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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "MMDEBSTRAP 1"
.TH MMDEBSTRAP 1 "2019-05-04" "perl v5.28.1" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
mmdebstrap \- multi\-mirror Debian chroot creation
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBmmdebstrap\fR [\fB\s-1OPTION...\s0\fR] [\fI\s-1SUITE\s0\fR [\fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR [\fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR...]]]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
\&\fBmmdebstrap\fR creates a Debian chroot of \fI\s-1SUITE\s0\fR into \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR from one or
more \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fRs. It is meant as an alternative to the debootstrap tool (see
section \fB\s-1DEBOOTSTRAP\s0\fR). In contrast to debootstrap it uses apt to resolve
dependencies and is thus able to use more than one mirror and resolve more
complex dependencies.
.PP
If no \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR option is provided, <http://deb.debian.org/debian> is used,
except if data was given on standard input in which case the lines read from
there are used as the content of the chroot's sources.list file. If \fI\s-1SUITE\s0\fR
is a stable release name and no \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR is specified, then mirrors for
updates and security are automatically added. If a \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR option starts
with \*(L"deb \*(R" or \*(L"deb-src \*(R" then it is used as a one-line-style format entry for
apt's sources.list inside the chroot.  If a \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR option contains a \*(L"://\*(R"
then it is interpreted as a mirror \s-1URI\s0 and the apt line inside the chroot is
assembled as \*(L"deb [arch=A] B C D\*(R" where A is the host's native architecture, B
is the \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR, C is the given \fI\s-1SUITE\s0\fR and D is the components given via
\&\fB\-\-components\fR (defaults to \*(L"main\*(R"). If a \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR option happens to be an
existing file, then its contents are pasted into the chroot's sources.list.
This can be used to supply a deb822 style sources.list. If \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR is \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR
then standard input is pasted into the chroot's sources.list. If there was
data on standard input but no \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR mirror was listed, the lines read from
standard input will be appended to the end of the chroot's sources.list. More
than one mirror can be specified and are appended to the chroot's sources.list
in the given order. If any mirror contains a https \s-1URI,\s0 then the packages
apt-transport-https and ca-certificates will be installed inside the chroot.
If any mirror contains a tor+xxx \s-1URI,\s0 then the apt-transport-tor package will
be installed inside the chroot.
.PP
The optional \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR argument can either be the path to a directory, the
path to a tarball filename or \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR. If \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR ends with \f(CW\*(C`.tar\*(C'\fR, or with
any of the filename extensions listed in the section \fB\s-1COMPRESSION\s0\fR, then
\&\fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR will be interpreted as a path to a tarball filename. If \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR is
the path to a tarball filename or if \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR is \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR or if no \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR was
specified, \fBmmdebstrap\fR will create a temporary chroot directory in
\&\f(CW$TMPDIR\fR or \fI/tmp\fR. If \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR is the path to a tarball filename,
\&\fBmmdebstrap\fR will create a tarball of that directory and store it as
\&\fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR, optionally applying a compression algorithm as indicated by its
filename extension. If \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR is \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR or if no \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR was specified,
then an uncompressed tarball of that directory will be sent to standard
output. If \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR does not end in \f(CW\*(C`.tar\*(C'\fR or with any of the filename
extensions listed in the section \fB\s-1COMPRESSION\s0\fR, then \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR will be
interpreted as the path to a directory. If the directory already exists, it
must either be empty or only contain an empty \f(CW\*(C`lost+found\*(C'\fR directory.  If a
directory is chosen as output in any other mode than \fBsudo\fR, then its
contents will have wrong ownership information and special device files will
be missing.
.PP
The \fI\s-1SUITE\s0\fR may be a valid release code name (eg, sid, stretch, jessie) or a
symbolic name (eg, unstable, testing, stable, oldstable). Any suite name that
works with apt on the given mirror will work. If no \fI\s-1SUITE\s0\fR was specified,
then a single \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR is added and thus the information of the desired
suite has to come from standard input as part of a valid apt sources.list
file.
.PP
All status output is printed to standard error unless \fB\-\-logfile\fR is used to
redirect it to a file or \fB\-\-quiet\fR or \fB\-\-silent\fR is used to suppress any
output on standard error. Help and version information will be printed to
standard error with the \fB\-\-help\fR and \fB\-\-version\fR options, respectively.
Otherwise, an uncompressed tarball might be sent to standard output if
\&\fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR is \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR or if no \fI\s-1TARGET\s0\fR was specified.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
Options are case insensitive. Short options may be bundled. Long options
require a double dash and may be abbreviated to uniqueness.
.IP "\fB\-h,\-\-help\fR" 8
.IX Item "-h,--help"
Print this help text and exit.
.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 8
.IX Item "--version"
Print the \fBmmdebstrap\fR version and exit.
.IP "\fB\-\-variant\fR=\fIname\fR" 8
.IX Item "--variant=name"
Choose which package set to install. Valid variant \fIname\fRs are \fBextract\fR,
\&\fBcustom\fR, \fBessential\fR, \fBapt\fR, \fBrequired\fR, \fBminbase\fR, \fBbuildd\fR,
\&\fBimportant\fR, \fBdebootstrap\fR, \fB\-\fR, and \fBstandard\fR. The default variant is
\&\fBrequired\fR. See the section \fB\s-1VARIANTS\s0\fR for more information.
.IP "\fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIname\fR" 8
.IX Item "--mode=name"
Choose how to perform the chroot operation and create a filesystem with
ownership information different from the current user. Valid mode \fIname\fRs are \fBauto\fR,
\&\fBsudo\fR, \fBroot\fR, \fBunshare\fR, \fBfakeroot\fR, \fBfakechroot\fR and \fBproot\fR. The
default mode is \fBauto\fR. See the section \fB\s-1MODES\s0\fR for more information.
.IP "\fB\-\-aptopt\fR=\fIoption\fR|\fIfile\fR" 8
.IX Item "--aptopt=option|file"
Pass arbitrary \fIoption\fRs to apt. Will be added to
\&\fI/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99mmdebstrap\fR inside the chroot.  Can be specified
multiple times. Each \fIoption\fR will be appended to 99mmdebstrap. A semicolon will
be added at the end of the option if necessary. If the command line argument
is an existing \fIfile\fR, the content of the file will be appended to 99mmdebstrap
verbatim.
.Sp
Examples:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&    \-\-aptopt=\*(AqAcquire::Check\-Valid\-Until "false"\*(Aq
\&    \-\-aptopt=\*(AqAcquire::Languages { "environment"; "en"; }\*(Aq
\&    \-\-aptopt=\*(AqAcquire::Languages "none"\*(Aq
\&    \-\-aptopt=\*(AqApt::Install\-Recommends "true"\*(Aq
\&    \-\-aptopt=\*(AqAcquire::http { Proxy "http://127.0.0.1:3142"; }\*(Aq
\&    \-\-aptopt=\*(AqAPT::Sandbox::User "root"\*(Aq
.Ve
.IP "\fB\-\-dpkgopt\fR=\fIoption\fR|\fIfile\fR" 8
.IX Item "--dpkgopt=option|file"
Pass arbitrary \fIoption\fRs to dpkg. Will be added to
\&\fI/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/99mmdebstrap\fR inside the chroot. Can be specified
multiple times. Each \fIoption\fR will be appended to 99mmdebstrap. If the command
line argument is an existing \fIfile\fR, the content of the file will be appended to
99mmdebstrap verbatim.
.Sp
Example: \-\-dpkgopt=\*(L"path\-exclude=/usr/share/man/*\*(R"
.IP "\fB\-\-include\fR=\fIpkg1\fR[,\fIpkg2\fR,...]" 8
.IX Item "--include=pkg1[,pkg2,...]"
Comma separated list of packages which will be installed in addition to the
packages installed by the specified variant. The direct and indirect hard
dependencies will also be installed. The behaviour of this option depends on
the selected variant. The \fBextract\fR and \fBcustom\fR variants install no packages
by default, so for these variants, the packages specified by this option will
be the only ones that get either extracted or installed by dpkg, respectively.
For all other variants, apt is used to install the additional packages. The
\&\fBessential\fR variant does not include apt and thus, the include option will
only work when the \fBchrootless\fR mode is selected and thus apt from the outside
can be used.
.IP "\fB\-\-components\fR=\fIcomp1\fR[,\fIcomp2\fR,...]" 8
.IX Item "--components=comp1[,comp2,...]"
Comma separated list of components like main, contrib and non-free which will
be used for all URI-only \fI\s-1MIRROR\s0\fR arguments.
.IP "\fB\-\-architectures\fR=\fInative\fR[,\fIforeign1\fR,...]" 8
.IX Item "--architectures=native[,foreign1,...]"
Comma separated list of architectures. The first architecture is the \fInative\fR
architecture inside the chroot. The remaining architectures will be added to
the foreign dpkg architectures. Without this option, the \fInative\fR
architecture of the chroot defaults to the native architecture of the system
running \fBmmdebstrap\fR.
.IP "\fB\-q,\-\-quiet\fR, \fB\-s,\-\-silent\fR" 8
.IX Item "-q,--quiet, -s,--silent"
Do not write anything to standard error. If used together with \fB\-\-verbose\fR or
\&\fB\-\-debug\fR, only the last option will take effect.
.IP "\fB\-v,\-\-verbose\fR" 8
.IX Item "-v,--verbose"
Instead of progress bars, write the dpkg and apt output directly to standard
error. If used together with \fB\-\-quiet\fR or \fB\-\-debug\fR, only the last option
will take effect.
.IP "\fB\-d,\-\-debug\fR" 8
.IX Item "-d,--debug"
In addition to the output produced by \fB\-\-verbose\fR, write detailed debugging
information to standard error. Errors will print a backtrace. If used together
with \fB\-\-quiet\fR or \fB\-\-verbose\fR, only the last option will take effect.
.IP "\fB\-\-logfile\fR=\fIfilename\fR" 8
.IX Item "--logfile=filename"
Instead of writing status information to standard error, write it into the
file given by \fIfilename\fR.
.SH "MODES"
.IX Header "MODES"
Creating a Debian chroot requires not only permissions for running chroot but
also the ability to create files owned by the superuser. The selected mode
decides which way this is achieved.
.IP "\fBauto\fR" 8
.IX Item "auto"
This mode automatically selects a fitting mode. If the effective user id is the
one of the superuser, then the \fBsudo\fR mode is chosen. Otherwise, the
\&\fBunshare\fR mode is picked if the system has the sysctl
\&\f(CW\*(C`kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone\*(C'\fR set to \f(CW1\fR. Should that not be the case
and if the proot binary exists, the \fBproot\fR mode is chosen. Lastly, the
\&\fBfakechroot\fR is used if the fakechroot binary exists.
.IP "\fBsudo\fR, \fBroot\fR" 8
.IX Item "sudo, root"
This mode directly executes chroot and is the same mode of operation as is
used by debootstrap. It is the only mode that can directly create a directory
chroot with the right permissions. If the chroot directory is not accessible
by the _apt user, then apt sandboxing will be automatically disabled.
.IP "\fBunshare\fR" 8
.IX Item "unshare"
This mode uses Linux user namespaces to allow unpriviliged use of chroot and
creation of files that appear to be owned by the superuser inside the unshared
namespace. A directory chroot created with this mode will end up with wrong
permissions. Choose to create a tarball instead.
.IP "\fBfakeroot\fR, \fBfakechroot\fR" 8
.IX Item "fakeroot, fakechroot"
This mode will exec \fBmmdebstrap\fR again under \f(CW\*(C`fakechroot fakeroot\*(C'\fR. A
directory chroot created with this mode will end up with wrong permissions.
Choose to create a tarball instead.
.IP "\fBproot\fR" 8
.IX Item "proot"
This mode will carry out all calls to chroot with proot instead. Since
permissions are only retained while proot is still running, this will lead to
wrong permissions in the final directory and tarball. This mode is useful if
you plan to use the chroot with proot.
.IP "\fBchrootless\fR" 8
.IX Item "chrootless"
Uses the dpkg option \f(CW\*(C`\-\-force\-script\-chrootless\*(C'\fR to install packages into
\&\fB\s-1TARGET\s0\fR without dpkg and apt inside \fBtarget\fR but using apt and dpkg from
the machine running \fBmmdebstrap\fR. Maintainer scripts are run without chrooting
into \fB\s-1TARGET\s0\fR and rely on their dependencies being installed on the machine
running \fBmmdebstrap\fR.
.SH "VARIANTS"
.IX Header "VARIANTS"
All package sets also include the direct and indirect hard dependencies (but
not recommends) of the selected package sets. The variants \fBminbase\fR,
\&\fBbuildd\fR and \fB\-\fR, resemble the package sets that debootstrap would install
with the same \fI\-\-variant\fR argument.
.IP "\fBextract\fR" 8
.IX Item "extract"
Installs nothing by default (not even \f(CW\*(C`Essential:yes\*(C'\fR packages). Packages
given by the \f(CW\*(C`\-\-include\*(C'\fR option are extracted but will not be installed.
.IP "\fBcustom\fR" 8
.IX Item "custom"
Installs nothing by default (not even \f(CW\*(C`Essential:yes\*(C'\fR packages). Packages
given by the \f(CW\*(C`\-\-include\*(C'\fR option will be installed.  If another mode than
\&\fBchrootless\fR was selected and dpkg was not part of the included package set,
then this variant will fail because it cannot configure the packages.
.IP "\fBessential\fR" 8
.IX Item "essential"
\&\f(CW\*(C`Essential:yes\*(C'\fR packages.
.IP "\fBapt\fR" 8
.IX Item "apt"
The \fBessential\fR set plus apt.
.IP "\fBrequired\fR, \fBminbase\fR" 8
.IX Item "required, minbase"
The \fBessential\fR set plus all packages with Priority:required and apt.
.IP "\fBbuildd\fR" 8
.IX Item "buildd"
The \fBminbase\fR set plus build-essential.
.IP "\fBimportant\fR, \fBdebootstrap\fR, \fB\-\fR" 8
.IX Item "important, debootstrap, -"
The \fBrequired\fR set plus all packages with Priority:important. This is the default of debootstrap.
.IP "\fBstandard\fR" 8
.IX Item "standard"
The \fBimportant\fR set plus all packages with Priority:standard.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Use like debootstrap:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    $ sudo mmdebstrap unstable ./unstable\-chroot
.Ve
.PP
Without superuser privileges:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    $ mmdebstrap unstable unstable\-chroot.tar
.Ve
.PP
With no command line arguments at all. The chroot content is entirely defined
by a sources.list file on standard input.
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    $ mmdebstrap < /etc/apt/sources.list > unstable\-chroot.tar
.Ve
.PP
Drop locales (but not the symlink to the locale name alias database),
translated manual packages (but not the untranslated ones), and documentation
(but not copyright and Debian changelog).
.PP
.Vb 9
\&    $ mmdebstrap \-\-variant=essential \e
\&        \-\-dpkgopt=\*(Aqpath\-exclude=/usr/share/man/*\*(Aq \e
\&        \-\-dpkgopt=\*(Aqpath\-include=/usr/share/man/man[1\-9]/*\*(Aq \e
\&        \-\-dpkgopt=\*(Aqpath\-exclude=/usr/share/locale/*\*(Aq \e
\&        \-\-dpkgopt=\*(Aqpath\-include=/usr/share/locale/locale.alias\*(Aq \e
\&        \-\-dpkgopt=\*(Aqpath\-exclude=/usr/share/doc/*\*(Aq \e
\&        \-\-dpkgopt=\*(Aqpath\-include=/usr/share/doc/*/copyright\*(Aq \e
\&        \-\-dpkgopt=\*(Aqpath\-include=/usr/share/doc/*/changelog.Debian.*\*(Aq \e
\&        unstable debian\-unstable.tar
.Ve
.PP
Use as debootstrap replacement in sbuild-createchroot:
.PP
.Vb 3
\&    $ sbuild\-createchroot \-\-debootstrap=mmdebstrap \e
\&        \-\-make\-sbuild\-tarball ~/.cache/sbuild/unstable\-amd64.tar.gz \e
\&        unstable $(mktemp \-d)
.Ve
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
By setting \f(CW\*(C`SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH\*(C'\fR the result will be reproducible over multiple
runs with the same options and mirror content.
.SH "DEBOOTSTRAP"
.IX Header "DEBOOTSTRAP"
This section lists some differences to debootstrap.
.IP "\(bu" 8
More than one mirror possible
.IP "\(bu" 8
Default mirrors for stable releases include updates and security mirror
.IP "\(bu" 8
Multiple ways to operate as non-root: fakechroot, proot, unshare
.IP "\(bu" 8
3\-6 times faster
.IP "\(bu" 8
Can create a chroot with only \f(CW\*(C`Essential:yes\*(C'\fR packages and their dependencies
.IP "\(bu" 8
Reproducible output by default if \f(CW$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH\fR is set
.IP "\(bu" 8
Can create output on filesystems with nodev set
.IP "\(bu" 8
apt cache and lists are cleaned at the end
.IP "\(bu" 8
foreign architecture chroots using qemu-user
.PP
Limitations in comparison to debootstrap:
.IP "\(bu" 8
Only runs on systems with apt installed
.IP "\(bu" 8
No \fI\s-1SCRIPT\s0\fR argument
.IP "\(bu" 8
No \fI\-\-second\-stage\fR option.
.SH "COMPRESSION"
.IX Header "COMPRESSION"
\&\fBmmdebstrap\fR will choose a suitable compressor for the output tarball
depending on the filename extension. The following mapping from filename
extension to compressor applies:
.PP
.Vb 10
\& extension compressor
\& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
\& .tar      none
\& .gz       gzip
\& .tgz      gzip
\& .taz      gzip
\& .Z        compress
\& .taZ      compress
\& .bz2      bzip2
\& .tbz      bzip2
\& .tbz2     bzip2
\& .tz2      bzip2
\& .lz       lzip
\& .lzma     lzma
\& .tlz      lzma
\& .lzo      lzop
\& .lz4      lz4
\& .xz       xz
\& .txz      xz
\& .zst      zstd
.Ve
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
As of version 1.19.5, dpkg does not provide facilities preventing it from
reading the dpkg configuration of the machine running \fBmmdebstrap\fR.
Therefore, until this dpkg limitation is fixed, a default dpkg configuration
is recommended on machines running \fBmmdebstrap\fR.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
.Vb 1
\&    debootstrap(8)
.Ve