'\" t
.\"     Title: GRANT
.\"    Author: The PostgreSQL Global Development Group
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
.\"      Date: 2023
.\"    Manual: PostgreSQL 13.10 Documentation
.\"    Source: PostgreSQL 13.10
.\"  Language: English
.\"
.TH "GRANT" "7" "2023" "PostgreSQL 13.10" "PostgreSQL 13.10 Documentation"
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.SH "NAME"
GRANT \- define access privileges
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.sp
.nf
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
    [, \&.\&.\&.] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON { [ TABLE ] \fItable_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
         | ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA \fIschema_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] }
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | REFERENCES } ( \fIcolumn_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] )
    [, \&.\&.\&.] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] ( \fIcolumn_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] ) }
    ON [ TABLE ] \fItable_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE }
    [, \&.\&.\&.] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON { SEQUENCE \fIsequence_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
         | ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA \fIschema_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] }
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [, \&.\&.\&.] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON DATABASE \fIdatabase_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON DOMAIN \fIdomain_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER \fIfdw_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON FOREIGN SERVER \fIserver_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON { { FUNCTION | PROCEDURE | ROUTINE } \fIroutine_name\fR [ ( [ [ \fIargmode\fR ] [ \fIarg_name\fR ] \fIarg_type\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] ] ) ] [, \&.\&.\&.]
         | ALL { FUNCTIONS | PROCEDURES | ROUTINES } IN SCHEMA \fIschema_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] }
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON LANGUAGE \fIlang_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE } [, \&.\&.\&.] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON LARGE OBJECT \fIloid\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [, \&.\&.\&.] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON SCHEMA \fIschema_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TABLESPACE \fItablespace_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TYPE \fItype_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT \fIrole_name\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] TO \fIrole_specification\fR [, \&.\&.\&.]
    [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]
    [ GRANTED BY \fIrole_specification\fR ]

where \fIrole_specification\fR can be:

    [ GROUP ] \fIrole_name\fR
  | PUBLIC
  | CURRENT_USER
  | SESSION_USER
.fi
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
The
\fBGRANT\fR
command has two basic variants: one that grants privileges on a database object (table, column, view, foreign table, sequence, database, foreign\-data wrapper, foreign server, function, procedure, procedural language, schema, or tablespace), and one that grants membership in a role\&. These variants are similar in many ways, but they are different enough to be described separately\&.
.SS "GRANT on Database Objects"
.PP
This variant of the
\fBGRANT\fR
command gives specific privileges on a database object to one or more roles\&. These privileges are added to those already granted, if any\&.
.PP
The key word
PUBLIC
indicates that the privileges are to be granted to all roles, including those that might be created later\&.
PUBLIC
can be thought of as an implicitly defined group that always includes all roles\&. Any particular role will have the sum of privileges granted directly to it, privileges granted to any role it is presently a member of, and privileges granted to
PUBLIC\&.
.PP
If
WITH GRANT OPTION
is specified, the recipient of the privilege can in turn grant it to others\&. Without a grant option, the recipient cannot do that\&. Grant options cannot be granted to
PUBLIC\&.
.PP
There is no need to grant privileges to the owner of an object (usually the user that created it), as the owner has all privileges by default\&. (The owner could, however, choose to revoke some of their own privileges for safety\&.)
.PP
The right to drop an object, or to alter its definition in any way, is not treated as a grantable privilege; it is inherent in the owner, and cannot be granted or revoked\&. (However, a similar effect can be obtained by granting or revoking membership in the role that owns the object; see below\&.) The owner implicitly has all grant options for the object, too\&.
.PP
The possible privileges are:
.PP
SELECT
.br
INSERT
.br
UPDATE
.br
DELETE
.br
TRUNCATE
.br
REFERENCES
.br
TRIGGER
.br
CREATE
.br
CONNECT
.br
TEMPORARY
.br
EXECUTE
.br
USAGE
.RS 4
Specific types of privileges, as defined in
Section\ \&5.7\&.
.RE
.PP
TEMP
.RS 4
Alternative spelling for
TEMPORARY\&.
.RE
.PP
ALL PRIVILEGES
.RS 4
Grant all of the privileges available for the object\*(Aqs type\&. The
PRIVILEGES
key word is optional in
PostgreSQL, though it is required by strict SQL\&.
.RE
.PP
The
FUNCTION
syntax works for plain functions, aggregate functions, and window functions, but not for procedures; use
PROCEDURE
for those\&. Alternatively, use
ROUTINE
to refer to a function, aggregate function, window function, or procedure regardless of its precise type\&.
.PP
There is also an option to grant privileges on all objects of the same type within one or more schemas\&. This functionality is currently supported only for tables, sequences, functions, and procedures\&.
ALL TABLES
also affects views and foreign tables, just like the specific\-object
\fBGRANT\fR
command\&.
ALL FUNCTIONS
also affects aggregate and window functions, but not procedures, again just like the specific\-object
\fBGRANT\fR
command\&. Use
ALL ROUTINES
to include procedures\&.
.SS "GRANT on Roles"
.PP
This variant of the
\fBGRANT\fR
command grants membership in a role to one or more other roles\&. Membership in a role is significant because it conveys the privileges granted to a role to each of its members\&.
.PP
If
WITH ADMIN OPTION
is specified, the member can in turn grant membership in the role to others, and revoke membership in the role as well\&. Without the admin option, ordinary users cannot do that\&. A role is not considered to hold
WITH ADMIN OPTION
on itself, but it may grant or revoke membership in itself from a database session where the session user matches the role\&. Database superusers can grant or revoke membership in any role to anyone\&. Roles having
CREATEROLE
privilege can grant or revoke membership in any role that is not a superuser\&.
.PP
If
GRANTED BY
is specified, the grant is recorded as having been done by the specified role\&. Only database superusers may use this option, except when it names the same role executing the command\&.
.PP
Unlike the case with privileges, membership in a role cannot be granted to
PUBLIC\&. Note also that this form of the command does not allow the noise word
GROUP
in
\fIrole_specification\fR\&.
.SH "NOTES"
.PP
The
\fBREVOKE\fR(7)
command is used to revoke access privileges\&.
.PP
Since
PostgreSQL
8\&.1, the concepts of users and groups have been unified into a single kind of entity called a role\&. It is therefore no longer necessary to use the keyword
GROUP
to identify whether a grantee is a user or a group\&.
GROUP
is still allowed in the command, but it is a noise word\&.
.PP
A user may perform
\fBSELECT\fR,
\fBINSERT\fR, etc\&. on a column if they hold that privilege for either the specific column or its whole table\&. Granting the privilege at the table level and then revoking it for one column will not do what one might wish: the table\-level grant is unaffected by a column\-level operation\&.
.PP
When a non\-owner of an object attempts to
\fBGRANT\fR
privileges on the object, the command will fail outright if the user has no privileges whatsoever on the object\&. As long as some privilege is available, the command will proceed, but it will grant only those privileges for which the user has grant options\&. The
\fBGRANT ALL PRIVILEGES\fR
forms will issue a warning message if no grant options are held, while the other forms will issue a warning if grant options for any of the privileges specifically named in the command are not held\&. (In principle these statements apply to the object owner as well, but since the owner is always treated as holding all grant options, the cases can never occur\&.)
.PP
It should be noted that database superusers can access all objects regardless of object privilege settings\&. This is comparable to the rights of
root
in a Unix system\&. As with
root, it\*(Aqs unwise to operate as a superuser except when absolutely necessary\&.
.PP
If a superuser chooses to issue a
\fBGRANT\fR
or
\fBREVOKE\fR
command, the command is performed as though it were issued by the owner of the affected object\&. In particular, privileges granted via such a command will appear to have been granted by the object owner\&. (For role membership, the membership appears to have been granted by the containing role itself\&.)
.PP
\fBGRANT\fR
and
\fBREVOKE\fR
can also be done by a role that is not the owner of the affected object, but is a member of the role that owns the object, or is a member of a role that holds privileges
WITH GRANT OPTION
on the object\&. In this case the privileges will be recorded as having been granted by the role that actually owns the object or holds the privileges
WITH GRANT OPTION\&. For example, if table
t1
is owned by role
g1, of which role
u1
is a member, then
u1
can grant privileges on
t1
to
u2, but those privileges will appear to have been granted directly by
g1\&. Any other member of role
g1
could revoke them later\&.
.PP
If the role executing
\fBGRANT\fR
holds the required privileges indirectly via more than one role membership path, it is unspecified which containing role will be recorded as having done the grant\&. In such cases it is best practice to use
\fBSET ROLE\fR
to become the specific role you want to do the
\fBGRANT\fR
as\&.
.PP
Granting permission on a table does not automatically extend permissions to any sequences used by the table, including sequences tied to
SERIAL
columns\&. Permissions on sequences must be set separately\&.
.PP
See
Section\ \&5.7
for more information about specific privilege types, as well as how to inspect objects\*(Aq privileges\&.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.PP
Grant insert privilege to all users on table
films:
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
GRANT INSERT ON films TO PUBLIC;
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.PP
Grant all available privileges to user
manuel
on view
kinds:
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON kinds TO manuel;
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.sp
Note that while the above will indeed grant all privileges if executed by a superuser or the owner of
kinds, when executed by someone else it will only grant those permissions for which the someone else has grant options\&.
.PP
Grant membership in role
admins
to user
joe:
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
GRANT admins TO joe;
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.SH "COMPATIBILITY"
.PP
According to the SQL standard, the
PRIVILEGES
key word in
ALL PRIVILEGES
is required\&. The SQL standard does not support setting the privileges on more than one object per command\&.
.PP
PostgreSQL
allows an object owner to revoke their own ordinary privileges: for example, a table owner can make the table read\-only to themselves by revoking their own
INSERT,
UPDATE,
DELETE, and
TRUNCATE
privileges\&. This is not possible according to the SQL standard\&. The reason is that
PostgreSQL
treats the owner\*(Aqs privileges as having been granted by the owner to themselves; therefore they can revoke them too\&. In the SQL standard, the owner\*(Aqs privileges are granted by an assumed entity
\(lq_SYSTEM\(rq\&. Not being
\(lq_SYSTEM\(rq, the owner cannot revoke these rights\&.
.PP
According to the SQL standard, grant options can be granted to
PUBLIC; PostgreSQL only supports granting grant options to roles\&.
.PP
The SQL standard allows the
GRANTED BY
option to be used in all forms of
\fBGRANT\fR\&. PostgreSQL only supports it when granting role membership, and even then only superusers may use it in nontrivial ways\&.
.PP
The SQL standard provides for a
USAGE
privilege on other kinds of objects: character sets, collations, translations\&.
.PP
In the SQL standard, sequences only have a
USAGE
privilege, which controls the use of the
NEXT VALUE FOR
expression, which is equivalent to the function
\fBnextval\fR
in PostgreSQL\&. The sequence privileges
SELECT
and
UPDATE
are PostgreSQL extensions\&. The application of the sequence
USAGE
privilege to the
currval
function is also a PostgreSQL extension (as is the function itself)\&.
.PP
Privileges on databases, tablespaces, schemas, and languages are
PostgreSQL
extensions\&.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
\fBREVOKE\fR(7), ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES (\fBALTER_DEFAULT_PRIVILEGES\fR(7))