'\" t
.\"     Title: gitworkflows
.\"    Author: [FIXME: author] [see http://www.docbook.org/tdg5/en/html/author]
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
.\"      Date: 01/05/2024
.\"    Manual: Git Manual
.\"    Source: Git 2.43.0.381.gb435a96ce8
.\"  Language: English
.\"
.TH "GITWORKFLOWS" "7" "01/05/2024" "Git 2\&.43\&.0\&.381\&.gb435a9" "Git Manual"
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.SH "NAME"
gitworkflows \- An overview of recommended workflows with Git
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.sp
.nf
git *
.fi
.sp
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.sp
This document attempts to write down and motivate some of the workflow elements used for \fBgit\&.git\fR itself\&. Many ideas apply in general, though the full workflow is rarely required for smaller projects with fewer people involved\&.
.sp
We formulate a set of \fIrules\fR for quick reference, while the prose tries to motivate each of them\&. Do not always take them literally; you should value good reasons for your actions higher than manpages such as this one\&.
.SH "SEPARATE CHANGES"
.sp
As a general rule, you should try to split your changes into small logical steps, and commit each of them\&. They should be consistent, working independently of any later commits, pass the test suite, etc\&. This makes the review process much easier, and the history much more useful for later inspection and analysis, for example with \fBgit-blame\fR(1) and \fBgit-bisect\fR(1)\&.
.sp
To achieve this, try to split your work into small steps from the very beginning\&. It is always easier to squash a few commits together than to split one big commit into several\&. Don\(cqt be afraid of making too small or imperfect steps along the way\&. You can always go back later and edit the commits with \fBgit rebase \-\-interactive\fR before you publish them\&. You can use \fBgit stash push \-\-keep\-index\fR to run the test suite independent of other uncommitted changes; see the EXAMPLES section of \fBgit-stash\fR(1)\&.
.SH "MANAGING BRANCHES"
.sp
There are two main tools that can be used to include changes from one branch on another: \fBgit-merge\fR(1) and \fBgit-cherry-pick\fR(1)\&.
.sp
Merges have many advantages, so we try to solve as many problems as possible with merges alone\&. Cherry\-picking is still occasionally useful; see "Merging upwards" below for an example\&.
.sp
Most importantly, merging works at the branch level, while cherry\-picking works at the commit level\&. This means that a merge can carry over the changes from 1, 10, or 1000 commits with equal ease, which in turn means the workflow scales much better to a large number of contributors (and contributions)\&. Merges are also easier to understand because a merge commit is a "promise" that all changes from all its parents are now included\&.
.sp
There is a tradeoff of course: merges require a more careful branch management\&. The following subsections discuss the important points\&.
.SS "Graduation"
.sp
As a given feature goes from experimental to stable, it also "graduates" between the corresponding branches of the software\&. \fBgit\&.git\fR uses the following \fIintegration branches\fR:
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fImaint\fR
tracks the commits that should go into the next "maintenance release", i\&.e\&., update of the last released stable version;
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fImaster\fR
tracks the commits that should go into the next release;
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fInext\fR
is intended as a testing branch for topics being tested for stability for master\&.
.RE
.sp
There is a fourth official branch that is used slightly differently:
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fIseen\fR
(patches seen by the maintainer) is an integration branch for things that are not quite ready for inclusion yet (see "Integration Branches" below)\&.
.RE
.sp
Each of the four branches is usually a direct descendant of the one above it\&.
.sp
Conceptually, the feature enters at an unstable branch (usually \fInext\fR or \fIseen\fR), and "graduates" to \fImaster\fR for the next release once it is considered stable enough\&.
.SS "Merging upwards"
.sp
The "downwards graduation" discussed above cannot be done by actually merging downwards, however, since that would merge \fIall\fR changes on the unstable branch into the stable one\&. Hence the following:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&1.\ \&Merge upwards\fR
.sp
Always commit your fixes to the oldest supported branch that requires them\&. Then (periodically) merge the integration branches upwards into each other\&.
.sp
This gives a very controlled flow of fixes\&. If you notice that you have applied a fix to e\&.g\&. \fImaster\fR that is also required in \fImaint\fR, you will need to cherry\-pick it (using \fBgit-cherry-pick\fR(1)) downwards\&. This will happen a few times and is nothing to worry about unless you do it very frequently\&.
.SS "Topic branches"
.sp
Any nontrivial feature will require several patches to implement, and may get extra bugfixes or improvements during its lifetime\&.
.sp
Committing everything directly on the integration branches leads to many problems: Bad commits cannot be undone, so they must be reverted one by one, which creates confusing histories and further error potential when you forget to revert part of a group of changes\&. Working in parallel mixes up the changes, creating further confusion\&.
.sp
Use of "topic branches" solves these problems\&. The name is pretty self explanatory, with a caveat that comes from the "merge upwards" rule above:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&2.\ \&Topic branches\fR
.sp
Make a side branch for every topic (feature, bugfix, \&...)\&. Fork it off at the oldest integration branch that you will eventually want to merge it into\&.
.sp
Many things can then be done very naturally:
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
To get the feature/bugfix into an integration branch, simply merge it\&. If the topic has evolved further in the meantime, merge again\&. (Note that you do not necessarily have to merge it to the oldest integration branch first\&. For example, you can first merge a bugfix to
\fInext\fR, give it some testing time, and merge to
\fImaint\fR
when you know it is stable\&.)
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
If you find you need new features from the branch
\fIother\fR
to continue working on your topic, merge
\fIother\fR
to
\fItopic\fR\&. (However, do not do this "just habitually", see below\&.)
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
If you find you forked off the wrong branch and want to move it "back in time", use
\fBgit-rebase\fR(1)\&.
.RE
.sp
Note that the last point clashes with the other two: a topic that has been merged elsewhere should not be rebased\&. See the section on RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE in \fBgit-rebase\fR(1)\&.
.sp
We should point out that "habitually" (regularly for no real reason) merging an integration branch into your topics \(em and by extension, merging anything upstream into anything downstream on a regular basis \(em is frowned upon:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&3.\ \&Merge to downstream only at well\-defined points\fR
.sp
Do not merge to downstream except with a good reason: upstream API changes affect your branch; your branch no longer merges to upstream cleanly; etc\&.
.sp
Otherwise, the topic that was merged to suddenly contains more than a single (well\-separated) change\&. The many resulting small merges will greatly clutter up history\&. Anyone who later investigates the history of a file will have to find out whether that merge affected the topic in development\&. An upstream might even inadvertently be merged into a "more stable" branch\&. And so on\&.
.SS "Throw\-away integration"
.sp
If you followed the last paragraph, you will now have many small topic branches, and occasionally wonder how they interact\&. Perhaps the result of merging them does not even work? But on the other hand, we want to avoid merging them anywhere "stable" because such merges cannot easily be undone\&.
.sp
The solution, of course, is to make a merge that we can undo: merge into a throw\-away branch\&.
.PP
\fBExample\ \&4.\ \&Throw\-away integration branches\fR
.sp
To test the interaction of several topics, merge them into a throw\-away branch\&. You must never base any work on such a branch!
.sp
If you make it (very) clear that this branch is going to be deleted right after the testing, you can even publish this branch, for example to give the testers a chance to work with it, or other developers a chance to see if their in\-progress work will be compatible\&. \fBgit\&.git\fR has such an official throw\-away integration branch called \fIseen\fR\&.
.SS "Branch management for a release"
.sp
Assuming you are using the merge approach discussed above, when you are releasing your project you will need to do some additional branch management work\&.
.sp
A feature release is created from the \fImaster\fR branch, since \fImaster\fR tracks the commits that should go into the next feature release\&.
.sp
The \fImaster\fR branch is supposed to be a superset of \fImaint\fR\&. If this condition does not hold, then \fImaint\fR contains some commits that are not included on \fImaster\fR\&. The fixes represented by those commits will therefore not be included in your feature release\&.
.sp
To verify that \fImaster\fR is indeed a superset of \fImaint\fR, use git log:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&5.\ \&Verify \fImaster\fR is a superset of \fImaint\fR\fR
.sp
\fBgit log master\&.\&.maint\fR
.sp
This command should not list any commits\&. Otherwise, check out \fImaster\fR and merge \fImaint\fR into it\&.
.sp
Now you can proceed with the creation of the feature release\&. Apply a tag to the tip of \fImaster\fR indicating the release version:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&6.\ \&Release tagging\fR
.sp
\fBgit tag \-s \-m "Git X\&.Y\&.Z" vX\&.Y\&.Z master\fR
.sp
You need to push the new tag to a public Git server (see "DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOWS" below)\&. This makes the tag available to others tracking your project\&. The push could also trigger a post\-update hook to perform release\-related items such as building release tarballs and preformatted documentation pages\&.
.sp
Similarly, for a maintenance release, \fImaint\fR is tracking the commits to be released\&. Therefore, in the steps above simply tag and push \fImaint\fR rather than \fImaster\fR\&.
.SS "Maintenance branch management after a feature release"
.sp
After a feature release, you need to manage your maintenance branches\&.
.sp
First, if you wish to continue to release maintenance fixes for the feature release made before the recent one, then you must create another branch to track commits for that previous release\&.
.sp
To do this, the current maintenance branch is copied to another branch named with the previous release version number (e\&.g\&. maint\-X\&.Y\&.(Z\-1) where X\&.Y\&.Z is the current release)\&.
.PP
\fBExample\ \&7.\ \&Copy maint\fR
.sp
\fBgit branch maint\-X\&.Y\&.(Z\-1) maint\fR
.sp
The \fImaint\fR branch should now be fast\-forwarded to the newly released code so that maintenance fixes can be tracked for the current release:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&8.\ \&Update maint to new release\fR
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit checkout maint\fR
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit merge \-\-ff\-only master\fR
.RE
.sp
If the merge fails because it is not a fast\-forward, then it is possible some fixes on \fImaint\fR were missed in the feature release\&. This will not happen if the content of the branches was verified as described in the previous section\&.
.SS "Branch management for next and seen after a feature release"
.sp
After a feature release, the integration branch \fInext\fR may optionally be rewound and rebuilt from the tip of \fImaster\fR using the surviving topics on \fInext\fR:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&9.\ \&Rewind and rebuild next\fR
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit switch \-C next master\fR
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit merge ai/topic_in_next1\fR
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit merge ai/topic_in_next2\fR
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\&...
.RE
.sp
The advantage of doing this is that the history of \fInext\fR will be clean\&. For example, some topics merged into \fInext\fR may have initially looked promising, but were later found to be undesirable or premature\&. In such a case, the topic is reverted out of \fInext\fR but the fact remains in the history that it was once merged and reverted\&. By recreating \fInext\fR, you give another incarnation of such topics a clean slate to retry, and a feature release is a good point in history to do so\&.
.sp
If you do this, then you should make a public announcement indicating that \fInext\fR was rewound and rebuilt\&.
.sp
The same rewind and rebuild process may be followed for \fIseen\fR\&. A public announcement is not necessary since \fIseen\fR is a throw\-away branch, as described above\&.
.SH "DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOWS"
.sp
After the last section, you should know how to manage topics\&. In general, you will not be the only person working on the project, so you will have to share your work\&.
.sp
Roughly speaking, there are two important workflows: merge and patch\&. The important difference is that the merge workflow can propagate full history, including merges, while patches cannot\&. Both workflows can be used in parallel: in \fBgit\&.git\fR, only subsystem maintainers use the merge workflow, while everyone else sends patches\&.
.sp
Note that the maintainer(s) may impose restrictions, such as "Signed\-off\-by" requirements, that all commits/patches submitted for inclusion must adhere to\&. Consult your project\(cqs documentation for more information\&.
.SS "Merge workflow"
.sp
The merge workflow works by copying branches between upstream and downstream\&. Upstream can merge contributions into the official history; downstream base their work on the official history\&.
.sp
There are three main tools that can be used for this:
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit-push\fR(1)
copies your branches to a remote repository, usually to one that can be read by all involved parties;
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit-fetch\fR(1)
that copies remote branches to your repository; and
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit-pull\fR(1)
that does fetch and merge in one go\&.
.RE
.sp
Note the last point\&. Do \fInot\fR use \fIgit pull\fR unless you actually want to merge the remote branch\&.
.sp
Getting changes out is easy:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&10.\ \&Push/pull: Publishing branches/topics\fR
.sp
\fBgit push <remote> <branch>\fR and tell everyone where they can fetch from\&.
.sp
You will still have to tell people by other means, such as mail\&. (Git provides the \fBgit-request-pull\fR(1) to send preformatted pull requests to upstream maintainers to simplify this task\&.)
.sp
If you just want to get the newest copies of the integration branches, staying up to date is easy too:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&11.\ \&Push/pull: Staying up to date\fR
.sp
Use \fBgit fetch <remote>\fR or \fBgit remote update\fR to stay up to date\&.
.sp
Then simply fork your topic branches from the stable remotes as explained earlier\&.
.sp
If you are a maintainer and would like to merge other people\(cqs topic branches to the integration branches, they will typically send a request to do so by mail\&. Such a request looks like
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
Please pull from
    <URL> <branch>
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.sp
.sp
In that case, \fIgit pull\fR can do the fetch and merge in one go, as follows\&.
.PP
\fBExample\ \&12.\ \&Push/pull: Merging remote topics\fR
.sp
\fBgit pull <URL> <branch>\fR
.sp
Occasionally, the maintainer may get merge conflicts when they try to pull changes from downstream\&. In this case, they can ask downstream to do the merge and resolve the conflicts themselves (perhaps they will know better how to resolve them)\&. It is one of the rare cases where downstream \fIshould\fR merge from upstream\&.
.SS "Patch workflow"
.sp
If you are a contributor that sends changes upstream in the form of emails, you should use topic branches as usual (see above)\&. Then use \fBgit-format-patch\fR(1) to generate the corresponding emails (highly recommended over manually formatting them because it makes the maintainer\(cqs life easier)\&.
.PP
\fBExample\ \&13.\ \&format\-patch/am: Publishing branches/topics\fR
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit format\-patch \-M upstream\&.\&.topic\fR
to turn them into preformatted patch files
.RE
.sp
.RS 4
.ie n \{\
\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
.\}
.el \{\
.sp -1
.IP \(bu 2.3
.\}
\fBgit send\-email \-\-to=<recipient> <patches>\fR
.RE
.sp
See the \fBgit-format-patch\fR(1) and \fBgit-send-email\fR(1) manpages for further usage notes\&.
.sp
If the maintainer tells you that your patch no longer applies to the current upstream, you will have to rebase your topic (you cannot use a merge because you cannot format\-patch merges):
.PP
\fBExample\ \&14.\ \&format\-patch/am: Keeping topics up to date\fR
.sp
\fBgit pull \-\-rebase <URL> <branch>\fR
.sp
You can then fix the conflicts during the rebase\&. Presumably you have not published your topic other than by mail, so rebasing it is not a problem\&.
.sp
If you receive such a patch series (as maintainer, or perhaps as a reader of the mailing list it was sent to), save the mails to files, create a new topic branch and use \fIgit am\fR to import the commits:
.PP
\fBExample\ \&15.\ \&format\-patch/am: Importing patches\fR
.sp
\fBgit am < patch\fR
.sp
One feature worth pointing out is the three\-way merge, which can help if you get conflicts: \fBgit am \-3\fR will use index information contained in patches to figure out the merge base\&. See \fBgit-am\fR(1) for other options\&.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.sp
\fBgittutorial\fR(7), \fBgit-push\fR(1), \fBgit-pull\fR(1), \fBgit-merge\fR(1), \fBgit-rebase\fR(1), \fBgit-format-patch\fR(1), \fBgit-send-email\fR(1), \fBgit-am\fR(1)
.SH "GIT"
.sp
Part of the \fBgit\fR(1) suite