increases the vertical spacing between rows, using .BR groff 's .B \ex escape (the value has no effect in MathML mode). Negative values are possible but have no effect. If there is more than a single value given in a matrix, the biggest one is used. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SS Customization .\" ==================================================================== . When .B eqn is generating troff markup, the appearance of equations is controlled by a large number of parameters. . They have no effect when generating MathML mode, which pushes typesetting and fine motions downstream to a MathML rendering engine. . These parameters can be set using the .B set command. . .TP .BI set\ p\ n This sets parameter\~\c .I p to value\~\c .IR n ; .IR n \~is an integer. . For example, . .RS .IP .B set x_height 45 .RE . .IP says that .B eqn should assume an x\~height of 0.45\~ems. . . .RS .LP Possible parameters are as follows. . Values are in units of hundredths of an em unless otherwise stated. . These descriptions are intended to be expository rather than definitive. . .TP .B minimum_size .B eqn doesn't set anything at a smaller point-size than this. . The value is in points. . .TP .B fat_offset The .B fat primitive emboldens an equation by overprinting two copies of the equation horizontally offset by this amount. . This parameter is not used in MathML mode; instead, fat text uses . .RS .IP .EX .EE .RE . .TP .B over_hang A fraction bar is longer by twice this amount than the maximum of the widths of the numerator and denominator; in other words, it overhangs the numerator and denominator by at least this amount. . .TP .B accent_width When .B bar or .B under is applied to a single character, the line is this long. . Normally, .B bar or .B under produces a line whose length is the width of the object to which it applies; in the case of a single character, this tends to produce a line that looks too long. . .TP .B delimiter_factor Extensible delimiters produced with the .B left and .B right primitives have a combined height and depth of at least this many thousandths of twice the maximum amount by which the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis. . .TP .B delimiter_shortfall Extensible delimiters produced with the .B left and .B right primitives have a combined height and depth not less than the difference of twice the maximum amount by which the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis and this amount. . .TP .B null_delimiter_space This much horizontal space is inserted on each side of a fraction. . .TP .B script_space The width of subscripts and superscripts is increased by this amount. . .TP .B thin_space This amount of space is automatically inserted after punctuation characters. . .TP .B medium_space This amount of space is automatically inserted on either side of binary operators. . .TP .B thick_space This amount of space is automatically inserted on either side of relations. . .TP .B x_height The height of lowercase letters without ascenders such as \[oq]x\[cq]. . .TP .B axis_height The height above the baseline of the center of characters such as \[oq]\[pl]\[cq] and \[oq]\[mi]\[cq]. . It is important that this value is correct for the font you are using. . .TP .B default_rule_thickness This should set to the thickness of the .B \e(ru character, or the thickness of horizontal lines produced with the .B \eD escape sequence. . .TP .B num1 The .B over command shifts up the numerator by at least this amount. . .TP .B num2 The .B smallover command shifts up the numerator by at least this amount. . .TP .B denom1 The .B over command shifts down the denominator by at least this amount. . .TP .B denom2 The .B smallover command shifts down the denominator by at least this amount. . .TP .B sup1 Normally superscripts are shifted up by at least this amount. . .TP .B sup2 Superscripts within superscripts or upper limits or numerators of .B smallover fractions are shifted up by at least this amount. . This is usually less than sup1. . .TP .B sup3 Superscripts within denominators or square roots or subscripts or lower limits are shifted up by at least this amount. . This is usually less than sup2. . .TP .B sub1 Subscripts are normally shifted down by at least this amount. . .TP .B sub2 When there is both a subscript and a superscript, the subscript is shifted down by at least this amount. . .TP .B sup_drop The baseline of a superscript is no more than this much amount below the top of the object on which the superscript is set. . .TP .B sub_drop The baseline of a subscript is at least this much below the bottom of the object on which the subscript is set. . .TP .B big_op_spacing1 The baseline of an upper limit is at least this much above the top of the object on which the limit is set. . .TP .B big_op_spacing2 The baseline of a lower limit is at least this much below the bottom of the object on which the limit is set. . .TP .B big_op_spacing3 The bottom of an upper limit is at least this much above the top of the object on which the limit is set. . .TP .B big_op_spacing4 The top of a lower limit is at least this much below the bottom of the object on which the limit is set. . .TP .B big_op_spacing5 This much vertical space is added above and below limits. . .TP .B baseline_sep The baselines of the rows in a pile or matrix are normally this far apart. . In most cases this should be equal to the sum of .B num1 and .BR denom1 . . .TP .B shift_down The midpoint between the top baseline and the bottom baseline in a matrix or pile is shifted down by this much from the axis. . In most cases this should be equal to .BR axis_height . . .TP .B column_sep This much space is added between columns in a matrix. . .TP .B matrix_side_sep This much space is added at each side of a matrix. . .TP .B draw_lines If this is non-zero, lines are drawn using the .B \eD escape sequence, rather than with the .B \el escape sequence and the .B \e(ru character. . .TP .B body_height The amount by which the height of the equation exceeds this is added as extra space before the line containing the equation (using .BR \ex ). . The default value is 85. . .TP .B body_depth The amount by which the depth of the equation exceeds this is added as extra space after the line containing the equation (using .BR \ex ). . The default value is 35. . .TP .B nroff If this is non-zero, then .B ndefine behaves like .B define and .B tdefine is ignored, otherwise .B tdefine behaves like .B define and .B ndefine is ignored. . The default value is\~0 (This is typically changed to\~1 by the .I eqnrc file for the .BR ascii , .BR latin1 , .BR utf8 , and .B cp1047 devices.) . . .LP A more precise description of the role of many of these parameters can be found in Appendix\~H of .IR "The \*(txbook" . .RE . . .\" ==================================================================== .SS Macros .\" ==================================================================== . Macros can take arguments. . In a macro body, .BI $ n where .I n is between 1 and\~9, is replaced by the .IR n th argument if the macro is called with arguments; if there are fewer than .IR n \~arguments, it is replaced by nothing. . A word containing a left parenthesis where the part of the word before the left parenthesis has been defined using the .B define command is recognized as a macro call with arguments; characters following the left parenthesis up to a matching right parenthesis are treated as comma-separated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do not terminate an argument. . .TP .BI sdefine\ name\ X\ anything\ X This is like the .B define command, but .I name is not recognized if called with arguments. . .TP .BI include\ \[dq] file \[dq] .TQ .BI copy\ \[dq] file \[dq] Include the contents of .I file .RB ( include and .B copy are synonyms). . Lines of .I file beginning with .B .EQ or .B .EN are ignored. . .TP .BI ifdef\ name\ X\ anything\ X If .I name has been defined by .B define (or has been automatically defined because .I name is the output device) process .IR anything ; otherwise ignore .IR anything . . .I X can be any character not appearing in .IR anything . . .TP .BI undef\ name Remove definition of .IR name , making it undefined. . . .LP Besides the macros mentioned above, the following definitions are available: .BR Alpha , .BR Beta , \&.\|.\|., .B Omega (this is the same as .BR ALPHA , .BR BETA , \&.\|.\|., .BR OMEGA ), .B ldots (three dots on the base line), and .BR dollar . . . .\" ==================================================================== .SS Fonts .\" ==================================================================== . .B eqn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: an italic font for letters, and a roman font for everything else. . The existing .B gfont command changes the font that is used as the italic font. . By default this is\~\c .BR I . The font that is used as the roman font can be changed using the new .B grfont command. . .TP .BI grfont\ f Set the roman font to\~\c .IR f . . . .LP The .B italic primitive uses the current italic font set by .BR gfont ; the .B roman primitive uses the current roman font set by .BR grfont . . There is also a new .B gbfont command, which changes the font used by the .B bold primitive. . If you only use the .BR roman , .B italic and .B bold primitives to changes fonts within an equation, you can change all the fonts used by your equations just by using .BR gfont , .B grfont and .B gbfont commands. . . .LP You can control which characters are treated as letters (and therefore set in italics) by using the .B chartype command described above. . A type of .B letter causes a character to be set in italic type. . A type of .B digit causes a character to be set in roman type. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SH FILES .\" ==================================================================== . .TP .I /usr/\:share/\:groff/\:1.22.4/\:tmac/eqnrc Initialization file. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SH MATHML MODE LIMITATIONS .\" ==================================================================== . MathML is designed on the assumption that it cannot know the exact physical characteristics of the media and devices on which it will be rendered. . It does not support fine control of motions and sizes to the same degree troff does. . Thus: . .IP * .B eqn parameters have no effect on the generated MathML. . .IP * The .BR special , .BR up , .BR down , .BR fwd , and .B back operations cannot be implemented, and yield a MathML \[oq]\[cq] message instead. . .IP * The .B vcenter keyword is silently ignored, as centering on the math axis is the MathML default. . .IP * Characters that .B eqn over troff sets extra large \(en notably the integral sign \(en may appear too small and need to have their \[oq]\[cq] wrappers adjusted by hand. . . .LP As in its troff mode, .B eqn in MathML mode leaves the .B .EQ and .B .EN delimiters in place for displayed equations, but emits no explicit delimiters around inline equations. . They can, however, be recognized as strings that begin with \[oq]\[cq] and end with \[oq]\[cq] and do not cross line boundaries. . . .LP See section \[lq]Bugs\[rq] below for translation limits specific to .BR eqn . . . .\" ==================================================================== .SH BUGS .\" ==================================================================== . Inline equations are set at the point size that is current at the beginning of the input line. . . .LP In MathML mode, the .B mark and .B lineup features don't work. . These could, in theory, be implemented with \[oq]\[cq] elements. . . .LP In MathML mode, each digit of a numeric literal gets a separate \[oq]\:\[cq] pair, and decimal points are tagged with \[oq]\:\[cq]. . This is allowed by the specification, but inefficient. . . .\" ==================================================================== .SH "SEE ALSO" .\" ==================================================================== . .BR groff (1), .BR troff (1), .BR pic (1), .BR groff_font (5), .I The\ \*[tx]book . . .\" Restore compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11). .cp \n[eqn_C] . . .\" Local Variables: .\" mode: nroff .\" tab-width: 12 .\" End: .\" vim: set filetype=groff tabstop=12: