.\"- .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ana Kukec .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" $FreeBSD: releng/12.0/share/man/man4/send.4 275990 2014-12-21 09:53:29Z brueffer $ .\" .Dd September 19, 2010 .Dt SEND 4 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm send .Nd "Kernel side support for Secure Neighbor Discovery (SeND)" .Sh SYNOPSIS .In sys/socket.h .In netinet/in.h .In netinet6/send.h .Ft int .Fn socket PF_INET6 SOCK_RAW IPPROTO_SEND .Pp To load the driver as a module at boot time, place the following line in .Xr loader.conf 5 : .Bd -literal -offset indent send_load="YES" .Ed .Sh DESCRIPTION IPv6 nodes use the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) to discover other nodes on the link, to determine their link-layer addresses to find routers, and to maintain reachability information about the paths to active members. NDP is vulnerable to various attacks [RFC3756]. Secure Neighbor Discovery is a set of extensions to NDP that counter threats to NDP [RFC3971]. .Pp Kernel side support for SeND consists of a kernel module with hooks that divert relevant packets (Neighbor Solicitations, Neighbor Advertisements, Router Solicitations, Router Advertisements and Redirects) from the NDP stack, send them to user space on a dedicated socket and reinject them back for further processing. Hooks are triggered only if the .Nm module is loaded. .Pp The native SeND socket is similar to a raw IP socket, but with its own, internal pseudo-protocol (IPPROTO_SEND). Struct sockaddr_send is defined in .In netinet6/send.h . It defines the total length of the structure, the address family, packet's incoming or outgoing direction from the interface's point of view, and the interface index. .Bd -literal struct sockaddr_send { unsigned char send_len; /* total length */ sa_family_t send_family; /* address family */ int send_direction; int send_ifidx; char send_zero[8]; }; .Ed .Pp The address family is always .Va AF_INET6 . The .Va send_direction variable denotes the direction of the packet from the interface's point of view and has either the value .Dv SND_IN or .Dv SND_OUT . The .Va send_ifidx variable is the interface index of the receiving or sending interface. The .Va send_zero variable is padding and must always be zero. .Pp In case that no user space application is connected to the send socket, processing continues normally as if the module was not loaded. .Sh INPUT HOOK The input hook is named after the input path of the incoming or outgoing NDP packets, on the way from the wire, through the nd6 stack, to user space. Relevant packets are identified by adding an mbuf_tag (see .Xr mbuf_tags 9 ) to the .Xr mbuf 9 , if the .Nm module is loaded. It is then passed on to the kernel-userland interface for either cryptographic protection or validation by the SeND application. The hook takes an argument that describes the direction of the packet, both in case of incoming and outgoing packets. .Dv SND_IN is the direction of the incoming packets that are usually protected by the SeND options and then sent to user space for cryptographic validation. .Dv SND_OUT is the outgoing direction. It describes both reply and locally originated outgoing packets that are sent to user space for the addition of SeND options. .Sh INCOMING PACKETS The incoming ND packet from the wire: .Bd -literal kernelspace ( userspace ) incoming SeND/ND packet ( | ) v ( SND_IN ) ( icmp6_input() -> send_input_hook ---> send socket ----+ : ) | : # # ( | normal : # # ) v processing : # send.ko # ( SeND application path : # # ) | : # # ( | v ) | icmp6/nd6_??_input() <- protocol switch <--- send socket <---+ | structure (IPPPROTO_SEND) ) | ( SND_IN ) ( v ) continue normal ND processing ( .Ed .Sh OUTGOING PACKETS Outgoing ND packet (reply or locally triggered): .Bd -literal kernelspace ( userspace ) nd6_na_input() ( +PACKET_TAG_ND_OUTGOING ) | ) | outgoing packet ( | | ) | v ( | icmp6_redirect_output() ) | nd6_ns_output() ( | nd6_na_output() ) | +PACKET_TAG_ND_OUTGOING ( | | ) | +-----------<- rip6_output() <----------)----- rtsol/rtadvd/.. | | +PACKET_TAG_ND_OUTGOING ( | v ) | ip6_output() ( | | ) +-------->-+ ( | ) v ( SND_OUT ) ( nd6_output_lle() -> send_input_hook ---> send socket ----+ -PACKET_TAG_ND_OUTGOING ) | : # # ( | normal : # # ) v processing : # send.ko # ( SeND application path : # # ) | : # # ( | v ) | (*ifp->if_output)() <- protocol switch <--- send socket <---+ | structure (IPPPROTO_SEND) ) | ( SND_OUT ) ( v ) continue with normal packet output ( .Ed .Sh ERRORS A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned: .Bl -tag -width Er .It Bq Er EEXIST Another user space SeND application is bound to the socket. .It Bq Er ENOBUFS Shortage of space to receive the incoming (SeND-protected) or outgoing (SeND-validated) packet from the SeND application. .It Bq Er ENOSYS A packet received from user space and passed to the NDP stack for further processing is neither Neighbor Solicitation, Neighbor Advertisement, Router Solicitation, Router Advertisement nor Redirect. .It Bq Er ENOENT Occurs if interface output routines fail to send the packet out of the interface. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr recvfrom 2 , .Xr sendto 2 , .Xr socket 2 , .Xr loader.conf 5 .Sh HISTORY The .Nm module first appeared in .Fx 9.0 . .Sh AUTHORS .An Ana Kukec Aq Mt anchie@FreeBSD.org , University of Zagreb .Sh BUGS Due to the lack of NDP locking, it is currently not possible to unload the .Nm module.