.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.40) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\ . if \nF \{\ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{\ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "Encode::Supported 3perl" .TH Encode::Supported 3perl "2021-09-24" "perl v5.32.1" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" Encode::Supported \-\- Encodings supported by Encode .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" .SS "Encoding Names" .IX Subsection "Encoding Names" Encoding names are case insensitive. White space in names is ignored. In addition, an encoding may have aliases. Each encoding has one \*(L"canonical\*(R" name. The \*(L"canonical\*(R" name is chosen from the names of the encoding by picking the first in the following sequence (with a few exceptions). .IP "\(bu" 2 The name used by the Perl community. That includes 'utf8' and 'ascii'. Unlike aliases, canonical names directly reach the method so such frequently used words like 'utf8' don't need to do alias lookups. .IP "\(bu" 2 The \s-1MIME\s0 name as defined in \s-1IETF\s0 RFCs. This includes all \*(L"iso\-\*(R"s. .IP "\(bu" 2 The name in the \s-1IANA\s0 registry. .IP "\(bu" 2 The name used by the organization that defined it. .PP In case \fIde jure\fR canonical names differ from that of the Encode module, they are always aliased if it ever be implemented. So you can safely tell if a given encoding is implemented or not just by passing the canonical name. .PP Because of all the alias issues, and because in the general case encodings have state, \*(L"Encode\*(R" uses an encoding object internally once an operation is in progress. .SH "Supported Encodings" .IX Header "Supported Encodings" As of Perl 5.8.0, at least the following encodings are recognized. Note that unless otherwise specified, they are all case insensitive (via alias) and all occurrence of spaces are replaced with '\-'. In other words, \*(L"\s-1ISO 8859 1\*(R"\s0 and \*(L"iso\-8859\-1\*(R" are identical. .PP Encodings are categorized and implemented in several different modules but you don't have to \f(CW\*(C`use Encode::XX\*(C'\fR to make them available for most cases. Encode.pm will automatically load those modules on demand. .SS "Built-in Encodings" .IX Subsection "Built-in Encodings" The following encodings are always available. .PP .Vb 8 \& Canonical Aliases Comments & References \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& ascii US\-ascii ISO\-646\-US [ECMA] \& ascii\-ctrl Special Encoding \& iso\-8859\-1 latin1 [ISO] \& null Special Encoding \& utf8 UTF\-8 [RFC2279] \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP \&\fInull\fR and \fIascii-ctrl\fR are special. \*(L"null\*(R" fails for all character so when you set fallback mode to \s-1PERLQQ, HTMLCREF\s0 or \s-1XMLCREF, ALL CHARACTERS\s0 will fall back to character references. Ditto for \&\*(L"ascii-ctrl\*(R" except for control characters. For fallback modes, see Encode. .SS "Encode::Unicode \*(-- other Unicode encodings" .IX Subsection "Encode::Unicode other Unicode encodings" Unicode coding schemes other than native utf8 are supported by Encode::Unicode, which will be autoloaded on demand. .PP .Vb 11 \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& UCS\-2BE UCS\-2, iso\-10646\-1 [IANA, UC] \& UCS\-2LE [UC] \& UTF\-16 [UC] \& UTF\-16BE [UC] \& UTF\-16LE [UC] \& UTF\-32 [UC] \& UTF\-32BE UCS\-4 [UC] \& UTF\-32LE [UC] \& UTF\-7 [RFC2152] \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP To find how (UCS\-2|UTF\-(16|32))(LE|BE)? differ from one another, see Encode::Unicode. .PP \&\s-1UTF\-7\s0 is a special encoding which \*(L"re-encodes\*(R" \s-1UTF\-16BE\s0 into a 7\-bit encoding. It is implemented separately by Encode::Unicode::UTF7. .SS "Encode::Byte \*(-- Extended \s-1ASCII\s0" .IX Subsection "Encode::Byte Extended ASCII" Encode::Byte implements most single-byte encodings except for Symbols and \s-1EBCDIC.\s0 The following encodings are based on single-byte encodings implemented as extended \s-1ASCII.\s0 Most of them map \&\ex80\-\exff (upper half) to non-ASCII characters. .IP "\s-1ISO\-8859\s0 and corresponding vendor mappings" 2 .IX Item "ISO-8859 and corresponding vendor mappings" Since there are so many, they are presented in table format with languages and corresponding encoding names by vendors. Note that the table is sorted in order of \s-1ISO\-8859\s0 and the corresponding vendor mappings are slightly different from that of \s-1ISO.\s0 See for details. .Sp .Vb 10 \& Lang/Regions ISO/Other Std. DOS Windows Macintosh Others \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& N. America (ASCII) cp437 AdobeStandardEncoding \& cp863 (DOSCanadaF) \& W. Europe iso\-8859\-1 cp850 cp1252 MacRoman nextstep \& hp\-roman8 \& cp860 (DOSPortuguese) \& Cntrl. Europe iso\-8859\-2 cp852 cp1250 MacCentralEurRoman \& MacCroatian \& MacRomanian \& MacRumanian \& Latin3[1] iso\-8859\-3 \& Latin4[2] iso\-8859\-4 \& Cyrillics iso\-8859\-5 cp855 cp1251 MacCyrillic \& (See also next section) cp866 MacUkrainian \& Arabic iso\-8859\-6 cp864 cp1256 MacArabic \& cp1006 MacFarsi \& Greek iso\-8859\-7 cp737 cp1253 MacGreek \& cp869 (DOSGreek2) \& Hebrew iso\-8859\-8 cp862 cp1255 MacHebrew \& Turkish iso\-8859\-9 cp857 cp1254 MacTurkish \& Nordics iso\-8859\-10 cp865 \& cp861 MacIcelandic \& MacSami \& Thai iso\-8859\-11[3] cp874 MacThai \& (iso\-8859\-12 is nonexistent. Reserved for Indics?) \& Baltics iso\-8859\-13 cp775 cp1257 \& Celtics iso\-8859\-14 \& Latin9 [4] iso\-8859\-15 \& Latin10 iso\-8859\-16 \& Vietnamese viscii cp1258 MacVietnamese \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& \& [1] Esperanto, Maltese, and Turkish. Turkish is now on 8859\-9. \& [2] Baltics. Now on 8859\-10, except for Latvian. \& [3] TIS 620 + Non\-Breaking Space (0xA0 / U+00A0) \& [4] Nicknamed Latin0; the Euro sign as well as French and Finnish \& letters that are missing from 8859\-1 were added. .Ve .Sp All cp* are also available as ibm\-*, ms\-*, and windows\-* . See also . .Sp Macintosh encodings don't seem to be registered in such entities as \&\s-1IANA.\s0 \*(L"Canonical\*(R" names in Encode are based upon Apple's Tech Note 1150. See for details. .IP "\s-1KOI8\s0 \- De Facto Standard for the Cyrillic world" 2 .IX Item "KOI8 - De Facto Standard for the Cyrillic world" Though \s-1ISO\-8859\s0 does have \s-1ISO\-8859\-5,\s0 the \s-1KOI8\s0 series is far more popular in the Net. Encode comes with the following \s-1KOI\s0 charsets. For gory details, see .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& koi8\-f \& koi8\-r cp878 [RFC1489] \& koi8\-u [RFC2319] \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .SS "gsm0338 \- Hentai Latin 1" .IX Subsection "gsm0338 - Hentai Latin 1" \&\s-1GSM0338\s0 is for \s-1GSM\s0 handsets. Though it shares alphanumerals with \&\s-1ASCII,\s0 control character ranges and other parts are mapped very differently, mainly to store Greek characters. There are also escape sequences (starting with 0x1B) to cover e.g. the Euro sign. .PP This was once handled by Encode::Bytes but because of all those unusual specifications, Encode 2.20 has relocated the support to Encode::GSM0338. See Encode::GSM0338 for details. .IP "gsm0338 support before 2.19" 2 .IX Item "gsm0338 support before 2.19" Some special cases like a trailing 0x00 byte or a lone 0x1B byte are not well-defined and \fBdecode()\fR will return an empty string for them. One possible workaround is .Sp .Vb 3 \& $gsm =~ s/\ex00\ez/\ex00\ex00/; \& $uni = decode("gsm0338", $gsm); \& $uni .= "\exA0" if $gsm =~ /\ex1B\ez/; .Ve .Sp Note that the Encode implementation of \s-1GSM0338\s0 does not implement the reuse of Latin capital letters as Greek capital letters (for example, the 0x5A is U+005A (\s-1LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z\s0), not U+0396 (\s-1GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA\s0). .Sp The \s-1GSM0338\s0 is also covered in Encode::Byte even though it is not an \*(L"extended \s-1ASCII\*(R"\s0 encoding. .SS "\s-1CJK:\s0 Chinese, Japanese, Korean (Multibyte)" .IX Subsection "CJK: Chinese, Japanese, Korean (Multibyte)" Note that Vietnamese is listed above. Also read \*(L"Encoding vs Charset\*(R" below. Also note that these are implemented in distinct modules by countries, due to the size concerns (simplified Chinese is mapped to '\s-1CN\s0', continental China, while traditional Chinese is mapped to \&'\s-1TW\s0', Taiwan). Please refer to their respective documentation pages. .IP "Encode::CN \*(-- Continental China" 2 .IX Item "Encode::CN Continental China" .Vb 9 \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& euc\-cn [1] MacChineseSimp \& (gbk) cp936 [2] \& gb12345\-raw { GB12345 without CES } \& gb2312\-raw { GB2312 without CES } \& hz \& iso\-ir\-165 \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& \& [1] GB2312 is aliased to this. See L \& [2] gbk is aliased to this. See L .Ve .IP "Encode::JP \*(-- Japan" 2 .IX Item "Encode::JP Japan" .Vb 11 \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& euc\-jp \& shiftjis cp932 macJapanese \& 7bit\-jis \& iso\-2022\-jp [RFC1468] \& iso\-2022\-jp\-1 [RFC2237] \& jis0201\-raw { JIS X 0201 (roman + halfwidth kana) without CES } \& jis0208\-raw { JIS X 0208 (Kanji + fullwidth kana) without CES } \& jis0212\-raw { JIS X 0212 (Extended Kanji) without CES } \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .IP "Encode::KR \*(-- Korea" 2 .IX Item "Encode::KR Korea" .Vb 8 \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& euc\-kr MacKorean [RFC1557] \& cp949 [1] \& iso\-2022\-kr [RFC1557] \& johab [KS X 1001:1998, Annex 3] \& ksc5601\-raw { KSC5601 without CES } \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& \& [1] ks_c_5601\-1987, (x\-)?windows\-949, and uhc are aliased to this. \& See below. .Ve .IP "Encode::TW \*(-- Taiwan" 2 .IX Item "Encode::TW Taiwan" .Vb 5 \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& big5\-eten cp950 MacChineseTrad {big5 aliased to big5\-eten} \& big5\-hkscs \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .IP "Encode::HanExtra \*(-- More Chinese via \s-1CPAN\s0" 2 .IX Item "Encode::HanExtra More Chinese via CPAN" Due to the size concerns, additional Chinese encodings below are distributed separately on \s-1CPAN,\s0 under the name Encode::HanExtra. .Sp .Vb 8 \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& big5ext CMEX\*(Aqs Big5e Extension \& big5plus CMEX\*(Aqs Big5+ Extension \& cccii Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange \& euc\-tw EUC (Extended Unix Character) \& gb18030 GBK with Traditional Characters \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .IP "Encode::JIS2K \*(-- \s-1JIS X 0213\s0 encodings via \s-1CPAN\s0" 2 .IX Item "Encode::JIS2K JIS X 0213 encodings via CPAN" Due to size concerns, additional Japanese encodings below are distributed separately on \s-1CPAN,\s0 under the name Encode::JIS2K. .Sp .Vb 8 \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& euc\-jisx0213 \& shiftjisx0123 \& iso\-2022\-jp\-3 \& jis0213\-1\-raw \& jis0213\-2\-raw \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .SS "Miscellaneous encodings" .IX Subsection "Miscellaneous encodings" .IP "Encode::EBCDIC" 2 .IX Item "Encode::EBCDIC" See perlebcdic for details. .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& cp37 \& cp500 \& cp875 \& cp1026 \& cp1047 \& posix\-bc \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .IP "Encode::Symbols" 2 .IX Item "Encode::Symbols" For symbols and dingbats. .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& symbol \& dingbats \& MacDingbats \& AdobeZdingbat \& AdobeSymbol \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .IP "Encode::MIME::Header" 2 .IX Item "Encode::MIME::Header" Strictly speaking, \s-1MIME\s0 header encoding documented in \s-1RFC 2047\s0 is more of encapsulation than encoding. However, their support in modern world is imperative so they are supported. .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& MIME\-Header [RFC2047] \& MIME\-B [RFC2047] \& MIME\-Q [RFC2047] \& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .IP "Encode::Guess" 2 .IX Item "Encode::Guess" This one is not a name of encoding but a utility that lets you pick up the most appropriate encoding for a data out of given \fIsuspects\fR. See Encode::Guess for details. .SH "Unsupported encodings" .IX Header "Unsupported encodings" The following encodings are not supported as yet; some because they are rarely used, some because of technical difficulties. They may be supported by external modules via \s-1CPAN\s0 in the future, however. .IP "\s-1ISO\-2022\-JP\-2\s0 [\s-1RFC1554\s0]" 2 .IX Item "ISO-2022-JP-2 [RFC1554]" Not very popular yet. Needs Unicode Database or equivalent to implement \fBencode()\fR (because it includes \s-1JIS X 0208/0212, KSC5601,\s0 and \&\s-1GB2312\s0 simultaneously, whose code points in Unicode overlap. So you need to lookup the database to determine to what character set a given Unicode character should belong). .IP "\s-1ISO\-2022\-CN\s0 [\s-1RFC1922\s0]" 2 .IX Item "ISO-2022-CN [RFC1922]" Not very popular. Needs \s-1CNS 11643\-1\s0 and \-2 which are not available in this module. \s-1CNS 11643\s0 is supported (via euc-tw) in Encode::HanExtra. Audrey Tang may add support for this encoding in her module in future. .IP "Various HP-UX encodings" 2 .IX Item "Various HP-UX encodings" The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data. .Sp .Vb 2 \& \*(Aq8\*(Aq \- arabic8, greek8, hebrew8, kana8, thai8, and turkish8 \& \*(Aq15\*(Aq \- japanese15, korean15, and roi15 .Ve .IP "Cyrillic encoding \s-1ISO\-IR\-111\s0" 2 .IX Item "Cyrillic encoding ISO-IR-111" Anton Tagunov doubts its usefulness. .IP "\s-1ISO\-8859\-8\-1\s0 [Hebrew]" 2 .IX Item "ISO-8859-8-1 [Hebrew]" None of the Encode team knows Hebrew enough (\s-1ISO\-8859\-8,\s0 cp1255 and MacHebrew are supported because and just because there were mappings available at ). Contributions welcome. .IP "\s-1ISIRI 3342,\s0 Iran System, \s-1ISIRI 2900\s0 [Farsi]" 2 .IX Item "ISIRI 3342, Iran System, ISIRI 2900 [Farsi]" Ditto. .IP "Thai encoding \s-1TCVN\s0" 2 .IX Item "Thai encoding TCVN" Ditto. .IP "Vietnamese encodings \s-1VPS\s0" 2 .IX Item "Vietnamese encodings VPS" Though Jungshik Shin has reported that Mozilla supports this encoding, it was too late before 5.8.0 for us to add it. In the future, it may be available via a separate module. See and if you are interested in helping us. .IP "Various Mac encodings" 2 .IX Item "Various Mac encodings" The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data. .Sp .Vb 5 \& MacArmenian, MacBengali, MacBurmese, MacEthiopic \& MacExtArabic, MacGeorgian, MacKannada, MacKhmer \& MacLaotian, MacMalayalam, MacMongolian, MacOriya \& MacSinhalese, MacTamil, MacTelugu, MacTibetan \& MacVietnamese .Ve .Sp The rest which are already available are based upon the vendor mappings at . .IP "(Mac) Indic encodings" 2 .IX Item "(Mac) Indic encodings" The maps for the following are available at but remain unsupported because those encodings need an algorithmical approach, currently unsupported by \fIenc2xs\fR: .Sp .Vb 3 \& MacDevanagari \& MacGurmukhi \& MacGujarati .Ve .Sp For details, please see \f(CW\*(C`Unicode mapping issues and notes:\*(C'\fR at . .Sp I believe this issue is prevalent not only for Mac Indics but also in other Indic encodings, but the above were the only Indic encodings maps that I could find at . .SH "Encoding vs. Charset \*(-- terminology" .IX Header "Encoding vs. Charset terminology" We are used to using the term (character) \fIencoding\fR and \fIcharacter set\fR interchangeably. But just as confusing the terms byte and character is dangerous and the terms should be differentiated when needed, we need to differentiate \fIencoding\fR and \fIcharacter set\fR. .PP To understand that, here is a description of how we make computers grok our characters. .IP "\(bu" 2 First we start with which characters to include. We call this collection of characters \fIcharacter repertoire\fR. .IP "\(bu" 2 Then we have to give each character a unique \s-1ID\s0 so your computer can tell the difference between 'a' and 'A'. This itemized character repertoire is now a \fIcharacter set\fR. .IP "\(bu" 2 If your computer can grow the character set without further processing, you can go ahead and use it. This is called a \fIcoded character set\fR (\s-1CCS\s0) or \fIraw character encoding\fR. \s-1ASCII\s0 is used this way for most cases. .IP "\(bu" 2 But in many cases, especially multi-byte \s-1CJK\s0 encodings, you have to tweak a little more. Your network connection may not accept any data with the Most Significant Bit set, and your computer may not be able to tell if a given byte is a whole character or just half of it. So you have to \fIencode\fR the character set to use it. .Sp A \fIcharacter encoding scheme\fR (\s-1CES\s0) determines how to encode a given character set, or a set of multiple character sets. 7bit \s-1ISO\-2022\s0 is an example of a \s-1CES.\s0 You switch between character sets via \fIescape sequences\fR. .PP Technically, or mathematically, speaking, a character set encoded in such a \s-1CES\s0 that maps character by character may form a \s-1CCS.\s0 \s-1EUC\s0 is such an example. The \s-1CES\s0 of \s-1EUC\s0 is as follows: .IP "\(bu" 2 Map \s-1ASCII\s0 unchanged. .IP "\(bu" 2 Map such a character set that consists of 94 or 96 powered by N members by adding 0x80 to each byte. .IP "\(bu" 2 You can also use 0x8e and 0x8f to indicate that the following sequence of characters belongs to yet another character set. To each following byte is added the value 0x80. .PP By carefully looking at the encoded byte sequence, you can find that the byte sequence conforms a unique number. In that sense, \s-1EUC\s0 is a \s-1CCS\s0 generated by a \s-1CES\s0 above from up to four \s-1CCS\s0 (complicated?). \s-1UTF\-8\s0 falls into this category. See \*(L"\s-1UTF\-8\*(R"\s0 in perlUnicode to find out how \&\s-1UTF\-8\s0 maps Unicode to a byte sequence. .PP You may also have found out by now why 7bit \s-1ISO\-2022\s0 cannot comprise a \s-1CCS.\s0 If you look at a byte sequence \ex21\ex21, you can't tell if it is two !'s or \s-1IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE.\s0 \s-1EUC\s0 maps the latter to \exA1\exA1 so you have no trouble differentiating between \*(L"!!\*(R". and \*(L"  \*(R". .SH "Encoding Classification (by Anton Tagunov and Dan Kogai)" .IX Header "Encoding Classification (by Anton Tagunov and Dan Kogai)" This section tries to classify the supported encodings by their applicability for information exchange over the Internet and to choose the most suitable aliases to name them in the context of such communication. .IP "\(bu" 2 To (en|de)code encodings marked by \f(CW\*(C`(**)\*(C'\fR, you need \&\f(CW\*(C`Encode::HanExtra\*(C'\fR, available from \s-1CPAN.\s0 .PP Encoding names .PP .Vb 3 \& US\-ASCII UTF\-8 ISO\-8859\-* KOI8\-R \& Shift_JIS EUC\-JP ISO\-2022\-JP ISO\-2022\-JP\-1 \& EUC\-KR Big5 GB2312 .Ve .PP are registered with \s-1IANA\s0 as preferred \s-1MIME\s0 names and may be used over the Internet. .PP \&\f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR has been officialized by \s-1JIS X 0208:1997.\s0 \&\*(L"Microsoft-related naming mess\*(R" gives details. .PP \&\f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR is the \s-1IANA\s0 name for \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR. See \*(L"Microsoft-related naming mess\*(R" for details. .PP \&\f(CW\*(C`GB_2312\-80\*(C'\fR \fIraw\fR encoding is available as \f(CW\*(C`gb2312\-raw\*(C'\fR with Encode. See Encode::CN for details. .PP .Vb 2 \& EUC\-CN \& KOI8\-U [RFC2319] .Ve .PP have not been registered with \s-1IANA\s0 (as of March 2002) but seem to be supported by major web browsers. The \s-1IANA\s0 name for \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR is \f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR. .PP .Vb 1 \& KS_C_5601\-1987 .Ve .PP is heavily misused. See \*(L"Microsoft-related naming mess\*(R" for details. .PP \&\f(CW\*(C`KS_C_5601\-1987\*(C'\fR \fIraw\fR encoding is available as \f(CW\*(C`kcs5601\-raw\*(C'\fR with Encode. See Encode::KR for details. .PP .Vb 1 \& UTF\-16 UTF\-16BE UTF\-16LE .Ve .PP are IANA-registered \f(CW\*(C`charset\*(C'\fRs. See [\s-1RFC 2781\s0] for details. Jungshik Shin reports that \s-1UTF\-16\s0 with a \s-1BOM\s0 is well accepted by \s-1MS IE 5/6\s0 and \s-1NS 4/6.\s0 Beware however that .IP "\(bu" 2 \&\f(CW\*(C`UTF\-16\*(C'\fR support in any software you're going to be using/interoperating with has probably been less tested then \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-8\*(C'\fR support .IP "\(bu" 2 \&\f(CW\*(C`UTF\-8\*(C'\fR coded data seamlessly passes traditional command piping (\f(CW\*(C`cat\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`more\*(C'\fR, etc.) while \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-16\*(C'\fR coded data is likely to cause confusion (with its zero bytes, for example) .IP "\(bu" 2 it is beyond the power of words to describe the way \s-1HTML\s0 browsers encode non\-\f(CW\*(C`ASCII\*(C'\fR form data. To get a general impression, visit . While encoding of form data has stabilized for \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-8\*(C'\fR encoded pages (at least \s-1IE 5/6, NS 6,\s0 and Opera 6 behave consistently), be sure to expect fun (and cross-browser discrepancies) with \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-16\*(C'\fR encoded pages! .PP The rule of thumb is to use \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-8\*(C'\fR unless you know what you're doing and unless you really benefit from using \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-16\*(C'\fR. .PP .Vb 5 \& ISO\-IR\-165 [RFC1345] \& VISCII \& GB 12345 \& GB 18030 (**) (see links below) \& EUC\-TW (**) .Ve .PP are totally valid encodings but not registered at \s-1IANA.\s0 The names under which they are listed here are probably the most widely-known names for these encodings and are recommended names. .PP .Vb 1 \& BIG5PLUS (**) .Ve .PP is a proprietary name. .SS "Microsoft-related naming mess" .IX Subsection "Microsoft-related naming mess" Microsoft products misuse the following names: .IP "\s-1KS_C_5601\-1987\s0" 2 .IX Item "KS_C_5601-1987" Microsoft extension to \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-KR\*(C'\fR. .Sp Proper names: \f(CW\*(C`CP949\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`UHC\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`x\-windows\-949\*(C'\fR (as used by Mozilla). .Sp See for details. .Sp Encode aliases \f(CW\*(C`KS_C_5601\-1987\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`cp949\*(C'\fR to reflect this common misusage. \fIRaw\fR \f(CW\*(C`KS_C_5601\-1987\*(C'\fR encoding is available as \&\f(CW\*(C`kcs5601\-raw\*(C'\fR. .Sp See Encode::KR for details. .IP "\s-1GB2312\s0" 2 .IX Item "GB2312" Microsoft extension to \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR. .Sp Proper names: \f(CW\*(C`CP936\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`GBK\*(C'\fR. .Sp \&\f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR has been registered in the \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR meaning at \&\s-1IANA.\s0 This has partially repaired the situation: Microsoft's \&\f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR has become a superset of the official \f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR. .Sp Encode aliases \f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`euc\-cn\*(C'\fR in full agreement with \&\s-1IANA\s0 registration. \f(CW\*(C`cp936\*(C'\fR is supported separately. \&\fIRaw\fR \f(CW\*(C`GB_2312\-80\*(C'\fR encoding is available as \f(CW\*(C`gb2312\-raw\*(C'\fR. .Sp See Encode::CN for details. .IP "Big5" 2 .IX Item "Big5" Microsoft extension to \f(CW\*(C`Big5\*(C'\fR. .Sp Proper name: \f(CW\*(C`CP950\*(C'\fR. .Sp Encode separately supports \f(CW\*(C`Big5\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`cp950\*(C'\fR. .IP "Shift_JIS" 2 .IX Item "Shift_JIS" Microsoft's understanding of \f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR. .Sp \&\s-1JIS\s0 has not endorsed the full Microsoft standard however. The official \f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR includes only \s-1JIS X 0201\s0 and \s-1JIS X 0208\s0 character sets, while Microsoft has always used \f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR to encode a wider character repertoire. See \f(CW\*(C`IANA\*(C'\fR registration for \&\f(CW\*(C`Windows\-31J\*(C'\fR. .Sp As a historical predecessor, Microsoft's variant probably has more rights for the name, though it may be objected that Microsoft shouldn't have used \s-1JIS\s0 as part of the name in the first place. .Sp Unambiguous name: \f(CW\*(C`CP932\*(C'\fR. \f(CW\*(C`IANA\*(C'\fR name (also used by Mozilla, and provided as an alias by Encode): \f(CW\*(C`Windows\-31J\*(C'\fR. .Sp Encode separately supports \f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`cp932\*(C'\fR. .SH "Glossary" .IX Header "Glossary" .IP "character repertoire" 2 .IX Item "character repertoire" A collection of unique characters. A \fIcharacter\fR set in the strictest sense. At this stage, characters are not numbered. .IP "coded character set (\s-1CCS\s0)" 2 .IX Item "coded character set (CCS)" A character set that is mapped in a way computers can use directly. Many character encodings, including \s-1EUC,\s0 fall in this category. .IP "character encoding scheme (\s-1CES\s0)" 2 .IX Item "character encoding scheme (CES)" An algorithm to map a character set to a byte sequence. You don't have to be able to tell which character set a given byte sequence belongs. 7\-bit \s-1ISO\-2022\s0 is a \s-1CES\s0 but it cannot be a \s-1CCS.\s0 \s-1EUC\s0 is an example of being both a \s-1CCS\s0 and \s-1CES.\s0 .IP "charset (in \s-1MIME\s0 context)" 2 .IX Item "charset (in MIME context)" has long been used in the meaning of \f(CW\*(C`encoding\*(C'\fR, \s-1CES.\s0 .Sp While the word combination \f(CW\*(C`character set\*(C'\fR has lost this meaning in \s-1MIME\s0 context since [\s-1RFC 2130\s0], the \f(CW\*(C`charset\*(C'\fR abbreviation has retained it. This is how [\s-1RFC 2277\s0] and [\s-1RFC 2278\s0] bless \f(CW\*(C`charset\*(C'\fR: .Sp .Vb 7 \& This document uses the term "charset" to mean a set of rules for \& mapping from a sequence of octets to a sequence of characters, such \& as the combination of a coded character set and a character encoding \& scheme; this is also what is used as an identifier in MIME "charset=" \& parameters, and registered in the IANA charset registry ... (Note \& that this is NOT a term used by other standards bodies, such as ISO). \& [RFC 2277] .Ve .IP "\s-1EUC\s0" 2 .IX Item "EUC" Extended Unix Character. See \s-1ISO\-2022.\s0 .IP "\s-1ISO\-2022\s0" 2 .IX Item "ISO-2022" A \s-1CES\s0 that was carefully designed to coexist with \s-1ASCII.\s0 There are a 7 bit version and an 8 bit version. .Sp The 7 bit version switches character set via escape sequence so it cannot form a \s-1CCS.\s0 Since this is more difficult to handle in programs than the 8 bit version, the 7 bit version is not very popular except for iso\-2022\-jp, the \fIde facto\fR standard \s-1CES\s0 for e\-mails. .Sp The 8 bit version can form a \s-1CCS.\s0 \s-1EUC\s0 and \s-1ISO\-8859\s0 are two examples thereof. Pre\-5.6 perl could use them as string literals. .IP "\s-1UCS\s0" 2 .IX Item "UCS" Short for \fIUniversal Character Set\fR. When you say just \s-1UCS,\s0 it means \&\fIUnicode\fR. .IP "\s-1UCS\-2\s0" 2 .IX Item "UCS-2" \&\s-1ISO/IEC 10646\s0 encoding form: Universal Character Set coded in two octets. .IP "Unicode" 2 .IX Item "Unicode" A character set that aims to include all character repertoires of the world. Many character sets in various national as well as industrial standards have become, in a way, just subsets of Unicode. .IP "\s-1UTF\s0" 2 .IX Item "UTF" Short for \fIUnicode Transformation Format\fR. Determines how to map a Unicode character into a byte sequence. .IP "\s-1UTF\-16\s0" 2 .IX Item "UTF-16" A \s-1UTF\s0 in 16\-bit encoding. Can either be in big endian or little endian. The big endian version is called \s-1UTF\-16BE\s0 (equal to \s-1UCS\-2 +\s0 surrogate support) and the little endian version is called \s-1UTF\-16LE.\s0 .SH "See Also" .IX Header "See Also" Encode, Encode::Byte, Encode::CN, Encode::JP, Encode::KR, Encode::TW, Encode::EBCDIC, Encode::Symbol Encode::MIME::Header, Encode::Guess .SH "References" .IX Header "References" .IP "\s-1ECMA\s0" 2 .IX Item "ECMA" European Computer Manufacturers Association .RS 2 .ie n .IP "\s-1ECMA\-035\s0 (eq ""ISO\-2022"")" 2 .el .IP "\s-1ECMA\-035\s0 (eq \f(CWISO\-2022\fR)" 2 .IX Item "ECMA-035 (eq ISO-2022)" .Sp The specification of \s-1ISO\-2022\s0 is available from the link above. .RE .RS 2 .RE .IP "\s-1IANA\s0" 2 .IX Item "IANA" Internet Assigned Numbers Authority .RS 2 .IP "Assigned Charset Names by \s-1IANA\s0" 2 .IX Item "Assigned Charset Names by IANA" .Sp Most of the \f(CW\*(C`canonical names\*(C'\fR in Encode derive from this list so you can directly apply the string you have extracted from \s-1MIME\s0 header of mails and web pages. .RE .RS 2 .RE .IP "\s-1ISO\s0" 2 .IX Item "ISO" International Organization for Standardization .IP "\s-1RFC\s0" 2 .IX Item "RFC" Request For Comments \*(-- need I say more? , , .IP "\s-1UC\s0" 2 .IX Item "UC" Unicode Consortium .RS 2 .IP "Unicode Glossary" 2 .IX Item "Unicode Glossary" .Sp The glossary of this document is based upon this site. .RE .RS 2 .RE .SS "Other Notable Sites" .IX Subsection "Other Notable Sites" .IP "czyborra.com" 2 .IX Item "czyborra.com" .Sp Contains a lot of useful information, especially gory details of \s-1ISO\s0 vs. vendor mappings. .IP "\s-1CJK\s0.inf" 2 .IX Item "CJK.inf" .Sp Somewhat obsolete (last update in 1996), but still useful. Also try .Sp .Sp You will find brief info on \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`GBK\*(C'\fR and mostly on \f(CW\*(C`GB 18030\*(C'\fR. .IP "Jungshik Shin's Hangul \s-1FAQ\s0" 2 .IX Item "Jungshik Shin's Hangul FAQ" .Sp And especially its subject 8. .Sp .Sp A comprehensive overview of the Korean (\f(CW\*(C`KS *\*(C'\fR) standards. .ie n .IP "debian.org: ""Introduction to i18n""" 2 .el .IP "debian.org: ``Introduction to i18n''" 2 .IX Item "debian.org: Introduction to i18n" A brief description for most of the mentioned \s-1CJK\s0 encodings is contained in .SS "Offline sources" .IX Subsection "Offline sources" .ie n .IP """CJKV Information Processing"" by Ken Lunde" 2 .el .IP "\f(CWCJKV Information Processing\fR by Ken Lunde" 2 .IX Item "CJKV Information Processing by Ken Lunde" \&\s-1CJKV\s0 Information Processing 1999 O'Reilly & Associates, \s-1ISBN : 1\-56592\-224\-7\s0 .Sp The modern successor of \f(CW\*(C`CJK.inf\*(C'\fR. .Sp Features a comprehensive coverage of \s-1CJKV\s0 character sets and encodings along with many other issues faced by anyone trying to better support \s-1CJKV\s0 languages/scripts in all the areas of information processing. .Sp To purchase this book, visit or your favourite bookstore.