'\" '\" Generated from file 'romberg\&.man' by tcllib/doctools with format 'nroff' '\" Copyright (c) 2004 Kevin B\&. Kenny \&. All rights reserved\&. Redistribution permitted under the terms of the Open Publication License '\" .TH "math::calculus::romberg" 3tcl 0\&.6 tcllib "Tcl Math Library" .\" The -*- nroff -*- definitions below are for supplemental macros used .\" in Tcl/Tk manual entries. .\" .\" .AP type name in/out ?indent? .\" Start paragraph describing an argument to a library procedure. .\" type is type of argument (int, etc.), in/out is either "in", "out", .\" or "in/out" to describe whether procedure reads or modifies arg, .\" and indent is equivalent to second arg of .IP (shouldn't ever be .\" needed; use .AS below instead) .\" .\" .AS ?type? ?name? .\" Give maximum sizes of arguments for setting tab stops. Type and .\" name are examples of largest possible arguments that will be passed .\" to .AP later. If args are omitted, default tab stops are used. .\" .\" .BS .\" Start box enclosure. From here until next .BE, everything will be .\" enclosed in one large box. .\" .\" .BE .\" End of box enclosure. .\" .\" .CS .\" Begin code excerpt. .\" .\" .CE .\" End code excerpt. .\" .\" .VS ?version? ?br? .\" Begin vertical sidebar, for use in marking newly-changed parts .\" of man pages. The first argument is ignored and used for recording .\" the version when the .VS was added, so that the sidebars can be .\" found and removed when they reach a certain age. If another argument .\" is present, then a line break is forced before starting the sidebar. .\" .\" .VE .\" End of vertical sidebar. .\" .\" .DS .\" Begin an indented unfilled display. .\" .\" .DE .\" End of indented unfilled display. .\" .\" .SO ?manpage? .\" Start of list of standard options for a Tk widget. The manpage .\" argument defines where to look up the standard options; if .\" omitted, defaults to "options". The options follow on successive .\" lines, in three columns separated by tabs. .\" .\" .SE .\" End of list of standard options for a Tk widget. .\" .\" .OP cmdName dbName dbClass .\" Start of description of a specific option. cmdName gives the .\" option's name as specified in the class command, dbName gives .\" the option's name in the option database, and dbClass gives .\" the option's class in the option database. .\" .\" .UL arg1 arg2 .\" Print arg1 underlined, then print arg2 normally. .\" .\" .QW arg1 ?arg2? .\" Print arg1 in quotes, then arg2 normally (for trailing punctuation). .\" .\" .PQ arg1 ?arg2? .\" Print an open parenthesis, arg1 in quotes, then arg2 normally .\" (for trailing punctuation) and then a closing parenthesis. .\" .\" # Set up traps and other miscellaneous stuff for Tcl/Tk man pages. .if t .wh -1.3i ^B .nr ^l \n(.l .ad b .\" # Start an argument description .de AP .ie !"\\$4"" .TP \\$4 .el \{\ . ie !"\\$2"" .TP \\n()Cu . el .TP 15 .\} .ta \\n()Au \\n()Bu .ie !"\\$3"" \{\ \&\\$1 \\fI\\$2\\fP (\\$3) .\".b .\} .el \{\ .br .ie !"\\$2"" \{\ \&\\$1 \\fI\\$2\\fP .\} .el \{\ \&\\fI\\$1\\fP .\} .\} .. .\" # define tabbing values for .AP .de AS .nr )A 10n .if !"\\$1"" .nr )A \\w'\\$1'u+3n .nr )B \\n()Au+15n .\" .if !"\\$2"" .nr )B \\w'\\$2'u+\\n()Au+3n .nr )C \\n()Bu+\\w'(in/out)'u+2n .. .AS Tcl_Interp Tcl_CreateInterp in/out .\" # BS - start boxed text .\" # ^y = starting y location .\" # ^b = 1 .de BS .br .mk ^y .nr ^b 1u .if n .nf .if n .ti 0 .if n \l'\\n(.lu\(ul' .if n .fi .. .\" # BE - end boxed text (draw box now) .de BE .nf .ti 0 .mk ^t .ie n \l'\\n(^lu\(ul' .el \{\ .\" Draw four-sided box normally, but don't draw top of .\" box if the box started on an earlier page. .ie !\\n(^b-1 \{\ \h'-1.5n'\L'|\\n(^yu-1v'\l'\\n(^lu+3n\(ul'\L'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^yu'\l'|0u-1.5n\(ul' .\} .el \}\ \h'-1.5n'\L'|\\n(^yu-1v'\h'\\n(^lu+3n'\L'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^yu'\l'|0u-1.5n\(ul' .\} .\} .fi .br .nr ^b 0 .. .\" # VS - start vertical sidebar .\" # ^Y = starting y location .\" # ^v = 1 (for troff; for nroff this doesn't matter) .de VS .if !"\\$2"" .br .mk ^Y .ie n 'mc \s12\(br\s0 .el .nr ^v 1u .. .\" # VE - end of vertical sidebar .de VE .ie n 'mc .el \{\ .ev 2 .nf .ti 0 .mk ^t \h'|\\n(^lu+3n'\L'|\\n(^Yu-1v\(bv'\v'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^Yu'\h'-|\\n(^lu+3n' .sp -1 .fi .ev .\} .nr ^v 0 .. .\" # Special macro to handle page bottom: finish off current .\" # box/sidebar if in box/sidebar mode, then invoked standard .\" # page bottom macro. .de ^B .ev 2 'ti 0 'nf .mk ^t .if \\n(^b \{\ .\" Draw three-sided box if this is the box's first page, .\" draw two sides but no top otherwise. .ie !\\n(^b-1 \h'-1.5n'\L'|\\n(^yu-1v'\l'\\n(^lu+3n\(ul'\L'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^yu'\h'|0u'\c .el \h'-1.5n'\L'|\\n(^yu-1v'\h'\\n(^lu+3n'\L'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^yu'\h'|0u'\c .\} .if \\n(^v \{\ .nr ^x \\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^Yu \kx\h'-\\nxu'\h'|\\n(^lu+3n'\ky\L'-\\n(^xu'\v'\\n(^xu'\h'|0u'\c .\} .bp 'fi .ev .if \\n(^b \{\ .mk ^y .nr ^b 2 .\} .if \\n(^v \{\ .mk ^Y .\} .. .\" # DS - begin display .de DS .RS .nf .sp .. .\" # DE - end display .de DE .fi .RE .sp .. .\" # SO - start of list of standard options .de SO 'ie '\\$1'' .ds So \\fBoptions\\fR 'el .ds So \\fB\\$1\\fR .SH "STANDARD OPTIONS" .LP .nf .ta 5.5c 11c .ft B .. .\" # SE - end of list of standard options .de SE .fi .ft R .LP See the \\*(So manual entry for details on the standard options. .. .\" # OP - start of full description for a single option .de OP .LP .nf .ta 4c Command-Line Name: \\fB\\$1\\fR Database Name: \\fB\\$2\\fR Database Class: \\fB\\$3\\fR .fi .IP .. .\" # CS - begin code excerpt .de CS .RS .nf .ta .25i .5i .75i 1i .. .\" # CE - end code excerpt .de CE .fi .RE .. .\" # UL - underline word .de UL \\$1\l'|0\(ul'\\$2 .. .\" # QW - apply quotation marks to word .de QW .ie '\\*(lq'"' ``\\$1''\\$2 .\"" fix emacs highlighting .el \\*(lq\\$1\\*(rq\\$2 .. .\" # PQ - apply parens and quotation marks to word .de PQ .ie '\\*(lq'"' (``\\$1''\\$2)\\$3 .\"" fix emacs highlighting .el (\\*(lq\\$1\\*(rq\\$2)\\$3 .. .\" # QR - quoted range .de QR .ie '\\*(lq'"' ``\\$1''\\-``\\$2''\\$3 .\"" fix emacs highlighting .el \\*(lq\\$1\\*(rq\\-\\*(lq\\$2\\*(rq\\$3 .. .\" # MT - "empty" string .de MT .QW "" .. .BS .SH NAME math::calculus::romberg \- Romberg integration .SH SYNOPSIS package require \fBTcl 8\&.2\fR .sp package require \fBmath::calculus 0\&.6\fR .sp \fB::math::calculus::romberg\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? .sp \fB::math::calculus::romberg_infinity\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? .sp \fB::math::calculus::romberg_sqrtSingLower\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? .sp \fB::math::calculus::romberg_sqrtSingUpper\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? .sp \fB::math::calculus::romberg_powerLawLower\fR \fIgamma\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? .sp \fB::math::calculus::romberg_powerLawUpper\fR \fIgamma\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? .sp \fB::math::calculus::romberg_expLower\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? .sp \fB::math::calculus::romberg_expUpper\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? .sp .BE .SH DESCRIPTION .PP The \fBromberg\fR procedures in the \fBmath::calculus\fR package perform numerical integration of a function of one variable\&. They are intended to be of "production quality" in that they are robust, precise, and reasonably efficient in terms of the number of function evaluations\&. .SH PROCEDURES The following procedures are available for Romberg integration: .TP \fB::math::calculus::romberg\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? Integrates an analytic function over a given interval\&. .TP \fB::math::calculus::romberg_infinity\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? Integrates an analytic function over a half-infinite interval\&. .TP \fB::math::calculus::romberg_sqrtSingLower\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? Integrates a function that is expected to be analytic over an interval except for the presence of an inverse square root singularity at the lower limit\&. .TP \fB::math::calculus::romberg_sqrtSingUpper\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? Integrates a function that is expected to be analytic over an interval except for the presence of an inverse square root singularity at the upper limit\&. .TP \fB::math::calculus::romberg_powerLawLower\fR \fIgamma\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? Integrates a function that is expected to be analytic over an interval except for the presence of a power law singularity at the lower limit\&. .TP \fB::math::calculus::romberg_powerLawUpper\fR \fIgamma\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? Integrates a function that is expected to be analytic over an interval except for the presence of a power law singularity at the upper limit\&. .TP \fB::math::calculus::romberg_expLower\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? Integrates an exponentially growing function; the lower limit of the region of integration may be arbitrarily large and negative\&. .TP \fB::math::calculus::romberg_expUpper\fR \fIf\fR \fIa\fR \fIb\fR ?\fI-option value\fR\&.\&.\&.? Integrates an exponentially decaying function; the upper limit of the region of integration may be arbitrarily large\&. .PP .SH PARAMETERS .TP \fIf\fR Function to integrate\&. Must be expressed as a single Tcl command, to which will be appended a single argument, specifically, the abscissa at which the function is to be evaluated\&. The first word of the command will be processed with \fBnamespace which\fR in the caller's scope prior to any evaluation\&. Given this processing, the command may local to the calling namespace rather than needing to be global\&. .TP \fIa\fR Lower limit of the region of integration\&. .TP \fIb\fR Upper limit of the region of integration\&. For the \fBromberg_sqrtSingLower\fR, \fBromberg_sqrtSingUpper\fR, \fBromberg_powerLawLower\fR, \fBromberg_powerLawUpper\fR, \fBromberg_expLower\fR, and \fBromberg_expUpper\fR procedures, the lower limit must be strictly less than the upper\&. For the other procedures, the limits may appear in either order\&. .TP \fIgamma\fR Power to use for a power law singularity; see section \fBIMPROPER INTEGRALS\fR for details\&. .PP .SH OPTIONS .TP \fB-abserror\fR \fIepsilon\fR Requests that the integration machinery proceed at most until the estimated absolute error of the integral is less than \fIepsilon\fR\&. The error may be seriously over- or underestimated if the function (or any of its derivatives) contains singularities; see section \fBIMPROPER INTEGRALS\fR for details\&. Default is 1\&.0e-08\&. .TP \fB-relerror\fR \fIepsilon\fR Requests that the integration machinery proceed at most until the estimated relative error of the integral is less than \fIepsilon\fR\&. The error may be seriously over- or underestimated if the function (or any of its derivatives) contains singularities; see section \fBIMPROPER INTEGRALS\fR for details\&. Default is 1\&.0e-06\&. .TP \fB-maxiter\fR \fIm\fR Requests that integration terminate after at most \fIn\fR triplings of the number of evaluations performed\&. In other words, given \fIn\fR for \fB-maxiter\fR, the integration machinery will make at most 3**\fIn\fR evaluations of the function\&. Default is 14, corresponding to a limit approximately 4\&.8 million evaluations\&. (Well-behaved functions will seldom require more than a few hundred evaluations\&.) .TP \fB-degree\fR \fId\fR Requests that an extrapolating polynomial of degree \fId\fR be used in Romberg integration; see section \fBDESCRIPTION\fR for details\&. Default is 4\&. Can be at most \fIm\fR-1\&. .PP .SH DESCRIPTION The \fBromberg\fR procedure performs Romberg integration using the modified midpoint rule\&. Romberg integration is an iterative process\&. At the first step, the function is evaluated at the midpoint of the region of integration, and the value is multiplied by the width of the interval for the coarsest possible estimate\&. At the second step, the interval is divided into three parts, and the function is evaluated at the midpoint of each part; the sum of the values is multiplied by three\&. At the third step, nine parts are used, at the fourth twenty-seven, and so on, tripling the number of subdivisions at each step\&. .PP Once the interval has been divided at least \fId\fR times, a polynomial is fitted to the integrals estimated in the last \fId\fR+1 divisions\&. The integrals are considered to be a function of the square of the width of the subintervals (any good numerical analysis text will discuss this process under "Romberg integration")\&. The polynomial is extrapolated to a step size of zero, computing a value for the integral and an estimate of the error\&. .PP This process will be well-behaved only if the function is analytic over the region of integration; there may be removable singularities at either end of the region provided that the limit of the function (and of all its derivatives) exists as the ends are approached\&. Thus, \fBromberg\fR may be used to integrate a function like f(x)=sin(x)/x over an interval beginning or ending at zero\&. .PP Note that \fBromberg\fR will either fail to converge or else return incorrect error estimates if the function, or any of its derivatives, has a singularity anywhere in the region of integration (except for the case mentioned above)\&. Care must be used, therefore, in integrating a function like 1/(1-x**2) to avoid the places where the derivative is singular\&. .SH "IMPROPER INTEGRALS" Romberg integration is also useful for integrating functions over half-infinite intervals or functions that have singularities\&. The trick is to make a change of variable to eliminate the singularity, and to put the singularity at one end or the other of the region of integration\&. The \fBmath::calculus\fR package supplies a number of \fBromberg\fR procedures to deal with the commoner cases\&. .TP \fBromberg_infinity\fR Integrates a function over a half-infinite interval; either \fIa\fR or \fIb\fR may be infinite\&. \fIa\fR and \fIb\fR must be of the same sign; if you need to integrate across the axis, say, from a negative value to positive infinity, use \fBromberg\fR to integrate from the negative value to a small positive value, and then \fBromberg_infinity\fR to integrate from the positive value to positive infinity\&. The \fBromberg_infinity\fR procedure works by making the change of variable u=1/x, so that the integral from a to b of f(x) is evaluated as the integral from 1/a to 1/b of f(1/u)/u**2\&. .TP \fBromberg_powerLawLower\fR and \fBromberg_powerLawUpper\fR Integrate a function that has an integrable power law singularity at either the lower or upper bound of the region of integration (or has a derivative with a power law singularity there)\&. These procedures take a first parameter, \fIgamma\fR, which gives the power law\&. The function or its first derivative are presumed to diverge as (x-\fIa\fR)**(-\fIgamma\fR) or (\fIb\fR-x)**(-\fIgamma\fR)\&. \fIgamma\fR must be greater than zero and less than 1\&. .sp These procedures are useful not only in integrating functions that go to infinity at one end of the region of integration, but also functions whose derivatives do not exist at the end of the region\&. For instance, integrating f(x)=pow(x,0\&.25) with the origin as one end of the region will result in the \fBromberg\fR procedure greatly underestimating the error in the integral\&. The problem can be fixed by observing that the first derivative of f(x), f'(x)=x**(-3/4)/4, goes to infinity at the origin\&. Integrating using \fBromberg_powerLawLower\fR with \fIgamma\fR set to 0\&.75 gives much more orderly convergence\&. .sp These procedures operate by making the change of variable u=(x-a)**(1-gamma) (\fBromberg_powerLawLower\fR) or u=(b-x)**(1-gamma) (\fBromberg_powerLawUpper\fR)\&. .sp To summarize the meaning of gamma: .RS .IP \(bu If f(x) ~ x**(-a) (0 < a < 1), use gamma = a .IP \(bu If f'(x) ~ x**(-b) (0 < b < 1), use gamma = b .RE .TP \fBromberg_sqrtSingLower\fR and \fBromberg_sqrtSingUpper\fR These procedures behave identically to \fBromberg_powerLawLower\fR and \fBromberg_powerLawUpper\fR for the common case of \fIgamma\fR=0\&.5; that is, they integrate a function with an inverse square root singularity at one end of the interval\&. They have a simpler implementation involving square roots rather than arbitrary powers\&. .TP \fBromberg_expLower\fR and \fBromberg_expUpper\fR These procedures are for integrating a function that grows or decreases exponentially over a half-infinite interval\&. \fBromberg_expLower\fR handles exponentially growing functions, and allows the lower limit of integration to be an arbitrarily large negative number\&. \fBromberg_expUpper\fR handles exponentially decaying functions and allows the upper limit of integration to be an arbitrary large positive number\&. The functions make the change of variable u=exp(-x) and u=exp(x) respectively\&. .PP .SH "OTHER CHANGES OF VARIABLE" If you need an improper integral other than the ones listed here, a change of variable can be written in very few lines of Tcl\&. Because the Tcl coding that does it is somewhat arcane, we offer a worked example here\&. .PP Let's say that the function that we want to integrate is f(x)=exp(x)/sqrt(1-x*x) (not a very natural function, but a good example), and we want to integrate it over the interval (-1,1)\&. The denominator falls to zero at both ends of the interval\&. We wish to make a change of variable from x to u so that dx/sqrt(1-x**2) maps to du\&. Choosing x=sin(u), we can find that dx=cos(u)*du, and sqrt(1-x**2)=cos(u)\&. The integral from a to b of f(x) is the integral from asin(a) to asin(b) of f(sin(u))*cos(u)\&. .PP We can make a function \fBg\fR that accepts an arbitrary function \fBf\fR and the parameter u, and computes this new integrand\&. .CS proc g { f u } { set x [expr { sin($u) }] set cmd $f; lappend cmd $x; set y [eval $cmd] return [expr { $y / cos($u) }] } .CE Now integrating \fBf\fR from \fIa\fR to \fIb\fR is the same as integrating \fBg\fR from \fIasin(a)\fR to \fIasin(b)\fR\&. It's a little tricky to get \fBf\fR consistently evaluated in the caller's scope; the following procedure does it\&. .CS proc romberg_sine { f a b args } { set f [lreplace $f 0 0 [uplevel 1 [list namespace which [lindex $f 0]]]] set f [list g $f] return [eval [linsert $args 0 romberg $f [expr { asin($a) }] [expr { asin($b) }]]] } .CE This \fBromberg_sine\fR procedure will do any function with sqrt(1-x*x) in the denominator\&. Our sample function is f(x)=exp(x)/sqrt(1-x*x): .CS proc f { x } { expr { exp($x) / sqrt( 1\&. - $x*$x ) } } .CE Integrating it is a matter of applying \fBromberg_sine\fR as we would any of the other \fBromberg\fR procedures: .CS foreach { value error } [romberg_sine f -1\&.0 1\&.0] break puts [format "integral is %\&.6g +/- %\&.6g" $value $error] integral is 3\&.97746 +/- 2\&.3557e-010 .CE .SH "BUGS, IDEAS, FEEDBACK" This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain bugs and other problems\&. Please report such in the category \fImath :: calculus\fR of the \fITcllib Trackers\fR [http://core\&.tcl\&.tk/tcllib/reportlist]\&. Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either package and/or documentation\&. .PP When proposing code changes, please provide \fIunified diffs\fR, i\&.e the output of \fBdiff -u\fR\&. .PP Note further that \fIattachments\fR are strongly preferred over inlined patches\&. Attachments can be made by going to the \fBEdit\fR form of the ticket immediately after its creation, and then using the left-most button in the secondary navigation bar\&. .SH "SEE ALSO" math::calculus, math::interpolate .SH CATEGORY Mathematics .SH COPYRIGHT .nf Copyright (c) 2004 Kevin B\&. Kenny \&. All rights reserved\&. Redistribution permitted under the terms of the Open Publication License .fi